Оксид пропилена: свойства, применение и опасность

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|Verifiedfields = changed
|Watchedfields = changed
|verifiedrevid = 413113516
|ImageFile = Propylene oxide. svg
|ImageSize = 165
|ImageName = Structural formula
|ImageFile1 = (S) Propylene oxide molecule ball. png
|ImageSize1 = 165
|ImageName1 = Ball and stick model of the propylene oxide molecule
|PIN = (2R) 2 Methyloxirane(2S) 2 Methyloxirane
|OtherNames = Propylene oxideEpoxypropanePropylene epoxide1,2 Propylene oxideMethyl oxirane1,2 EpoxypropanePropene oxideMethyl ethylene oxideMethylethylene oxide
|Section1=
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|Section3=
|Section4=Chembox Hazards
|GHSPictograms =
|GHSSignalWord = DANGER
|MainHazards = Extremely flammable
|NFPA H = 3
|NFPA F = 4
|NFPA R = 2
|FlashPtC = −37
|AutoignitionPtC = 747
|ExploLimits = 2.3–36%
|IDLH = Ca [400 ppm]
|LD50 = 660 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)380 mg/kg (rat, oral)440 mg/kg (mouse, oral)1140 mg/kg (rat, oral)690 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral) Two general approaches are employed, one involving hydrochlorination and the other involving oxidation. In 2005, about half of the world production was through chlorohydrin technology and one half via oxidation routes. The latter approach is growing in importance.

Between 60 and 70% of all propylene oxide is converted to polyether polyols by the process called alkoxylation. These polyols are building blocks in the production of polyurethane plastics. About 20% of propylene oxide is hydrolyzed into propylene glycol, via a process which is accelerated by acid or base catalysis. Other major products are polypropylene glycol, propylene glycol ethers, and propylene carbonate.

The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of propylene oxide to pasteurize raw almonds beginning on September 1, 2007, in response to two incidents of contamination by Salmonella in commercial orchards, one incident occurring in Canada and one in the United States. Pistachio nuts can also be subjected to propylene oxide to control Salmonella.

Propylene oxide is commonly used in the preparation of biological samples for electron microscopy, to remove residual ethanol previously used for dehydration. In a typical procedure, the sample is first immersed in a mixture of equal volumes of ethanol and propylene oxide for 5 minutes, and then four times in pure oxide, 10 minutes each.

Propylene oxide is sometimes used in thermobaric munitions as the fuel in fuel–air explosives. In addition to the explosive damage from the blast wave, unexploded propylene oxide can cause additional effects from direct toxicity.

Propylene oxide is both acutely toxic and carcinogenic. Acute exposure causes respiratory tract irritation, eventually leading to death. Signs of toxicity after acute exposure include salivation, lacrimation, nasal discharge, gasping, lethargy and hypoactivity, weakness, and incoordination. Propylene oxide is also neurotoxic in rats, and presumably in humans

Propylene oxide alkylates DNA. As such, it is known animal carcinogen

In 2016 it was reported that propylene oxide was detected in Sagittarius B2, a cloud of gas in the Milky Way weighing three million solar masses. It is the first chiral molecule to be detected in space, albeit with no enantiomeric excess.