Введение
2000 книга Джефа Раскина «Гуманный интерфейс: новые направления в разработке интерактивных систем» – книга о дизайне пользовательского интерфейса, написанная Джефом Раскином и опубликованная в 2000 году. В ней рассматриваются вопросы эргономики, количественного анализа, оценки и навигации.
2000 book by Jef Raskin
The Humane Interface: New Directions for Designing Interactive Systems is a book about user interface design written by Jef Raskin and published in 2000. It covers ergonomics, quantification, evaluation, and navigation.
The Humane Interface: New Directions for Designing Interactive Systems is a book about user interface design written by Jef Raskin and published in 2000. It covers ergonomics, quantification, evaluation, and navigation.
Содержание
В книге представлено множество предложений по дизайну интерфейса, от весьма незначительных до кардинальных. Основная идея заключается в том, что современные компьютерные интерфейсы часто неэффективны и изначально ставят пользователей в условия неудачи из-за недостаточного планирования (или его отсутствия) со стороны программистов и непонимания того, как люди фактически используют программное обеспечение. Раскин часто ссылается на разработанный им компьютер Canon Cat как на пример системы, воплотившей в себе различные принципы, которые он отстаивает. Canon Cat часто рассматривается как первое информационное устройство. Многие идеи, представленные в Canon Cat и книге "The Humane Interface", впоследствии были использованы Раскином в его проекте Archy, а затем и его сыном Азой. Раскин также включает главу, в которой демонстрируются четыре модели количественной оценки эффективности программного интерфейса: модель нажатий клавиш GOMS, собственная метрика эффективности Раскина, закон Фиттса и закон Хика. Все они направлены на минимизацию времени, необходимого пользователю для выполнения конкретной задачи.
The book puts forward a large number of interface design suggestions, from fairly trivial ones to radical ones. The overriding theme is that current computer interfaces are often poor and set up users to fail, as a result of poor planning (or lack of planning) by programmers and a lack of understanding of how people actually use software. Raskin often refers to the computer he designed, the Canon Cat, as an example of a system that implemented the various measures he advocates. The Canon Cat is often considered the first information appliance. Many of the ideas presented in the Canon Cat and The Humane Interface were later adopted by Raskin in his Archy project, and later by his son Aza. Raskin includes a chapter demonstrating four models of quantifying the efficiency of a software interface: the GOMS keystroke model, Raskin's own efficiency measure, Fitts' law and Hick's law. All are intended to minimize the amount of time required for the user to perform any specific task.
Правила проектирования
Раскин также выступает за ряд изменений в дизайне обычного интерфейса. Среди них:
Raskin also advocates a number of changes to conventional interface design. Among them:
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Безмодальность – мода – это состояние, в котором компьютер выдает иной результат для одного и того же ввода, чем в другом состоянии; классическим примером является клавиша "Caps Lock" на клавиатуре. Раскин предлагает либо полностью отказаться от модальных режимов, либо использовать "квазимоды" (термин, введенный им в книге); квазимод – это состояние, в котором пользователь должен постоянно совершать какое-либо физическое действие, чтобы компьютер оставался в этом состоянии, и таким образом не забывал о нем; примером является клавиша Shift на клавиатуре.
Raskin also advocates a number of changes to conventional interface design. Among them:
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Монотонность дизайна – для выполнения определенной элементарной задачи в приложении должен быть предусмотрен только один способ (во многих современных приложениях их как минимум три: через кнопку на экране, через выпадающее меню и через сочетание клавиш, а часто и больше).
Raskin also advocates a number of changes to conventional interface design. Among them:
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Универсальная отмена/повтор – каждое действие должно быть отменимым и повторимым, даже после закрытия и повторного открытия документа или приложения.
Raskin also advocates a number of changes to conventional interface design. Among them:
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Устранение предупреждающих окон – современные программные приложения часто спрашивают пользователя: "Вы уверены?", прежде чем выполнить потенциально опасное действие. Раскин утверждает, что они бесполезны, поскольку пользователи склонны игнорировать их по привычке, а наличие универсальной отмены делает их ненужными.
Raskin also advocates a number of changes to conventional interface design. Among them:
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Универсальное использование текста – Раскин утверждает, что графические иконки в программном обеспечении без сопроводительного текста часто бывают непонятны пользователям.
Raskin also advocates a number of changes to conventional interface design. Among them:
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Привыкание – важная концепция, лежащая в основе рекомендаций Раскина, направленная на то, чтобы освободить разум пользователя от внимания к деталям взаимодействия низкого уровня. Безмодальный интерфейс, монотонность дизайна и устранение блокирующих предупреждений призваны способствовать формированию устойчивых реакций на работу с интерфейсом.
Raskin also advocates a number of changes to conventional interface design. Among them:
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.
Modelessness a mode is a state in which the computer produces a different output for the same input than it would have if it were another state; the classic example is the keyboard's "caps lock" key. Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using "quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book); a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode; an example is the keyboard's shift key. Monotony of design there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut and often more). Universal undo/redo every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened. Elimination of warning screens modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action; Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them. Universal use of text Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low level interaction details. A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit forming reactions to interface handling.