Биллерикей тарихы және географиясы

Town and civil parish in Essex, England

Billericay (/audio=En uk Billericay. ogg//b//ɪ//l//ə/'/r//ɪ//k//iː/ BILəRIKee) is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Basildon in Essex, England. It lies within the London Basin and is 25 mile (40 km) east of Central London. The town has a wide variety of open spaces. The town is thought to have been occupied since the Bronze Age.

Some of the earliest records of human occupation of Billericay are the burial mounds in Norsey Wood, showing evidence of occupation in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Evidence of Roman occupation has been found at a number of locations in the town and there may have been a small cavalry fort at Blunts Wall. The Saxons did not settle in the centre of Billericay. They established themselves 2 mile (3 km) south, at Great Burstead. In the late 10th century, it was known as "Burhstede". Billericay was not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, as it lay within Great Burstead. At this time, the parish church for Billericay was at St Mary Magdalene, Great Burstead. By the 14th century a chantry chapel had been built on the High Street in Billericay, which became a chapel of ease to Great Burstead following the Reformation, eventually becoming a parish church in 1844, also dedicated to St Mary Magdalen.

In the 13th and 14th centuries, some pilgrims to Canterbury journeyed via Billericay. Some of them may have spent the night in Billericay before crossing the River Thames at Tilbury. This may account for the large number of inns in the town. Billericay's most notable historical episode was the Battle of Billericay during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The Wycliffe preachers influenced the town. Four local people (Thomas Watts, Joan Hornes, Elizabeth Thackwell and Margaret Ellis) were burnt at the stake. Two other residents (Joan Potter and James Harris) were tortured for their Protestant faith during the reign of Queen Mary.

A meeting of the Pilgrim Fathers, prior to their sailing in the Mayflower, is said to have taken place in Billericay high street; many local names and much historical imagery reflect this, such as Mayflower House, Mayflower Morris Men, Mayflower Taxis, Mayflower School and Mayflower Hall. Sunnymede School's houses were called Mayflower, Pilgrim, Chantry. Christopher Martin, who was born in Great Burstead and later became a Billericay goods merchant and property owner, travelled on the Mayflower in 1620 as the official Ship's Governor and purchasing agent, procuring ships supplies for the voyage. The Mayflower ship set sail once the Pilgrim Fathers had all boarded and set to meet the Speedwell in the English Channel; the Speedwell was sailing from the Netherlands. Unfortunately the Speedwell developed leaks and so the ships headed for the Devon coast to repair her, but this proved impossible; the Mayflower eventually sailed from Plymouth without her. Four people from Billericay were on board, including Christopher Martin, his wife Mary Prowe, along with Solomon Prowe her son from her first marriage and John Langemore the Martins' servant. All four pilgrims perished after their arrival at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Christopher Martin died of fever on 8 January 1621. His wife perished in Plymouth in 1621. Both Christopher and Mary are buried in the Cole Hill Burial ground in Plymouth. The unfortunate fate of the would be pioneers did not deter other inhabitants of Billericay from setting sail for the New World. The town of Billerica, Massachusetts, was established in 1655 by colonists from Billericay and named after their hometown in England.

In the Georgian period many excellent examples of the period's houses were built in Billericay. One of those remaining today is Burghstead Lodge in High Street, which used to house the library. The Town Hall was built in 1830 at 94 High Street. The Billericay Poor Law Union was created in 1835 to serve the town and several surrounding parishes. It built a workhouse in 1840 on Norsey Road. Parts of this building were later incorporated into St Andrew's Hospital. The railway arrived in Billericay in 1889; the station is situated on a branch line from the Great Eastern Main Line between Shenfield and Southend on Sea.

In 1916, during the First World War, a German Zeppelin airship was shot down during an aerial battle over Billericay. During its fiery demise, it narrowly missed the High Street, crashing into a field off Greens Farm Lane. A plaque was erected at the site in 2016, to commemorate 100 years since the incident. Parts of the aluminium frame can be seen at the Cater Museum in Billericay High Street. Recent research has indicated that this may be identified with the 'ghost Zeppelin' of Tonbridge which was allegedly seen floating over that town earlier in the day. The former workhouse became St Andrew's Hospital, which housed the internationally renowned Regional Plastic Surgery and Burns unit from 1973 until this was relocated to Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford in April 1998. After the relocation, most of the hospital was redeveloped into housing, with the listed old workhouse buildings being converted to residential use. Hanningfield Reservoir and South Green are nearby. Billericay contains Billericay School, Mayflower High School and St John's School. Mill Meadows is a local nature reserve near the centre of Billericay, one of the finest ancient meadow systems in Essex. Centuries of grazing have created the ideal conditions for a wonderful diversity of wild flowers, fungi, insects and invertebrates, many of which are very rare. It also contains an area of 16.63 acres (6.73 ha) that has been declared as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for its unimproved neutral grassland.

There are three tiers of local government covering Billericay, at parish (town), district and county level: Billericay Town Council, Basildon Borough Council and Essex County Council. The town council has its headquarters at the Chantry Centre on Chantry Drive, which was purpose built for the council in 2020 and also serves as a community centre. The town council has run a youth town council scheme since 1998, elected in schools around the town.

Billericay was historically a chapelry in the ancient parish of Great Burstead. The Billericay Poor Law Union created in 1835 gradually took on local government powers, becoming a rural sanitary district in 1872 which in turn became the Billericay Rural District in 1894, when a Great Burstead Parish Council was also created covering the parish which included the town. The rural district covered a large area stretching as far as Brentwood and Pitsea. In 1934 most of the rural district was reconstituted as Billericay Urban District and the parish councils within the area were abolished. Three years later all the urban parishes within the district were united into a civil parish of Billericay. The urban district, but not the parish, was renamed Basildon in 1955, although the council continued to be based at the Town Hall and adjoining offices in Billericay until the early 1960s when it moved into new premises in Basildon itself. In 1974 the Basildon Urban District was reconstituted as the modern Basildon district and the civil parish of Billericay was abolished, becoming an unparished area. A new civil parish of Billericay was established in 1996, this time just covering the town itself rather than the whole Basildon district.

Since major boundary changes in Essex for the 2010 general election, Billericay has been part of the parliamentary constituency of Basildon and Billericay, whose MP is John Baron of the Conservative Party. The town was previously represented by Teresa Gorman from 1987 to 2001.

Billericay is a part of the London commuter belt. The town is served by Billericay railway station, which is on the Shenfield to Southend Line. Regular services between London Liverpool Street, Shenfield and Southend Victoria are operated by Greater Anglia; some trains in peak hours run to Southminster. Local bus services are operated by First Essex, which connect Billericay with Chelmsford, Basildon, Brentwood and Wickford. The railway station connects to many routes, including service 300 which operates regularly between Basildon and Chelmsford. School services are provided by First Essex and NIBS Buses. Billericay is close to two primary routes: the A12 to the north and the A127 in the south. The A176 provides a road link to Basildon to the south of Billericay, as well as to the A127. The only secondary road in the town, the B1007, passes from just south of the town centre as Laindon Road, then meets the A129 at Sun Corner, continues northwards as Billericay's High Street and then Stock Road. It continues north to Chelmsford. Along its route is the village of Stock and an interchange to the A12. The town is a destination on the A129, linking it to the neighbouring towns of Brentwood and Wickford.

Billericay's local radio stations are BBC Essex on 95.3 FM, Heart Essex on 96.3 FM and Phoenix FM on 98 FM, a community radio station which is based in Brentwood. Local TV coverage is provided by BBC London and ITV London which is received from the Crystal Palace TV transmitter. Some areas of town can also receive BBC East and ITV Anglia from the Sudbury TV transmitter. The town is served by the local newspaper, Southend Echo. The town was mentioned in the Ian Dury song "Billericay Dickie". Billericay is the setting of the BBC sitcom Gavin & Stacey as the home of Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) and his parents; however, the actual filming took place in Wales. The Cater Museum, a charity, is a local history museum containing artefacts recording the lives of people in the area. It is housed in an 18th and 19th century Grade II listed building on the High Street. The Billericay Community Archive strives to record photos, memories and history relating to the town and surrounding areas on their website. Billericay's commercial cinema "The Ritz" closed its doors in 1971. However, in 2015, the Billericay Community Cinema was established. Less than a year after it started, the not for profit, volunteer based group won a national award: the "Best New Film Society" at the Cinema for All Community Cinema Awards.