Введение
Виды мотыльков
The cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) is a brightly coloured arctiid moth found as a native species in Europe and western and central Asia then east across the Palearctic to Siberia to China. It has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia and North America to control ragwort, on which its larvae feed. The moth is named after the red mineral cinnabar because of the red patches on its predominantly black wings. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Cinnabar moths are about long and have a wingspan of
Cinnabar moths are day flying insects with distinctive pinkish red and black wings. There is little variation in patterning, although on rare occasions the red markings may be replaced with yellow, or the forewing is entirely red with a black border, or the wings are completely black. Like many other brightly coloured moths, it is unpalatable; the larvae use members of the genus Senecio as food plants. Many members of the genus have been recorded as food plants, but of New World Senecio and Packera species, long term population success has only been confirmed on the North American native plant Senecio triangularis. Other plant species, such as groundsel, are sometimes used, but larval and population survival tends to be reduced. Newly hatched larvae feed from the underneath of ragwort leaves within the area of their old eggs. The larvae absorb toxic and bitter tasting alkaloid substances from the food plants, and assimilate them, becoming unpalatable themselves. The bright colours of both the larvae and the moths act as warning signs, so they are seldom eaten by predators. An exception is among different species of cuckoo which eat hairy and poisonous caterpillars including cinnabar moth larvae. Females can lay up to 300 eggs, usually in batches of 30 to 60 on the underside of ragwort leaves. When the caterpillars (larvae) hatch they feed on and around the area of the hatched eggs but as they get bigger and moult (instars) they mainly feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant, and can be seen out in the open during the day. Like several other Arctiinae larvae, cinnabar caterpillars can turn cannibalistic. This is mainly due to lack of food, but they can eat other cinnabar larvae. Initially, the larvae are pale yellow, but later larval stages develop a jet black and orange/yellow striped colouring. They can grow up to , and are voracious eaters; large populations can strip entire patches of ragwort clean, a result of their low predation. Often, very few survive to the pupal stage, mainly due to them completely consuming the food source before reaching maturity; this could be a possible explanation for their tendency to engage in seemingly random cannibalistic behaviour, as many will die from starvation. Additionally, the larvae are preyed upon by species like the ants Formica polyctena. They overwinter as cocoons on the ground.
Мотылек цинабар (Tyria jacobaeae) – ярко окрашенный арктиидный мотылек, обитающий в Европе и западной и центральной Азии, а затем на восток через Палеарктику в Сибирь и Китай. Его интродуцировали в Новую Зеландию, Австралию и Северную Америку для борьбы с крестовником, которым питаются его личинки. Мотылек получил свое название в честь красного минерала киновари из-за красных пятен на его преимущественно черных крыльях. Вид был впервые описан Карлом Линнеем в его 10-м издании Systema Naturae 1758 года. Длина мотыльков цинабар составляет около 15-20 мм, а размах крыльев – 30-40 мм.
The cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) is a brightly coloured arctiid moth found as a native species in Europe and western and central Asia then east across the Palearctic to Siberia to China. It has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia and North America to control ragwort, on which its larvae feed. The moth is named after the red mineral cinnabar because of the red patches on its predominantly black wings. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Cinnabar moths are about long and have a wingspan of
Cinnabar moths are day flying insects with distinctive pinkish red and black wings. There is little variation in patterning, although on rare occasions the red markings may be replaced with yellow, or the forewing is entirely red with a black border, or the wings are completely black. Like many other brightly coloured moths, it is unpalatable; the larvae use members of the genus Senecio as food plants. Many members of the genus have been recorded as food plants, but of New World Senecio and Packera species, long term population success has only been confirmed on the North American native plant Senecio triangularis. Other plant species, such as groundsel, are sometimes used, but larval and population survival tends to be reduced. Newly hatched larvae feed from the underneath of ragwort leaves within the area of their old eggs. The larvae absorb toxic and bitter tasting alkaloid substances from the food plants, and assimilate them, becoming unpalatable themselves. The bright colours of both the larvae and the moths act as warning signs, so they are seldom eaten by predators. An exception is among different species of cuckoo which eat hairy and poisonous caterpillars including cinnabar moth larvae. Females can lay up to 300 eggs, usually in batches of 30 to 60 on the underside of ragwort leaves. When the caterpillars (larvae) hatch they feed on and around the area of the hatched eggs but as they get bigger and moult (instars) they mainly feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant, and can be seen out in the open during the day. Like several other Arctiinae larvae, cinnabar caterpillars can turn cannibalistic. This is mainly due to lack of food, but they can eat other cinnabar larvae. Initially, the larvae are pale yellow, but later larval stages develop a jet black and orange/yellow striped colouring. They can grow up to , and are voracious eaters; large populations can strip entire patches of ragwort clean, a result of their low predation. Often, very few survive to the pupal stage, mainly due to them completely consuming the food source before reaching maturity; this could be a possible explanation for their tendency to engage in seemingly random cannibalistic behaviour, as many will die from starvation. Additionally, the larvae are preyed upon by species like the ants Formica polyctena. They overwinter as cocoons on the ground.
Мотыльки цинабар – дневные насекомые с характерными розово-красными и черными крыльями. Вариации в окраске незначительны, хотя в редких случаях красные отметины могут быть заменены желтыми, или переднее крыло полностью красное с черной каймой, или крылья полностью черные. Как и многие другие ярко окрашенные мотыльки, он обладает неприятным вкусом; личинки используют растения рода Senecio в качестве кормовых. Многие виды этого рода зарегистрированы как кормовые растения, но в Новом Свете долгосрочный успех популяции на видах Senecio и Packera подтвержден только на североамериканском растении Senecio triangularis. Иногда используются и другие растения, такие как живучка, но выживаемость личинок и популяции, как правило, снижается. Только что вылупившиеся личинки питаются нижней стороной листьев крестовника в области отложенных яиц. Личинки поглощают токсичные и горькие алкалоиды из кормовых растений и усваивают их, становясь сами неприятными на вкус. Яркая окраска как личинок, так и мотыльков служит предупреждающим сигналом, поэтому их редко поедают хищники. Исключение составляют различные виды кукушек, которые питаются волосатыми и ядовитыми гусеницами, включая личинок мотылька цинабар. Самки могут откладывать до 300 яиц, обычно партиями по 30-60 штук на нижней стороне листьев крестовника. Когда гусеницы (личинки) вылупляются, они питаются на и вокруг области вылупившихся яиц, но по мере роста и линьки (инстаров) они питаются в основном листьями и цветками растения и могут быть видны на открытом воздухе в течение дня. Как и некоторые другие личинки подсемейства Arctiinae, гусеницы цинабара могут проявлять каннибализм. Это в основном связано с недостатком пищи, но они могут поедать и других личинок цинабара. Первоначально личинки бледно-желтые, но на более поздних стадиях развития они приобретают темно-черный и оранжево-желтый полосатый окрас. Они могут вырасти до 30-40 мм в длину и являются прожорливыми поедателями; большие популяции способны полностью очистить целые заросли крестовника, что является следствием их низкой подверженности хищничеству. Часто лишь немногие доживают до стадии куколки, в основном из-за полного истощения кормовой базы до достижения зрелости; это может быть возможным объяснением их склонности к, казалось бы, случайному каннибалистическому поведению, поскольку многие погибают от голода. Кроме того, личинки служат добычей для таких видов, как муравьи Formica polyctena. Они зимуют в виде коконов в почве.
The cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) is a brightly coloured arctiid moth found as a native species in Europe and western and central Asia then east across the Palearctic to Siberia to China. It has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia and North America to control ragwort, on which its larvae feed. The moth is named after the red mineral cinnabar because of the red patches on its predominantly black wings. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Cinnabar moths are about long and have a wingspan of
Cinnabar moths are day flying insects with distinctive pinkish red and black wings. There is little variation in patterning, although on rare occasions the red markings may be replaced with yellow, or the forewing is entirely red with a black border, or the wings are completely black. Like many other brightly coloured moths, it is unpalatable; the larvae use members of the genus Senecio as food plants. Many members of the genus have been recorded as food plants, but of New World Senecio and Packera species, long term population success has only been confirmed on the North American native plant Senecio triangularis. Other plant species, such as groundsel, are sometimes used, but larval and population survival tends to be reduced. Newly hatched larvae feed from the underneath of ragwort leaves within the area of their old eggs. The larvae absorb toxic and bitter tasting alkaloid substances from the food plants, and assimilate them, becoming unpalatable themselves. The bright colours of both the larvae and the moths act as warning signs, so they are seldom eaten by predators. An exception is among different species of cuckoo which eat hairy and poisonous caterpillars including cinnabar moth larvae. Females can lay up to 300 eggs, usually in batches of 30 to 60 on the underside of ragwort leaves. When the caterpillars (larvae) hatch they feed on and around the area of the hatched eggs but as they get bigger and moult (instars) they mainly feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant, and can be seen out in the open during the day. Like several other Arctiinae larvae, cinnabar caterpillars can turn cannibalistic. This is mainly due to lack of food, but they can eat other cinnabar larvae. Initially, the larvae are pale yellow, but later larval stages develop a jet black and orange/yellow striped colouring. They can grow up to , and are voracious eaters; large populations can strip entire patches of ragwort clean, a result of their low predation. Often, very few survive to the pupal stage, mainly due to them completely consuming the food source before reaching maturity; this could be a possible explanation for their tendency to engage in seemingly random cannibalistic behaviour, as many will die from starvation. Additionally, the larvae are preyed upon by species like the ants Formica polyctena. They overwinter as cocoons on the ground.
Отношения с людьми
Мотыль оказался особенно эффективным средством биологической борьбы с крестовником обыкновенным, при использовании в сочетании с блошиным жуком крестовника в западных Соединенных Штатах.