Введение
Милнроу — город в составе метрополитенского боро Рочдейл, в Большом Манчестере, Англия. Он расположен на реке Бил у подножия Южных Пеннин и образует сплошную городскую зону с Рочдейлом. Милнроу находится в 3 км к востоку от центра Рочдейла, в 16 км к северо-северо-востоку от Манчестера и простирается от Винди-Хилл на востоке до канала Рочдейл на западе. Милнроу примыкает к транспортной развязке 21 автомагистрали M62 и включает деревню Ньюхей, а также поселки Туншилл и Огден. Исторически относясь к Ланкаширу, в Средние века Милнроу был одним из нескольких хуторов в тауншипе Баттерворт и приходе Рочдейл. Поселение было названо англосаксами, но норманнское завоевание Англии привело к тому, что оно перешло во владение к незначительным норманнским семьям, таким как Скофилды и Клегги. В XV веке их потомки успешно добились строительства часовни у берегов реки Бил, что способствовало развитию Милнроу как главного поселения в Баттерворте. В Средние века Милнроу в основном использовался для подсобного горного земледелия, и его население существенно не увеличивалось до начала торговли шерстью в XVII веке. С развитием торговых путей для вьючных животных к зарождающимся рынкам шерсти в Йоркшире жители Милнроу перешли к домашней системе, дополняя свой доход выделкой шкур и производством фланели в ткацких коттеджах. Добыча угля и обработка металла также процветали в раннее Новое время, а фермеры, шахтеры и ткачи образовали «тесно связанное сообщество независимых работников». Джон Коллиер (писавший под псевдонимом Тим Боббин) известен как карикатурист и сатирический поэт XVIII века, создававший произведения на ланкаширском диалекте во время работы школьным учителем в Милнроу. Поэт из Рочдейла, Эдвин Уо, находился под влиянием работ Коллиера и написал обширный рассказ о Милнроу в середине XIX века в знак признательности ему. В 1982 году в районе ручья Питорн были раскопаны следы охотников-собирателей, обнаружен мезолитический лагерь, где охотились на оленей. Неолитическая деятельность подтверждается кремниевым топором, найденным в Ньюхее, и черным каменным топором, найденным у озера Холлингворт. Это указывает на присутствие кельтских бриттов. Остатки серебряной статуи римской богини Виктории и римские монеты были обнаружены на ферме Туншилл в 1793 году, и предполагается, что римляне проходили через эту местность, поддерживая связь с римским фортом Кастелшоу. Земля была размечена во время англосаксонского заселения Британии. Предполагается, что эта часть поместья Рочдейл была сезонным загоном для скота и производства масла, что дало название Баттерворт. Баттерворт охватывал обширную территорию, в пределах которой находился Милнроу, который также имеет английскую топонимию, указывающую на англосаксонское поселение. Значение названия Милнроу может означать «мельница с рядом домов», сочетая в себе древнеанглийские элементы *myne* и *raw*. Физические свидетельства присутствия англосаксов или норманнов исходят из надписей на камнях, найденных в монастырях, один из которых содержит латинский текст и был обнаружен в 1986 году на ферме Лоухаус. В деревнях Белфилд, Блеакд Гейт и Рафбанк, Баттерворт Холл, Клегг, Хоугс, Лоухаус, Милнроу, Ньюхей, Огден, Туншилл и Уайлдхаус. Записи, относящиеся к этим деревням в Высокое Средневековье, расплывчаты или неполны, но показывают, что земля принадлежала различным семьям, таким как Элланд, Голланд, Байрон или рыцарям-госпитальерам, и их потомки включают баронов Байрон в английском пэрстве. В 1253 году король Генрих III предоставил рыцарям-госпитальерам право судить подозреваемых в воровстве, регулировать производство и продажу продуктов питания в соответствии с Законом о хлебе и пиве, а также возводить виселицу для публичных казней. В Баттерворте не было церкви, он был частью прихода Рочдейл и связан с церковью Святого Чада в Рочдейле. Рассеянное сообщество в Баттерворте и его окрестностях было в основном сельскохозяйственным и сосредоточено на горном земледелии. В 1496 году была построена часовня для более широкого сообщества. Документ от 20 марта 1496 года, датированный правлением Генриха VII, провозглашает, что открытая земля у реки Бил в Милнроу станет местом для новой часовни, определяя ее как часовню. Вмешательство жертвователей привело к обвинениям в коррупции и конфискации часовни Короной во время роспуска монастырей. Добыча угля в Милнроу была зафиксирована в 1610 году, а Миллстоун Грит был основным строительным материалом того времени, использовавшимся для строительства сухих каменных ферм и полевых ограждений. Милнроу оставался таким на протяжении Позднего Средневековья — его часовня периодически упоминается в записях. Начав как подсобное занятие, кардная лента, прядение и ручное ткачество шерстяной ткани в домашней системе стали основным промыслом Милнроу в XVII веке, обеспечивая доступ к рынкам шерсти в Йоркшире и способствуя коммерческому процветанию и расширению. Были внедрены процессы полнения и отбеливания текстиля. Спрос на фланель из Милнроу начал превышать предложение шерсти, что привело к импорту из Ирландии и английских Средних земель. Компания Уильяма Клегга из Милнроу создала то, что считалось крупнейшим в Англии двором для вычесывания шерсти, обеспечивая Милнроу материалом для расширения полностью восстановленной часовни Милнроу в 1715 году. Милнроу стал деревней рабочих торговцев, которые использовали Рочдейл в качестве центрального маркетингового и отделочного узла. Связь с другими рынками была улучшена в конце XVIII века, что привело к принятию Акта парламента в 1805 году о создании платной дороги от Ньюхея до Хаддерсфилда. В ходе обследований и раскопок, проведенных Oxford Archaeology в Kingsway Business Park, были выявлены десять домов фермеров, датируемых XVII и началом XVIII веков, включая Moss Side Farm, Lower and Higher Moss Side Farms, Cherry Tree Farm, Lower Lane Farm, Pyche, Lane End и Castle Farm.
Middleton born Radical writer Samuel Bamford wrote that at the beginning of the 19th century "such a thing as a cotton or woollen factory was not in existence" in Milnrow. By 1815, three commercial manufacturers had established woollen mills in Milnrow. The Industrial Revolution introduced the factory system which was adopted by the local inhabitants; the River Beal was the main power source for new woollen weaving mills and technologies. Unusually for the period and region, women in particular were employed as chainmakers by Milnrow's blacksmiths during the 19th century. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, and Ordnance Survey maps show Milnrow to have had three woollen mills, and one cotton mill by 1848. The construction of rectangular multi storey brick cotton mills followed, and The British Trade Journal noted that cottages in Milnrow and Newhey were "in great demand". Terraced houses with slate roofs and facades of stone or red brick were built in rows to house an influx of workers and families. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway opened the Oldham Loop railway line in 1863, with stations at Milnrow and Newhey—the latter gave rise to the "industrial village" of Newhey, with mills and housing built concentrically outwards from the railway line. Butterworth Hall Colliery opened in 1865. Inspired by the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, and using the Rochdale Principles, consumers' co operative groups were established at Milnrow, Newhey, Ogden and Firgrove throughout the second half of the 19th century. In 1885, municipal buildings were developed for the Milnrow Local Board, while an Act of Parliament empowered the Oldham Corporation to make further purchases in the Piethorne Valley so as to create additional reservoirs. An elected urban district council was established for the "thriving town" of Milnrow and its hinterland in 1894,
Cotton spinning was the principal industry in Milnrow in the 1910s—Newhey alone had ten cotton mills employing over 2,000 people at 1911, The "most disastrous fire on record" in the Milnrow area resulted in the "spectacular" destruction of Newhey's Ellenroad Mill in 1916, at a cost of £150,000 (£ in ), but with no loss of life. Tank Week, a national touring campaign to help fund the British heavy tanks of World War I, came to Milnrow resulting in a collective donation of £180,578 (£ in ) from the people of the district. Butterworth Hall Colliery closed in 1928, Social housing estates of semi detached properties with gardens were constructed in both Milnrow and Newhey during the 1930s, Cliffe House at Newhey, formerly occupied by the prominent Heap manufacturing family, was demolished and in 1952 its grounds were opened as the recreational and publicly owned Milnrow Memorial Park. Following the Great Depression, the region's textile sector experienced a decline until its eventual demise in the mid 20th century. Milnrow's last standing cotton mill was Butterworth Hall Mill, demolished in the late 1990s. Milnrow experienced population growth and suburbanisation in the second half of the 20th century, spurred by the construction of the M62 motorway through the area, making Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire commutable. a Bellway constructed housing estate was built next to the canal between 2005 and 2007. Milnrow tram stop opened as part of Greater Manchester's light rail Metrolink network on 28 February 2013. Although its route through Milnrow was carefully planned to mitigate against bad weather conditions, the local section of the M62 was made impassable by the "Beast from the East" cold weather wave in March 2018. Stranded motorists were invited in to homes and offered food and shelter by "kindhearted" volunteers in Milnrow and Newhey while the British Army cleared the motorway.]] Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Milnrow was a component area of Butterworth, an ancient rural township within the parish of Rochdale and hundred of Salford. By 1825, there were several villages in Butterworth including Butterworth Hall, Haugh, Lady Houses, Little Clegg, Newhey, Ogden, Moorhouse, Schofield Hall and Milnrow itself, which was distinguished from the others as Butterworth's only chapelry. Butterworth in the 19th century constituted a civil parish, until its dissolution in 1894. but a vote held on 17 December 1869 ended 546 to 466 in favour. The Milnrow Local Board of Health, with jurisdiction over the wards of Belfield, Haugh and Milnrow, Its 18 members convened for the first time on 18 August 1870, and gave Milnrow its first measure of democratic self governance. In 1879, the Firgrove part of the Castleton township and further parts of Butterworth township were incorporated into the jurisdiction of the local board. Under the Local Government Act 1894, the area of the local board broadly became the Milnrow Urban District, a local government unit with elected councillors, in concord with the Rochdale Poor Law Union, and sharing power with Lancashire County Council as a constituent district of the administrative county of Lancashire. From 1983 to 1997, Milnrow was represented in the House of Commons as part of the parliamentary constituency of Littleborough and Saddleworth. Between 1997 and 2010 it was within the boundaries of Oldham East and Saddleworth. In 2010 Milnrow became part of the Rochdale constituency, which, as of 2017, is represented by Tony Lloyd MP, a member of the Labour Party. In 2010, The Guardian noted Milnrow as part of a "traditional heartland", where a "well of loyalty [for Labour] runs deep in the Pennine towns between Rochdale and Oldham", while the 2002 Almanac of British Politics affirms Milnrow's residents "are willing to elect Liberal Democrat councillors". Conservative clubs, Liberal clubs, and working men's clubs were established in Milnrow and Firgrove during the 19th and 20th centuries. on the western slopes of the South Pennines, 10 mile (16 km) north northeast of Manchester city centre. Blackstone Edge and Saddleworth are to the east; Rochdale and Shaw and Crompton are to the west and south respectively. Considered as the area covered by the former Milnrow Urban District, Milnrow extends over 8.1 square miles (21 km2), stretching from the Rochdale Canal in the west through to Windy Hill in the east, taking in the valley of the River Beal. The Beal, a tributary of the River Roch, runs centrally through Milnrow from the south through Newhey. while Stanney Brook rises at High Crompton and runs along the southern edge of Milnrow and in to the Roch at Newbold in Rochdale. Milnrow is situated in "the transitional zone" between the moorland of the South Pennines and the more densely populated areas of Rochdale and Manchester. interspersed by isolated farmhouses and the Kitcliffe, Ogden and Tunshill hamlets. Moorland forms the highest and most easterly part of Milnrow—the highest point is Bleakedgate Moor at 1310 feet (399 m), and the underlying geology is mostly lower coal measures from the Carboniferous period, punctuated with a band of sandstone. Milnrow experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. In 1855, the poet Edwin Waugh said of Milnrow:Milnrow lies on the ground not unlike a tall tree laid lengthwise, in a valley, by a riverside. At the bridge, its roots spread themselves in clots and fibrous shoots, in all directions; while the almost branchless trunk runs up, with a little bend, above half a mile towards Oldham, where it again spreads itself out in an umbrageous way.|Edwin Waugh|Sketches of Lancashire life and localities (1855)
The urban part of Milnrow broadly consists of development which has absorbed former hamlets including Butterworth Hall, Firgrove, Gallows, and Moorhouse. These now form neighbourhoods of Milnrow, but others form distinct settlements. For instance, Newhey, at the south of Milnrow, emerged as a village in its own right, with its own distinct amenities such as shops, parish church and Metrolink station. established by the Knights Hospitaller in 1253. Milnrow has been described as "the centre of the south Lancashire dialect", One of the most common surnames is Butterworth, which is native to the Milnrow area. Robert Brearley was an early centenarian from Milnrow, who lived past his 103rd birthday between the years 1787 and 1889. According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011, Milnrow (urban core and sub area) had a total resident population of 13,061. This was up from the following figures recorded in 2001: 11,561 for the electoral ward of Milnrow (which has different boundaries), 12,541 at the 2001 census, and 12,800 from the Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary. The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 45% in full time employment, 12% in part time employment, 7.7% self employed, 2.6% unemployed, 2.1% students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 13% retired, 4.6% looking after home or family, 7.4% permanently sick or disabled, and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons. This was roughly in line with the national figures. In 2019, Milnrow East & Newhey was estimated as having one of the highest prevalence of depression in England. The place of birth of the town's residents recorded in the 2001 census was 97% United Kingdom (including 95.04% from England), 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 0.5% from other European Union countries, and 2.6% from elsewhere in the world. The ethnicity of the community was classified as 98% white, 0.7% mixed race, 0.8% Asian, 0.2% black and 0.3% Chinese or other. In 2008, researchers with the University of Manchester noted Milnrow was a predominantly "White area", contrasted with areas within both the metropolitan boroughs of Rochdale and Oldham where large South Asian and British Asian communities were recorded. Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 2001 2011 Population 8,241 8,584 8,390 8,623 8,265 8,587 8,129 10,345 12,541 13,061Source:A Vision of Britain through Time
Declared religion from 2001 was recorded as 80% Christian, 0.8% Muslim, 0.1% Hindu, 0.1% Buddhist, and 0.1% Jewish. Some 12.2% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion, and 6.1% did not state their religion. Historically, in addition to the established church, branches of Nonconformist Protestantism – particularly 18th century Wesleyanism – were forms of Christian theology practised in Milnrow. In 1717, Francis Gastrell, the then Bishop of Chester, noted there were "a few [ ] avowed Presbyterians" in Milnrow. In 1773, Baptists established a chapel at Ogden; The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion established a school in Milnrow in 1840, and St Stephen's Church building in 1861, attracting clergy and worshippers with leanings to Methodism and Calvinism; the congregation severed ties with the Connexion in 1865, and chose to join the Congregational Union.
Радикальный писатель из Миддлтона, Сэмюэл Бамфорд, писал, что в начале XIX века «такого понятия, как хлопчатобумажная или шерстяная фабрика, не существовало» в Милнроу. К 1815 году три коммерческих производителя основали шерстяные фабрики в Милнроу. Промышленная революция внедрила фабричную систему, которая была принята местными жителями. Река Бил была основным источником энергии для новых шерстяных ткацких фабрик и технологий. Необычно для того периода и региона, женщины особенно часто работали кузнецами в кузницах Милнроу в XIX веке. Законы о зерне были отменены в 1846 году, а карты Ordnance Survey показывают, что к 1848 году в Милнроу было три шерстяные фабрики и одна хлопчатобумажная фабрика. Затем последовало строительство прямоугольных многоэтажных кирпичных хлопчатобумажных фабрик, и British Trade Journal отметил, что коттеджи в Милнроу и Ньюхее были «в большом спросе». Рядами строились террасные дома со сланцевыми крышами и фасадами из камня или красного кирпича, чтобы разместить приток рабочих и семей. Железная дорога Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway открыла железнодорожную линию Oldham Loop в 1863 году со станциями в Милнроу и Ньюхее — последняя дала начало «индустриальной деревне» Ньюхей, с фабриками и домами, построенными концентрически вокруг железнодорожной линии. Угольная шахта Butterworth Hall была открыта в 1865 году. Вдохновленные Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers и используя принципы Рочдейла, потребительские кооперативные группы были созданы в Милнроу, Ньюхее, Огдене и Фиргроуве во второй половине XIX века. В 1885 году были построены муниципальные здания для Милнроу Local Board, а Акт парламента уполномочил корпорацию Олдхэма совершать дальнейшие закупки в долине Питорн, чтобы создать дополнительные водохранилища. В 1894 году был создан избранный городской совет для «процветающего города» Милнроу и его окрестностей.
Middleton born Radical writer Samuel Bamford wrote that at the beginning of the 19th century "such a thing as a cotton or woollen factory was not in existence" in Milnrow. By 1815, three commercial manufacturers had established woollen mills in Milnrow. The Industrial Revolution introduced the factory system which was adopted by the local inhabitants; the River Beal was the main power source for new woollen weaving mills and technologies. Unusually for the period and region, women in particular were employed as chainmakers by Milnrow's blacksmiths during the 19th century. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, and Ordnance Survey maps show Milnrow to have had three woollen mills, and one cotton mill by 1848. The construction of rectangular multi storey brick cotton mills followed, and The British Trade Journal noted that cottages in Milnrow and Newhey were "in great demand". Terraced houses with slate roofs and facades of stone or red brick were built in rows to house an influx of workers and families. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway opened the Oldham Loop railway line in 1863, with stations at Milnrow and Newhey—the latter gave rise to the "industrial village" of Newhey, with mills and housing built concentrically outwards from the railway line. Butterworth Hall Colliery opened in 1865. Inspired by the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, and using the Rochdale Principles, consumers' co operative groups were established at Milnrow, Newhey, Ogden and Firgrove throughout the second half of the 19th century. In 1885, municipal buildings were developed for the Milnrow Local Board, while an Act of Parliament empowered the Oldham Corporation to make further purchases in the Piethorne Valley so as to create additional reservoirs. An elected urban district council was established for the "thriving town" of Milnrow and its hinterland in 1894,
Cotton spinning was the principal industry in Milnrow in the 1910s—Newhey alone had ten cotton mills employing over 2,000 people at 1911, The "most disastrous fire on record" in the Milnrow area resulted in the "spectacular" destruction of Newhey's Ellenroad Mill in 1916, at a cost of £150,000 (£ in ), but with no loss of life. Tank Week, a national touring campaign to help fund the British heavy tanks of World War I, came to Milnrow resulting in a collective donation of £180,578 (£ in ) from the people of the district. Butterworth Hall Colliery closed in 1928, Social housing estates of semi detached properties with gardens were constructed in both Milnrow and Newhey during the 1930s, Cliffe House at Newhey, formerly occupied by the prominent Heap manufacturing family, was demolished and in 1952 its grounds were opened as the recreational and publicly owned Milnrow Memorial Park. Following the Great Depression, the region's textile sector experienced a decline until its eventual demise in the mid 20th century. Milnrow's last standing cotton mill was Butterworth Hall Mill, demolished in the late 1990s. Milnrow experienced population growth and suburbanisation in the second half of the 20th century, spurred by the construction of the M62 motorway through the area, making Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire commutable. a Bellway constructed housing estate was built next to the canal between 2005 and 2007. Milnrow tram stop opened as part of Greater Manchester's light rail Metrolink network on 28 February 2013. Although its route through Milnrow was carefully planned to mitigate against bad weather conditions, the local section of the M62 was made impassable by the "Beast from the East" cold weather wave in March 2018. Stranded motorists were invited in to homes and offered food and shelter by "kindhearted" volunteers in Milnrow and Newhey while the British Army cleared the motorway.]] Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Milnrow was a component area of Butterworth, an ancient rural township within the parish of Rochdale and hundred of Salford. By 1825, there were several villages in Butterworth including Butterworth Hall, Haugh, Lady Houses, Little Clegg, Newhey, Ogden, Moorhouse, Schofield Hall and Milnrow itself, which was distinguished from the others as Butterworth's only chapelry. Butterworth in the 19th century constituted a civil parish, until its dissolution in 1894. but a vote held on 17 December 1869 ended 546 to 466 in favour. The Milnrow Local Board of Health, with jurisdiction over the wards of Belfield, Haugh and Milnrow, Its 18 members convened for the first time on 18 August 1870, and gave Milnrow its first measure of democratic self governance. In 1879, the Firgrove part of the Castleton township and further parts of Butterworth township were incorporated into the jurisdiction of the local board. Under the Local Government Act 1894, the area of the local board broadly became the Milnrow Urban District, a local government unit with elected councillors, in concord with the Rochdale Poor Law Union, and sharing power with Lancashire County Council as a constituent district of the administrative county of Lancashire. From 1983 to 1997, Milnrow was represented in the House of Commons as part of the parliamentary constituency of Littleborough and Saddleworth. Between 1997 and 2010 it was within the boundaries of Oldham East and Saddleworth. In 2010 Milnrow became part of the Rochdale constituency, which, as of 2017, is represented by Tony Lloyd MP, a member of the Labour Party. In 2010, The Guardian noted Milnrow as part of a "traditional heartland", where a "well of loyalty [for Labour] runs deep in the Pennine towns between Rochdale and Oldham", while the 2002 Almanac of British Politics affirms Milnrow's residents "are willing to elect Liberal Democrat councillors". Conservative clubs, Liberal clubs, and working men's clubs were established in Milnrow and Firgrove during the 19th and 20th centuries. on the western slopes of the South Pennines, 10 mile (16 km) north northeast of Manchester city centre. Blackstone Edge and Saddleworth are to the east; Rochdale and Shaw and Crompton are to the west and south respectively. Considered as the area covered by the former Milnrow Urban District, Milnrow extends over 8.1 square miles (21 km2), stretching from the Rochdale Canal in the west through to Windy Hill in the east, taking in the valley of the River Beal. The Beal, a tributary of the River Roch, runs centrally through Milnrow from the south through Newhey. while Stanney Brook rises at High Crompton and runs along the southern edge of Milnrow and in to the Roch at Newbold in Rochdale. Milnrow is situated in "the transitional zone" between the moorland of the South Pennines and the more densely populated areas of Rochdale and Manchester. interspersed by isolated farmhouses and the Kitcliffe, Ogden and Tunshill hamlets. Moorland forms the highest and most easterly part of Milnrow—the highest point is Bleakedgate Moor at 1310 feet (399 m), and the underlying geology is mostly lower coal measures from the Carboniferous period, punctuated with a band of sandstone. Milnrow experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. In 1855, the poet Edwin Waugh said of Milnrow:Milnrow lies on the ground not unlike a tall tree laid lengthwise, in a valley, by a riverside. At the bridge, its roots spread themselves in clots and fibrous shoots, in all directions; while the almost branchless trunk runs up, with a little bend, above half a mile towards Oldham, where it again spreads itself out in an umbrageous way.|Edwin Waugh|Sketches of Lancashire life and localities (1855)
The urban part of Milnrow broadly consists of development which has absorbed former hamlets including Butterworth Hall, Firgrove, Gallows, and Moorhouse. These now form neighbourhoods of Milnrow, but others form distinct settlements. For instance, Newhey, at the south of Milnrow, emerged as a village in its own right, with its own distinct amenities such as shops, parish church and Metrolink station. established by the Knights Hospitaller in 1253. Milnrow has been described as "the centre of the south Lancashire dialect", One of the most common surnames is Butterworth, which is native to the Milnrow area. Robert Brearley was an early centenarian from Milnrow, who lived past his 103rd birthday between the years 1787 and 1889. According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011, Milnrow (urban core and sub area) had a total resident population of 13,061. This was up from the following figures recorded in 2001: 11,561 for the electoral ward of Milnrow (which has different boundaries), 12,541 at the 2001 census, and 12,800 from the Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary. The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 45% in full time employment, 12% in part time employment, 7.7% self employed, 2.6% unemployed, 2.1% students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 13% retired, 4.6% looking after home or family, 7.4% permanently sick or disabled, and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons. This was roughly in line with the national figures. In 2019, Milnrow East & Newhey was estimated as having one of the highest prevalence of depression in England. The place of birth of the town's residents recorded in the 2001 census was 97% United Kingdom (including 95.04% from England), 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 0.5% from other European Union countries, and 2.6% from elsewhere in the world. The ethnicity of the community was classified as 98% white, 0.7% mixed race, 0.8% Asian, 0.2% black and 0.3% Chinese or other. In 2008, researchers with the University of Manchester noted Milnrow was a predominantly "White area", contrasted with areas within both the metropolitan boroughs of Rochdale and Oldham where large South Asian and British Asian communities were recorded. Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 2001 2011 Population 8,241 8,584 8,390 8,623 8,265 8,587 8,129 10,345 12,541 13,061Source:A Vision of Britain through Time
Declared religion from 2001 was recorded as 80% Christian, 0.8% Muslim, 0.1% Hindu, 0.1% Buddhist, and 0.1% Jewish. Some 12.2% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion, and 6.1% did not state their religion. Historically, in addition to the established church, branches of Nonconformist Protestantism – particularly 18th century Wesleyanism – were forms of Christian theology practised in Milnrow. In 1717, Francis Gastrell, the then Bishop of Chester, noted there were "a few [ ] avowed Presbyterians" in Milnrow. In 1773, Baptists established a chapel at Ogden; The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion established a school in Milnrow in 1840, and St Stephen's Church building in 1861, attracting clergy and worshippers with leanings to Methodism and Calvinism; the congregation severed ties with the Connexion in 1865, and chose to join the Congregational Union.
Прядение хлопка было основным промыслом в Милнроу в 1910-х годах — только в Ньюхее было десять хлопчатобумажных фабрик, на которых работало более 2000 человек в 1911 году. «Самый разрушительный пожар за всю историю» в районе Милнроу привел к «впечатляющему» разрушению фабрики в Ньюхее…
Middleton born Radical writer Samuel Bamford wrote that at the beginning of the 19th century "such a thing as a cotton or woollen factory was not in existence" in Milnrow. By 1815, three commercial manufacturers had established woollen mills in Milnrow. The Industrial Revolution introduced the factory system which was adopted by the local inhabitants; the River Beal was the main power source for new woollen weaving mills and technologies. Unusually for the period and region, women in particular were employed as chainmakers by Milnrow's blacksmiths during the 19th century. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, and Ordnance Survey maps show Milnrow to have had three woollen mills, and one cotton mill by 1848. The construction of rectangular multi storey brick cotton mills followed, and The British Trade Journal noted that cottages in Milnrow and Newhey were "in great demand". Terraced houses with slate roofs and facades of stone or red brick were built in rows to house an influx of workers and families. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway opened the Oldham Loop railway line in 1863, with stations at Milnrow and Newhey—the latter gave rise to the "industrial village" of Newhey, with mills and housing built concentrically outwards from the railway line. Butterworth Hall Colliery opened in 1865. Inspired by the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, and using the Rochdale Principles, consumers' co operative groups were established at Milnrow, Newhey, Ogden and Firgrove throughout the second half of the 19th century. In 1885, municipal buildings were developed for the Milnrow Local Board, while an Act of Parliament empowered the Oldham Corporation to make further purchases in the Piethorne Valley so as to create additional reservoirs. An elected urban district council was established for the "thriving town" of Milnrow and its hinterland in 1894,
Cotton spinning was the principal industry in Milnrow in the 1910s—Newhey alone had ten cotton mills employing over 2,000 people at 1911, The "most disastrous fire on record" in the Milnrow area resulted in the "spectacular" destruction of Newhey's Ellenroad Mill in 1916, at a cost of £150,000 (£ in ), but with no loss of life. Tank Week, a national touring campaign to help fund the British heavy tanks of World War I, came to Milnrow resulting in a collective donation of £180,578 (£ in ) from the people of the district. Butterworth Hall Colliery closed in 1928, Social housing estates of semi detached properties with gardens were constructed in both Milnrow and Newhey during the 1930s, Cliffe House at Newhey, formerly occupied by the prominent Heap manufacturing family, was demolished and in 1952 its grounds were opened as the recreational and publicly owned Milnrow Memorial Park. Following the Great Depression, the region's textile sector experienced a decline until its eventual demise in the mid 20th century. Milnrow's last standing cotton mill was Butterworth Hall Mill, demolished in the late 1990s. Milnrow experienced population growth and suburbanisation in the second half of the 20th century, spurred by the construction of the M62 motorway through the area, making Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire commutable. a Bellway constructed housing estate was built next to the canal between 2005 and 2007. Milnrow tram stop opened as part of Greater Manchester's light rail Metrolink network on 28 February 2013. Although its route through Milnrow was carefully planned to mitigate against bad weather conditions, the local section of the M62 was made impassable by the "Beast from the East" cold weather wave in March 2018. Stranded motorists were invited in to homes and offered food and shelter by "kindhearted" volunteers in Milnrow and Newhey while the British Army cleared the motorway.]] Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Milnrow was a component area of Butterworth, an ancient rural township within the parish of Rochdale and hundred of Salford. By 1825, there were several villages in Butterworth including Butterworth Hall, Haugh, Lady Houses, Little Clegg, Newhey, Ogden, Moorhouse, Schofield Hall and Milnrow itself, which was distinguished from the others as Butterworth's only chapelry. Butterworth in the 19th century constituted a civil parish, until its dissolution in 1894. but a vote held on 17 December 1869 ended 546 to 466 in favour. The Milnrow Local Board of Health, with jurisdiction over the wards of Belfield, Haugh and Milnrow, Its 18 members convened for the first time on 18 August 1870, and gave Milnrow its first measure of democratic self governance. In 1879, the Firgrove part of the Castleton township and further parts of Butterworth township were incorporated into the jurisdiction of the local board. Under the Local Government Act 1894, the area of the local board broadly became the Milnrow Urban District, a local government unit with elected councillors, in concord with the Rochdale Poor Law Union, and sharing power with Lancashire County Council as a constituent district of the administrative county of Lancashire. From 1983 to 1997, Milnrow was represented in the House of Commons as part of the parliamentary constituency of Littleborough and Saddleworth. Between 1997 and 2010 it was within the boundaries of Oldham East and Saddleworth. In 2010 Milnrow became part of the Rochdale constituency, which, as of 2017, is represented by Tony Lloyd MP, a member of the Labour Party. In 2010, The Guardian noted Milnrow as part of a "traditional heartland", where a "well of loyalty [for Labour] runs deep in the Pennine towns between Rochdale and Oldham", while the 2002 Almanac of British Politics affirms Milnrow's residents "are willing to elect Liberal Democrat councillors". Conservative clubs, Liberal clubs, and working men's clubs were established in Milnrow and Firgrove during the 19th and 20th centuries. on the western slopes of the South Pennines, 10 mile (16 km) north northeast of Manchester city centre. Blackstone Edge and Saddleworth are to the east; Rochdale and Shaw and Crompton are to the west and south respectively. Considered as the area covered by the former Milnrow Urban District, Milnrow extends over 8.1 square miles (21 km2), stretching from the Rochdale Canal in the west through to Windy Hill in the east, taking in the valley of the River Beal. The Beal, a tributary of the River Roch, runs centrally through Milnrow from the south through Newhey. while Stanney Brook rises at High Crompton and runs along the southern edge of Milnrow and in to the Roch at Newbold in Rochdale. Milnrow is situated in "the transitional zone" between the moorland of the South Pennines and the more densely populated areas of Rochdale and Manchester. interspersed by isolated farmhouses and the Kitcliffe, Ogden and Tunshill hamlets. Moorland forms the highest and most easterly part of Milnrow—the highest point is Bleakedgate Moor at 1310 feet (399 m), and the underlying geology is mostly lower coal measures from the Carboniferous period, punctuated with a band of sandstone. Milnrow experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. In 1855, the poet Edwin Waugh said of Milnrow:Milnrow lies on the ground not unlike a tall tree laid lengthwise, in a valley, by a riverside. At the bridge, its roots spread themselves in clots and fibrous shoots, in all directions; while the almost branchless trunk runs up, with a little bend, above half a mile towards Oldham, where it again spreads itself out in an umbrageous way.|Edwin Waugh|Sketches of Lancashire life and localities (1855)
The urban part of Milnrow broadly consists of development which has absorbed former hamlets including Butterworth Hall, Firgrove, Gallows, and Moorhouse. These now form neighbourhoods of Milnrow, but others form distinct settlements. For instance, Newhey, at the south of Milnrow, emerged as a village in its own right, with its own distinct amenities such as shops, parish church and Metrolink station. established by the Knights Hospitaller in 1253. Milnrow has been described as "the centre of the south Lancashire dialect", One of the most common surnames is Butterworth, which is native to the Milnrow area. Robert Brearley was an early centenarian from Milnrow, who lived past his 103rd birthday between the years 1787 and 1889. According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011, Milnrow (urban core and sub area) had a total resident population of 13,061. This was up from the following figures recorded in 2001: 11,561 for the electoral ward of Milnrow (which has different boundaries), 12,541 at the 2001 census, and 12,800 from the Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary. The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 45% in full time employment, 12% in part time employment, 7.7% self employed, 2.6% unemployed, 2.1% students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 13% retired, 4.6% looking after home or family, 7.4% permanently sick or disabled, and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons. This was roughly in line with the national figures. In 2019, Milnrow East & Newhey was estimated as having one of the highest prevalence of depression in England. The place of birth of the town's residents recorded in the 2001 census was 97% United Kingdom (including 95.04% from England), 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 0.5% from other European Union countries, and 2.6% from elsewhere in the world. The ethnicity of the community was classified as 98% white, 0.7% mixed race, 0.8% Asian, 0.2% black and 0.3% Chinese or other. In 2008, researchers with the University of Manchester noted Milnrow was a predominantly "White area", contrasted with areas within both the metropolitan boroughs of Rochdale and Oldham where large South Asian and British Asian communities were recorded. Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 2001 2011 Population 8,241 8,584 8,390 8,623 8,265 8,587 8,129 10,345 12,541 13,061Source:A Vision of Britain through Time
Declared religion from 2001 was recorded as 80% Christian, 0.8% Muslim, 0.1% Hindu, 0.1% Buddhist, and 0.1% Jewish. Some 12.2% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion, and 6.1% did not state their religion. Historically, in addition to the established church, branches of Nonconformist Protestantism – particularly 18th century Wesleyanism – were forms of Christian theology practised in Milnrow. In 1717, Francis Gastrell, the then Bishop of Chester, noted there were "a few [ ] avowed Presbyterians" in Milnrow. In 1773, Baptists established a chapel at Ogden; The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion established a school in Milnrow in 1840, and St Stephen's Church building in 1861, attracting clergy and worshippers with leanings to Methodism and Calvinism; the congregation severed ties with the Connexion in 1865, and chose to join the Congregational Union.
Экономика
До деиндустриализации в конце 20-го века экономика Милнроу была тесно связана с традицией прядения и ткачества, которая зародилась в домашних мастерских, но развивалась параллельно с развитием текстильного производства во время промышленной революции. В XIX веке существовали предприятия, сопутствующие текстильному производству, такие как добыча угля в Туншилле и производство кирпича в Ньюхей. Newhey Brick & Terracotta Works открылся в 1899 году, был основан как коммерческое предприятие в 1861 году, полностью введен в эксплуатацию в 1865 году и приобретен братьями Платт в 1881 году, оставаясь в их собственности до закрытия в 1928 году. Современные сектора экономики в этом районе включают машиностроение, упаковочные материалы, крашение и отделку текстиля и ковров, а также производство красок. Милнроу является районным центром, а улица Дейл, его главная улица, образует линейную торговую зону с магазинами повседневного спроса, ресторанами и предприятиями общественного питания, а также сочетание независимых магазинов и услуг, включая парикмахерские и юридические консультации. Супермаркет Aldi был открыт в 2016 году Бьянкой Уолкден, а The Milnrow Balti получил награду Curry Life 2019 года как лучший ресторан в Большом Манчестере. В Ньюхей расположены небольшие магазины с ограниченным ассортиментом. В начале 20-го века там действовал литейный цех на Уайтхолл-стрит, где работали инженеры и ученики. С 2010 года Holroyd принадлежит группе CQME, базирующейся в Чунцине. В апреле 2011 года Ник Клегг, в качестве заместителя премьер-министра Соединенного Королевства, посетил предприятие Holroyd в Милнроу. Глобальная компания по производству промышленной и потребительской упаковки Sonoco управляет складом в городе. Более полумиллиона единиц местного деликатеса Rag Pudding массово производятся на фабрике Jackson's Farm Fayre в Милнроу. В Ньюхей Sun Chemical производит краски и расходные материалы для печати, а Newhey Carpets проектирует и производит ковры на базе бывшего склада железной дороги Ланкашир и Йоркшир. В Огдене текстиль окрашивается и подвергается отделке компанией PW Greenhalgh. Kingsway Business Park – это "бизнес-ориентированный комплекс смешанного использования", который займет территорию между Милнроу и Рочдейлом, прилегающую к развязке 21 автомагистрали M62; ожидается, что он обеспечит работой 7250 человек напрямую и 1750 человек косвенно к 2020 году. В 2011 году арендаторами парка были JD Sports и Wincanton plc. Трамвайная остановка Kingsway Business Park была построена в рамках этапа 3a расширения Metrolink и обслуживает бизнес-парк Kingsway.
Транспорт
Общественный транспорт в Милноу координируется Транспортным управлением Большого Манчестера, а услуги включают автобусное и легкорельсовое сообщение. Основные автомагистрали А соединяют Милнроу с другими населёнными пунктами – дорога A640, образующая маршрут из Ньюхея через Пеннины в Хаддерсфилд и Западный Йоркшир, была построена трастовой компанией в 1805 году, что привело к распространению грязи и пыли по всему городу, а также к переселению жителей из-за сноса домов. Официальное открытие автомагистрали 13 октября 1971 года совершила королева Елизавета II, которую приветствовал Ральф Ашетон, 1-й барон Клитеро, в качестве лорда-лейтенанта Ланкашира, а также председатель городского округа Милнроу и его супруга. С 1909 по 1932 год в Милноу действовала трамвайная линия электрического пассажирского транспорта первого поколения. Она являлась частью более широкой сети трамваев Rochdale Corporation, с единственным маршрутом, который изначально начинался от Фиргроув на западе и соединился с Ньюхеем на юге после завершения строительства линии в 1912 году. Железнодорожная станция Милнроу первоначально была укомплектована персоналом, а путь через неё был двухпутным; однако в 1980 году этот участок был сокращён до однопутного. Станция вновь открылась 28 февраля 2013 года как трамвайная остановка Милнроу; в это же время в районе Милнроу открылись трамвайные остановки Kingsway Business Park и Newhey. Канал Рочдейл исторически использовался как торговый путь для перевозки хлопка, шерсти и угля в этот район и обратно. Автобусный маршрут 182 следует до Рочдейла, Ньюхея, Олдхема и Манчестера, а маршруты R4 и R5 обслуживают Рочдейл и жилые районы Милнроу и Ньюхея, и выполняются компаниями First Greater Manchester и Burnley Bus Company.
Образование
Свободная школа Милнроу была основана в 1726 году и снесена в начале 1950-х годов. С 1739 года и до своей смерти в 1786 году должность школьного учителя занимал карикатурист Джон Коллиер. Школа Совета Ньюхи была построена в 1911 году и сейчас является начальной школой Ньюхи. К 1918 году существовало пять государственных начальных школ: школы совета Милнроу и Ньюхи; англиканские школы Святого Джеймса в Милнроу и Святого Томаса в Ньюхи; и церковная школа Огдена. Это школа с религиозным уклоном, связанная с Англиканской церковью Милнроу, Святого Джеймса. Кроме того, существуют начальные школы Crossgates Primary и Moorhouse Primary, обе из которых не имеют религиозной направленности. В 2010 году начальная школа Crossgates получила Международную награду Британского Совета за преподавание культуры и глобального гражданства. Академия Холлингворта – это средняя школа в Милнроу со статусом академии. Она расположена на месте бывшей окружной средней школы Роч-Вэлли, которая была открыта в 1968 году и закрыта в 1990 году. Это школа совместного обучения, не имеющая религиозной направленности.
Спорт и культура
Милнроу обладает "выразительным и самобытным характером". Прихожане ездили до Марсдена, чтобы собирать тростник. Основанный в 1968 году, карнавал Милнроу и Ньюхей – это ежегодный летний общественный парад с платформами, танцорами моррис и духовыми оркестрами. The Milnrow Band – британский духовой оркестр, признанный "первоклассным коллективом музыкантов-любителей". Самым ранним из них был оркестр Святого Стефана, основанный в Милнроу в 1869 году. В своих мемуарах 2015 года, комедийный певец Майк Хардинг, родившийся в Манчестере, вспоминал "место под названием Милнроу, на самой окраине тогдашнего известного мира, [где] всё останавливалось ради пирога с горохом". Милнроу Крикет Клуб базируется на Ледихаус в Милнроу и играет в Центральной Ланкаширской крикетной лиге с момента основания в 1892 году. Клуб был образован в 1857 году группой местных предпринимателей, считавших, что округ заслуживает собственной команды. Первоначально члены клуба набирались, а составы команд формировались для игр с другими клубами в окрестных городах. Позже в клуб присоединился Сек Абрахамс, который ранее выступал за национальную сборную Южной Африки по крикету. The Soccer Village в Милнроу включает в себя четыре крытых поля на арене с трибунами на 300 зрителей, используемые для любительских и организованных лиг и турниров. Гольф-поле в Туншилле существует с 1901 года и является членом Английского гольф-союза. В ноябре 1934 года земля в Фиргроуве была передана Совету Милнроу для использования в качестве спортивной площадки, что привело к созданию спортивных полей Фиргроув. Они являются домашней ареной для Rochdale Cobras ARLFC, клуба, который в 2011 году завоевал награду "Клуб года" Британской любительской регбийной лиги. Мемориальный парк Милнроу включает в себя многофункциональную асфальтовую площадку для футбола и баскетбола, площадку для боулинга, детскую игровую площадку и бетонный скейтпарк.
Общественные услуги
В викторианскую эпоху Милнроу был определен как подходящий источник питьевой воды в промышленных масштабах, когда корпорация Олдхэм получила права на строительство плотины на реке Питорн-Брук. Раскопки начались в 1858 году и завершились в 1863 году с открытием водохранилища Питорн. Изначально не рассматривавшийся как объект в Сэдлворте, в конце 1950-х годов передающий центр Винди-Хилл стал частью "опорной сети" Великобритании – серии телекоммуникационных вышек в Соединенном Королевстве, предназначенных для поддержания связи в случае ядерной атаки во время холодной войны. Центр является ориентиром в ландшафте, расположенным рядом с пешеходным маршрутом Pennine Way и автомагистралью M62. Управление отходами координируется местными органами власти через Управление по утилизации отходов Большого Манчестера. Оператором распределительной сети электроэнергии в Милнроу является United Utilities; в этом районе нет электростанций, но на Scout Moor существует ветропарк, состоящий из 26 турбин на высокогорных болотах между Роутенстоллом и Рочдейлом, вырабатывающий 65 МВт электроэнергии. Обеспечение правопорядка в Милнроу осуществляется полицией Большого Манчестера. Отделение "(P)" имеет штаб-квартиру для охраны метрополитенского района Рочдейла в Рочдейле, а ближайший полицейский участок находится в Литтлборо на севере. Обязательная служба экстренной пожарной и спасательной службы предоставляется Службой пожарной и спасательной службы Большого Манчестера, которая имеет одну станцию в Рочдейле на улице Галифакс-роуд. В Милнроу нет больниц – ближайшие находятся в Олдхэме и Рочдейле; Королевская больница Олдхэма и Рочдейлская больница находятся в управлении Пеннинского фонда NHS для острых заболеваний, являясь частью группы NHS Northern Care Alliance. Северо-Западная служба скорой медицинской помощи обеспечивает экстренную транспортировку пациентов. Первичная медико-санитарная помощь и общая практика осуществляются в клинике Stonefield Street Surgery. Клиника Milnrow Village Practice была признана второй по качеству общей практикой в Большом Манчестере по оценке опыта пациентов как в 2018, так и в 2019 году.