Подводные лодки-охотники класса «Барракуда»: прототипы и развитие

Class of prototype hunter killer submarines

The Barracuda class submarines (originally the K 1 class submarines) were the product of Project Kayo, a research and development effort begun immediately after World War II by the United States Navy to "solve the problem of using submarines to attack and destroy enemy submarines." They originally had the hull classification symbol SSK, for "hunter killer submarine". These submarines were originally named K 1 through K 3, with hull numbers SSK 1 through SSK 3. They were renamed Barracuda, Bass, and Bonita in December 1955. In 1959 Barracuda was redesignated SST 3 (SST for training submarine), and in 1964 her main sonar was removed. A final redesignation twist was SS T3 in 1973; for some reason the Navy wished to list her as an attack submarine. Bass was decommissioned in 1957 and redesignated SS 551 in 1959. Bonita was decommissioned in 1958 and redesignated SS 552 in 1959.

It was known that the Soviet Navy had acquired the German Type XXI U boat and other advanced submarines, and was expected to rapidly put derivatives of them into production. In 1948 the US Navy prepared estimates of the number of anti submarine warfare (ASW) capable submarines (SSKs) that would be needed to counter the hundreds of advanced Soviet submarines that were expected to be in service by 1960. Two scenarios were considered: a reasonable scenario assuming the Soviets would build to their existing force level of about 360 submarines, and a "nightmare" scenario projecting that the Soviets could build submarines as fast as the Germans had built U boats, with a force level of 2,000 submarines. The projected US SSK force levels for these scenarios were 250 for the former and 970 for the latter. By comparison, the total US submarine force at the end of World War II, excluding obsolescent training submarines, was just over 200 boats. The advent of nuclear power, with Nautilus entering service in 1955 and the Soviet Navy responding with the first November class submarine only three years later, created a revolution in ASW. Nuclear submarines could maintain a high speed at deep depths indefinitely. The conventional SSKs would be useless against nuclear powered boats, except possibly in shallow water. As nuclear attack submarines were developed and deployed, they took up the ASW mission. All ten SSKs were redesignated and decommissioned or reassigned to other duties in 1957 59. The SSK program and particularly the Barracuda class were thus overtaken by events after a few years' service. Their sonar, however, proved excellent, with good convergence zone detection ranges against snorkeling submarines; it was retained on the former Gato class SSKs and fitted on the first nuclear submarines and a few additional diesel submarines. The bow sonar array eventually became a bow sonar sphere, with angled, amidships torpedo tubes to make room for it in the Thresher class and all subsequent US SSN classes. In 1958 Bonita was used as a nuclear weapons testing target at Eniwetok in the South Pacific, part of Operation Hardtack I. Fortunately, this was designed as shock testing rather than destructive testing, and damage was light except to electronics.

Name and hull number as builtBuilderLaid DownLaunchedCommissionedDecommissionedPeriod of serviceName in 1955Hull number in 1959FateK 1Electric Boat1 July 19492 March 195110 November 19511 October 197321.9BarracudaSST 3Scrapped 1974K 2Mare Island Naval Shipyard23 February 19502 May 195116 November 19511 October 19575.8BassSS 551Scrapped 1966K 319 May 195021 June 195111 January 19527 November 19586.8BonitaSS 552Scrapped 1966