Буква «Ы» в кириллице: история и особенности

Cyrillic letter ⟨ы⟩

Yeru or Eru (Ы ы; italics: Ы ы), usually called Y in modern Russian or Yery or Ery historically and in modern Church Slavonic, is a letter in the Cyrillic script. It represents the close central unrounded vowel (more rear or upper than i) after non palatalised (hard) consonants in the Belarusian and Russian alphabets, and after any consonant in most of Rusyn standards, where it represents the unrounded close mid back unrounded vowel sound. The letter is usually romanised into English and most other West European languages as : Krylov (family name, Крылов). That spelling matches Polish, which uses to represent a very similar sound. Russian is used to transliterate Polish into Cyrillic: Maryla (Марыля). However, Latin may be used for other purposes as well (such as for , or as part of digraphs, e. g. ). In most Turkic languages that use Cyrillic, represents the close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/, like in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, etc.

Like many other Cyrillic letters, it was originally from a ligature (which is represented in Unicode as Yeru with Back Yer), formed from Yer and Dotted I (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or Izhe ( which formerly resembled ). In Medieval manuscripts, it is almost always found as or The modern form first occurred in South Slavic manuscripts following the loss of palatalization of word final and preconsonantal consonants, so the letters and became confused; since the end of the 14th century, came to be used in East Slavic manuscripts.

While vowel letters in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non iotated pairs (for example, and both represent , the latter denoting a preceding palatalised consonant), is more complicated. It appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from , and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not and denote different phonemes.

There are no native Russian words that begin with (except for the specific verb ыкать: "to say the sound"), but there are many proper and common nouns of non Russian origin (including some geographical names in Russia) that begin with it: Kim Jong un (Ким Чен Ын) and Eulji Mundeok (Ыльчи Мундок), a Korean military leader; and Ytyk Kyuyol (Ытык Кюёль), Ygyatta (Ыгыатта), a village and a river in Sakha (Yakutia) Republic respectively.

In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery is not used since the language lacks the sound In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery merged with [i] and was phased out in the second half of the 19th century. According to the Ukrainian academician Hryhoriy Pivtorak, the letter was replaced with so called "Cyrillic i" , which in Ukrainian represents the sound , which appeared by the merger of the earlier sounds [ɨ] and [i]. Ukrainian also had newly developed the sound [i] from various origins, which is represented by ("Cyrillic dotted i").

In Rusyn, it denotes a sound that is a bit harder than and similar to the Romanian sound î, which is also written â. In some cases, the letter may occur after palatalised consonants (синьый "blue", which never happens in Russian), and it often follows , , and .

The letter is also used in Cyrillic based alphabets of several Turkic and Mongolic languages (see the list) for a darker vowel The corresponding letter in Latin based scripts are (dotless I), and I with bowl (Ь ь). In Tuvan, the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.