Введение
Американский адвокат и политик (1826–1904)
Джордж Фрисби Хоар (29 августа 1826 – 30 сентября 1904) – американский адвокат и политик, представлявший штат Массачусетс в Сенате США с 1877 года до своей смерти в 1904 году. Он происходил из многочисленной семьи, получившей политическое влияние в Новой Англии в XVIII и XIX веках. Хоар, будучи аболиционистом и радикальным республиканцем, осознавал аморальность рабства и воспитывался в семье, которая активно боролась с расовыми предрассудками и часто игнорировала законы, которые считала несправедливыми. Хоар резко критиковал и нападал на Демократическую партию, которую он считал партией владельцев салунов, фальсификаторов на выборах и членов Ку-клукс-клана. Среди друзей его называли по имени отчества – "Фрисби". Он окончил Гарвардский университет в 1846 году и получил юридическую степень в Гарвардской школе права в 1849 году. Был допущен к адвокатской практике и обосновался в Вустере, штат Массачусетс, где и занимался юридической деятельностью. Изначально являясь членом Партии свободной земли, лидером которой он стал, вскоре после основания он присоединился к Республиканской партии.
Политическая карьера
В 1852 году Хоар был избран в Палату представителей штата Массачусетс, а в 1857 году – в Сенат штата Массачусетс. Он представлял Массачусетс в качестве члена Палаты представителей США в течение четырех сроков с 1869 по 1877 год, а затем служил в Сенате США до своей смерти во время пятого срока. В течение одного срока службы в Палате представителей, с 1873 по 1875 год, его брат Эбенезер Рокуд Хоар служил вместе с ним. Он был республиканцем, но в целом избегал острой партийности и не стеснялся критиковать других членов партии, чьи действия или политика, по его мнению, были ошибочными. В период с 1856 по 1857 год Хоар активно участвовал в движении «Свободный штат Канзас», поддерживал Бюро по делам освобожденных рабов и играл ведущую роль в законодательстве о Реконструкции. Он принимал участие в расследовании скандала Crédit Mobilier и в процессе импичмента Уильяма В. Белкнапа, военного секретаря президента Гранта. Хоар был экономическим националистом и верил в капитализм как в прогресс цивилизации, осуществляемый по плану Бога, хотя он и стал законом в ослабленной форме. Он выступал против Закона об исключении китайцев 1882 года, назвав его «не чем иным, как легализацией расовой дискриминации». Он был членом Конгрессской избирательной комиссии, которая разрешила спорные президентские выборы в США 1876 года и является автором Закона о порядке наследования власти 1886 года. Во время президентских выборов в США 1884 года Хоар выразил резкое недовольство «магвампами» – республиканцами, поддержавшими демократа Гровера Кливленда вместо кандидата от Республиканской партии Джеймса Блейна, и заявил другу, поддержавшему Кливленда:
Hoar was a consistent opponent of American imperialism. He did not share his Senate colleagues' enthusiasm for American intervention in Cuba in the late 1890s. In December 1897, he met with Native Hawaiian leaders opposed to the annexation of their nation. He then presented the Kūʻē Petitions to Congress and helped to defeat President William McKinley's attempt to annex the Republic of Hawaii by treaty, though the islands were eventually annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution. After the Spanish–American War, Hoar became one of the Senate's most outspoken opponents of the imperialism of the McKinley administration. He denounced the Philippine–American War and called for independence for the Philippines in a three hour speech in the Senate, saying:
You have sacrificed nearly ten thousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You have devastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit. You have established reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable lives, wrecked in body and mind. You make the American flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in Christian churches, and of the burning of human dwellings, and of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship which disdains to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models, has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I believe—nay, I know—that in general our officers and soldiers are humane. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castilian cruelty. Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator, who thronged after your men when they landed on those islands with benediction and gratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of a hatred which centuries can not eradicate. By this time, one of his strongest opponents on the pro imperialist side was his fellow Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who was a leading advocate for the Treaty of Paris. Hoar pushed for and served on the Lodge Committee, investigating allegations, later confirmed, of United States war crimes in the Philippine–American War. He also denounced the U. S. intervention in Panama. Hoar voted against the Chinese Exclusion Act. and served as vice president from 1878 to 1884, and then served as president from 1884 to 1887. In 1887 he was among the founders of the American Irish Historical Society. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1880, an overseer of Harvard University from 1896,
Hoar was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901. His autobiography, Autobiography of Seventy Years, was published in 1903. It appeared first in serial form in Scribner's magazine. In 1904, he was one of several high profile investors who backed the Intercontinental Correspondence University, but the institution folded by 1915. He attended the Unitarian Church of All Souls in Washington, D. C.
Hoar enjoyed good health until June 1904. He died in Worcester on September 30 of that year and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. After his death, a statue of him was erected in front of Worcester's city hall, paid for by public donations.
Хоар был последовательным противником американского империализма. Он не разделял энтузиазма своих коллег по Сенату в отношении американского вмешательства на Кубе в конце 1890-х годов. В декабре 1897 года он встретился с лидерами коренного населения Гавайских островов, выступавшими против аннексии их страны. Затем он представил петиции Куэ в Конгресс и помог сорвать попытку президента Уильяма Маккинли аннексировать Республику Гавайи по договору, хотя острова в конечном итоге были аннексированы посредством совместной резолюции, известной как Резолюция Ньюлендса. После испано-американской войны Хоар стал одним из самых ярых противников империализма администрации Маккинли в Сенате. Он осудил филиппино-американскую войну и призвал к независимости Филиппин в трехчасовой речи в Сенате, сказав:
Hoar was a consistent opponent of American imperialism. He did not share his Senate colleagues' enthusiasm for American intervention in Cuba in the late 1890s. In December 1897, he met with Native Hawaiian leaders opposed to the annexation of their nation. He then presented the Kūʻē Petitions to Congress and helped to defeat President William McKinley's attempt to annex the Republic of Hawaii by treaty, though the islands were eventually annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution. After the Spanish–American War, Hoar became one of the Senate's most outspoken opponents of the imperialism of the McKinley administration. He denounced the Philippine–American War and called for independence for the Philippines in a three hour speech in the Senate, saying:
You have sacrificed nearly ten thousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You have devastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit. You have established reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable lives, wrecked in body and mind. You make the American flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in Christian churches, and of the burning of human dwellings, and of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship which disdains to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models, has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I believe—nay, I know—that in general our officers and soldiers are humane. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castilian cruelty. Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator, who thronged after your men when they landed on those islands with benediction and gratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of a hatred which centuries can not eradicate. By this time, one of his strongest opponents on the pro imperialist side was his fellow Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who was a leading advocate for the Treaty of Paris. Hoar pushed for and served on the Lodge Committee, investigating allegations, later confirmed, of United States war crimes in the Philippine–American War. He also denounced the U. S. intervention in Panama. Hoar voted against the Chinese Exclusion Act. and served as vice president from 1878 to 1884, and then served as president from 1884 to 1887. In 1887 he was among the founders of the American Irish Historical Society. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1880, an overseer of Harvard University from 1896,
Hoar was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901. His autobiography, Autobiography of Seventy Years, was published in 1903. It appeared first in serial form in Scribner's magazine. In 1904, he was one of several high profile investors who backed the Intercontinental Correspondence University, but the institution folded by 1915. He attended the Unitarian Church of All Souls in Washington, D. C.
Hoar enjoyed good health until June 1904. He died in Worcester on September 30 of that year and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. After his death, a statue of him was erected in front of Worcester's city hall, paid for by public donations.
«Вы пожертвовали почти десятью тысячами американских жизней – цветущей молодежью нашей страны. Вы опустошили провинции. Вы убили бесчисленное количество людей, которым вы хотели помочь. Вы создали лагеря для перемещенных лиц. Ваши генералы возвращаются домой с урожаем, принося с собой снопы в виде тысяч других больных, раненых и безумных, обреченных на жалкое существование, разрушенное телом и духом. Вы делаете американский флаг в глазах многих людей символом святотатства в христианских церквях, сожжения человеческих жилищ и ужаса пыток водой. Ваша практичная государственная мудрость, которая не принимает за образец Джорджа Вашингтона и Авраама Линкольна или солдат Революции или Гражданской войны, в некоторых случаях искала пример в Испании. Я верю – нет, я знаю – что в целом наши офицеры и солдаты гуманны. Но в некоторых случаях они вели вашу войну, сочетая американскую изобретательность и кастильскую жестокость. Ваша практичная государственная мудрость привела к тому, что люди, которые три года назад были готовы поцеловать край одежды американца и приветствовать его как освободителя, толпами следовавшие за вашими людьми, когда они высадились на эти острова с благословением и благодарностью, превратились в мрачных и непримиримых врагов, охваченных ненавистью, которую не смогут искоренить века».
Hoar was a consistent opponent of American imperialism. He did not share his Senate colleagues' enthusiasm for American intervention in Cuba in the late 1890s. In December 1897, he met with Native Hawaiian leaders opposed to the annexation of their nation. He then presented the Kūʻē Petitions to Congress and helped to defeat President William McKinley's attempt to annex the Republic of Hawaii by treaty, though the islands were eventually annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution. After the Spanish–American War, Hoar became one of the Senate's most outspoken opponents of the imperialism of the McKinley administration. He denounced the Philippine–American War and called for independence for the Philippines in a three hour speech in the Senate, saying:
You have sacrificed nearly ten thousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You have devastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit. You have established reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable lives, wrecked in body and mind. You make the American flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in Christian churches, and of the burning of human dwellings, and of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship which disdains to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models, has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I believe—nay, I know—that in general our officers and soldiers are humane. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castilian cruelty. Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator, who thronged after your men when they landed on those islands with benediction and gratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of a hatred which centuries can not eradicate. By this time, one of his strongest opponents on the pro imperialist side was his fellow Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who was a leading advocate for the Treaty of Paris. Hoar pushed for and served on the Lodge Committee, investigating allegations, later confirmed, of United States war crimes in the Philippine–American War. He also denounced the U. S. intervention in Panama. Hoar voted against the Chinese Exclusion Act. and served as vice president from 1878 to 1884, and then served as president from 1884 to 1887. In 1887 he was among the founders of the American Irish Historical Society. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1880, an overseer of Harvard University from 1896,
Hoar was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901. His autobiography, Autobiography of Seventy Years, was published in 1903. It appeared first in serial form in Scribner's magazine. In 1904, he was one of several high profile investors who backed the Intercontinental Correspondence University, but the institution folded by 1915. He attended the Unitarian Church of All Souls in Washington, D. C.
Hoar enjoyed good health until June 1904. He died in Worcester on September 30 of that year and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. After his death, a statue of him was erected in front of Worcester's city hall, paid for by public donations.
К этому времени одним из его главных противников на проимпериалистической стороне был его коллега по Сенату от Массачусетса Генри Кэбот Лодж, ведущий сторонник Парижского договора. Хоар инициировал создание и работал в Комитете Лоджа, расследовавшем обвинения, впоследствии подтвердившиеся, в военных преступлениях, совершенных Соединенными Штатами во время филиппино-американской войны. Он также осудил вмешательство США в Панаму. Хоар голосовал против Закона об исключении китайцев, занимал должность вице-президента с 1878 по 1884 год, а затем был президентом с 1884 по 1887 год. В 1887 году он был одним из основателей Американского ирландского исторического общества. Он был членом совета управляющих Смитсоновского института в 1880 году и членом наблюдательного совета Гарвардского университета с 1896 года.
Hoar was a consistent opponent of American imperialism. He did not share his Senate colleagues' enthusiasm for American intervention in Cuba in the late 1890s. In December 1897, he met with Native Hawaiian leaders opposed to the annexation of their nation. He then presented the Kūʻē Petitions to Congress and helped to defeat President William McKinley's attempt to annex the Republic of Hawaii by treaty, though the islands were eventually annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution. After the Spanish–American War, Hoar became one of the Senate's most outspoken opponents of the imperialism of the McKinley administration. He denounced the Philippine–American War and called for independence for the Philippines in a three hour speech in the Senate, saying:
You have sacrificed nearly ten thousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You have devastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit. You have established reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable lives, wrecked in body and mind. You make the American flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in Christian churches, and of the burning of human dwellings, and of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship which disdains to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models, has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I believe—nay, I know—that in general our officers and soldiers are humane. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castilian cruelty. Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator, who thronged after your men when they landed on those islands with benediction and gratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of a hatred which centuries can not eradicate. By this time, one of his strongest opponents on the pro imperialist side was his fellow Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who was a leading advocate for the Treaty of Paris. Hoar pushed for and served on the Lodge Committee, investigating allegations, later confirmed, of United States war crimes in the Philippine–American War. He also denounced the U. S. intervention in Panama. Hoar voted against the Chinese Exclusion Act. and served as vice president from 1878 to 1884, and then served as president from 1884 to 1887. In 1887 he was among the founders of the American Irish Historical Society. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1880, an overseer of Harvard University from 1896,
Hoar was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901. His autobiography, Autobiography of Seventy Years, was published in 1903. It appeared first in serial form in Scribner's magazine. In 1904, he was one of several high profile investors who backed the Intercontinental Correspondence University, but the institution folded by 1915. He attended the Unitarian Church of All Souls in Washington, D. C.
Hoar enjoyed good health until June 1904. He died in Worcester on September 30 of that year and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. After his death, a statue of him was erected in front of Worcester's city hall, paid for by public donations.
Хоар был избран членом Американской академии искусств и наук в 1901 году. Его автобиография «Автобиография семидесяти лет» была опубликована в 1903 году, впервые в виде серии статей в журнале Scribner's. В 1904 году он был одним из нескольких известных инвесторов, поддержавших Межконтинентальный корреспондентский университет, но учреждение прекратило свое существование к 1915 году. Он посещал Унитарскую церковь Всех Душ в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия.
Hoar was a consistent opponent of American imperialism. He did not share his Senate colleagues' enthusiasm for American intervention in Cuba in the late 1890s. In December 1897, he met with Native Hawaiian leaders opposed to the annexation of their nation. He then presented the Kūʻē Petitions to Congress and helped to defeat President William McKinley's attempt to annex the Republic of Hawaii by treaty, though the islands were eventually annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution. After the Spanish–American War, Hoar became one of the Senate's most outspoken opponents of the imperialism of the McKinley administration. He denounced the Philippine–American War and called for independence for the Philippines in a three hour speech in the Senate, saying:
You have sacrificed nearly ten thousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You have devastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit. You have established reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable lives, wrecked in body and mind. You make the American flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in Christian churches, and of the burning of human dwellings, and of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship which disdains to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models, has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I believe—nay, I know—that in general our officers and soldiers are humane. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castilian cruelty. Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator, who thronged after your men when they landed on those islands with benediction and gratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of a hatred which centuries can not eradicate. By this time, one of his strongest opponents on the pro imperialist side was his fellow Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who was a leading advocate for the Treaty of Paris. Hoar pushed for and served on the Lodge Committee, investigating allegations, later confirmed, of United States war crimes in the Philippine–American War. He also denounced the U. S. intervention in Panama. Hoar voted against the Chinese Exclusion Act. and served as vice president from 1878 to 1884, and then served as president from 1884 to 1887. In 1887 he was among the founders of the American Irish Historical Society. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1880, an overseer of Harvard University from 1896,
Hoar was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901. His autobiography, Autobiography of Seventy Years, was published in 1903. It appeared first in serial form in Scribner's magazine. In 1904, he was one of several high profile investors who backed the Intercontinental Correspondence University, but the institution folded by 1915. He attended the Unitarian Church of All Souls in Washington, D. C.
Hoar enjoyed good health until June 1904. He died in Worcester on September 30 of that year and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. After his death, a statue of him was erected in front of Worcester's city hall, paid for by public donations.
Хоар сохранял хорошее здоровье до июня 1904 года. Он умер в Вустере 30 сентября того же года и был похоронен на кладбище Слипи Холлоу в Конкорде. После его смерти перед зданием городской ратуши Вустера был установлен памятник, оплаченный за счет общественных пожертвований.
Hoar was a consistent opponent of American imperialism. He did not share his Senate colleagues' enthusiasm for American intervention in Cuba in the late 1890s. In December 1897, he met with Native Hawaiian leaders opposed to the annexation of their nation. He then presented the Kūʻē Petitions to Congress and helped to defeat President William McKinley's attempt to annex the Republic of Hawaii by treaty, though the islands were eventually annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution. After the Spanish–American War, Hoar became one of the Senate's most outspoken opponents of the imperialism of the McKinley administration. He denounced the Philippine–American War and called for independence for the Philippines in a three hour speech in the Senate, saying:
You have sacrificed nearly ten thousand American lives—the flower of our youth. You have devastated provinces. You have slain uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit. You have established reconcentration camps. Your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them, in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable lives, wrecked in body and mind. You make the American flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in Christian churches, and of the burning of human dwellings, and of the horror of the water torture. Your practical statesmanship which disdains to take George Washington and Abraham Lincoln or the soldiers of the Revolution or of the Civil War as models, has looked in some cases to Spain for your example. I believe—nay, I know—that in general our officers and soldiers are humane. But in some cases they have carried on your warfare with a mixture of American ingenuity and Castilian cruelty. Your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the garment of the American and to welcome him as a liberator, who thronged after your men when they landed on those islands with benediction and gratitude, into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of a hatred which centuries can not eradicate. By this time, one of his strongest opponents on the pro imperialist side was his fellow Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who was a leading advocate for the Treaty of Paris. Hoar pushed for and served on the Lodge Committee, investigating allegations, later confirmed, of United States war crimes in the Philippine–American War. He also denounced the U. S. intervention in Panama. Hoar voted against the Chinese Exclusion Act. and served as vice president from 1878 to 1884, and then served as president from 1884 to 1887. In 1887 he was among the founders of the American Irish Historical Society. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1880, an overseer of Harvard University from 1896,
Hoar was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901. His autobiography, Autobiography of Seventy Years, was published in 1903. It appeared first in serial form in Scribner's magazine. In 1904, he was one of several high profile investors who backed the Intercontinental Correspondence University, but the institution folded by 1915. He attended the Unitarian Church of All Souls in Washington, D. C.
Hoar enjoyed good health until June 1904. He died in Worcester on September 30 of that year and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. After his death, a statue of him was erected in front of Worcester's city hall, paid for by public donations.
Семья
В 1853 году Хоар женился на Мэри Луизе Спурр (1831–1859). В 1862 году он женился на Рут Энн Миллер (1830–1903). От первой жены у него был сын, член Палаты представителей США Роквуд Хоар, и дочь Мэри (1854–1929). От второй жены у него родилась дочь Алиса (1863–1864). Через свою мать, Сару Шерман, Г. Ф. Хоар был внуком известного политического деятеля Роджера Шермана и его второй жены, Ребекки Минот Прескотт. Роджер Шерман подписал Статьи Конфедерации, Декларацию независимости США и Конституцию США. Отец Г. Ф. Хоара, Сэмюэл Хоар, был выдающимся адвокатом, служившим в сенате штата Массачусетс и Палате представителей США. Брат Г. Ф. Хоара, Эбенезер Роквуд Хоар, был судьей Верховного суда штата Массачусетс, одним из генеральных прокуроров при Улиссе С. Гранте и кандидатом в Верховный суд США. Двоюродный брат Г. Ф. Хоара, Роджер Шерман Болдуин, был губернатором штата Коннектикут и сенатором США, а Уильям Максвелл Эвартс занимал должности государственного секретаря США, генерального прокурора США и сенатора США. Он был дядей члена Палаты представителей США Шермана Хоара и прапрадедом сенатора штата Массачусетс и помощника генерального прокурора Роджера Шермана Хоара. Сестра его второй жены, Элис Миллер (1840–1900), вышла замуж за члена Палаты представителей США Уильяма У. Райса, преемника Г. Ф. Хоара в качестве представителя США от штата Массачусетс.