Карбованец: история украинской валюты

Former currency of Ukraine

The karbovanets or karbovanet (карбованець, plural: карбованці, karbovantsi for 2–4, or карбованців, karbovantsiv for 5 or more), also known as kupon (купон, plural: купони, kupony) or coupon, has been a distinct unit of currency in Ukraine during three separate periods of the 20th century. It is also a predecessor currency of today's Ukrainian hryvnia. The karbovanets was subdivided into one hundred kopiykas, but no denominations in kopiykas have ever been issued. In the ISO 4217 standard, the official name is spelled as karbovanet, while English version of the National Bank of Ukraine's website refers to it as karbovanets.

In March 1917 in Kyiv, some political parties formed the Central Rada which proclaimed on 20 November 1917, the foundation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. And by just December 19 of the same year, a temporary law about the issue of state banknotes by the UPR was adopted. According to this law: "Banknotes must be issued in karbovanets" (Карбованець). Each karbovanets contains 17.424 parts of pure gold and is divided into two hryvnias Гривня or 200 shahs (Шаг). The etymology of the name "karbovanets" is debatable: by one supposition it originated in Ukraine from the ancient primitive way to carve (karbuvaty, Карбувати) numbers of calculations on a rod, and by another supposition – from the carving (incision) on a rim of a metal rouble. On 5 January 1918, the first Ukrainian banknote with a value of 100 karbovanets was issued. There is an interesting detail: the trident depicted on the banknote was proclaimed as a National Emblem of the UPR only on 25 February 1918. On all issued banknotes was stated only one series – "AД" and only one number – 185. Combined with the use of ordinary paper (without watermarks) for printing of this banknote, this led to the appearance of a great number of counterfeit bank notes in circulation. On 20 September 1918, the Central Rada proclaimed the issue of banknotes of the State Treasure in denominations of 5, 10, 25, and 50 karbovanets, to be valid until 1 March 1924. On 6 April, the population of Kyiv first saw 25 karbovanets banknotes, and 50 karbovanets banknotes later appeared, but 5 and 10 karbovanets banknotes were not released. Primarily this series of banknotes was issued without designation of series and number. In subsequent issues, the series indicated the place of printing: AK (Kyiv) and AO (Odesa). After the occupation of Odesa by military units of Denikin's Army in spring 1919, the printing house of Odesa continued printing bank notes of 50 karbovanets. The Ukrainian Government was indignant and proclaimed money issued by the Denikinists to be false (series AO, numbers 210 and above). In 1920, the Government of Ukraine printed some dozens of millions of banknotes for temporary use of Revolutionary Committee in the Western Ukraine. This issue of series AO had numbers from 236 to 250. The next release by the Central Rada (Parliament of Ukraine) was issued on 19 April 1918 and included denominations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 shahs. The term "shah" is borrowed by the Central Rada from the ancient name of small coins (change) from as long ago as the 16th century. Shahs were printed in Kyiv in sheets of 100, perforated in order to simplify tearing off separate banknotes. "Shahs" were in circulation until March 1919 when they were abolished by the Soviets. There are many existing banknotes of this value.

The Congress of Free Hubb'andmen on 29 April 1918 (with the great support of Austrian German occupants), elected tsarist general P. P. Skoropadsky as Hetman of Ukraine. He proclaimed the overthrow of the Central Rada Government and the foundation of the Ukrainian State. In Skoropadsky's time, the so called "paper hryvnias" were introduced in commerce. They were ordered by the Central Rada from Germany. On 5 August 1918, the first bank note which appeared in commerce was the 3.6% state bond with the name "Bank note of the State Treasure". State bonds were printed with eight coupons, four coupons on each side. Primarily they were to be issued for the purpose of internal loans. But the general lack of circulating banknotes led to state bonds and even separate coupons being used as paper money. On 17 October 1918, the Hetman's government received from Germany another supply of bank notes with values of 2, 10, and 100 hryvnias, as ordered by the Central Rada. A bit later, bank notes of 1000 and 2000 hrivnas were received. They were needed by Hetman's Government due to exaggerated inflation in Ukraine. They bore the abbreviation of the Ukrainian State(УД, Українська Держава), an official name of Ukraine in the Hetman's time. These hryvnias were issued on 17 October 1918, 59 days before the Hetman's overthrow.

The defeat of Germany and Austria Hungary in World War I resulted also in the break up of Ukraine's occupation regime (Hetman Skoropadsky's government). On the night of 14 November 1918 in Bila Tserkva, the Government of the Ukrainian Directorate was formed with V. K. Vynnychenko, S. V. Petlyura and others at its head. Within a month, military forces of the Directorate occupied Kyiv. On 16 January 1919, the Government of the Directorate declared war on Soviet Russia. This action required issuing enormous sums of money. In Kyiv, the Directorate used reserves of bank notes which were issued previously by the Central Rada's governments. The military campaign of the Directorate turned out to be unsuccessful, and the offensive of the Red Army forced the Directorate to leave Kyiv and to settle for some time in Vinnytsia (5 February 1919). There the Directorate used 3.6% State bonds for their purchasing power. Under the pressure of Soviet forces, the Directorate retreated still farther to Ternopil, and then Stanislav (now Ivano Frankivsk) by the end of February 1919. Beginning in March 1919, one of the most unsuccessful series of bank notes (5 hryvnias) was issued. Compiled from different elements of earlier Ukrainian banknotes, 5 hryvnia bank notes were hastily printed on grey paper and contained an error in their text: гривна instead of гривень. Some bank notes with such misprints entered circulation. The next bastion for the embattled Directorate was Kamanets Podilsk, where it held out for almost a year and issued a few more bank notes. First, in August 1919, banknotes were printed with the value of 100, 250, and 1000 karbovanets. For printing of these bank notes, they used clichés (slugs of type) that had been prepared by the Hetman's government. One of the best bank notes among all Ukrainian paper money is a bank note of 1000 karbovanets. This bank note was issued in Kyiv and entered circulation on 13 November 1918. Printing was continued by the Directorate government in October 1919 at Kamyanets' Podilsk, and in 1920 at Warsaw. The last issue is unknown. A bit later, lower denomination notes – 10 karbovanets (August 1919) and 25 karbovanets (October 1919) were put into use. The design of the 10 karbovanets (tank note) was prepared in Hetman's period and their obverse had the large letters УД which designated the Ukrainian state (Українська Держава). The last bank notes of the Directorate were prepared in Austria. The series contained bank notes of 50 and 1000 hryvnias. But they were never issued (only some specimen copies are known). On November 20, 1920, the Directorial Government was disbanded by S. V. Petlyura's edict and its provision of currency ended.

At the beginning of 1919 in Kharkiv, the pro Soviet government was formed. It represented Soviet Russia in its war against the Ukrainian Directorate. By Lenin's direction Russia financed the pro Soviet government. However, a period of unprecedented inflation was triggered by the Civil War and resulted in a sharp deficit of circulating money, especially petty bank notes. The People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR, with the mutual consent of the RSFSR government, decided to use the 10 karbovanets bank notes of the Directorate. This note's cliché and artwork (without series and numbers) were captured by the Red Army on 5 February 1919. during the takeover of Kyiv from the Petlyurian troops. The Soviet bank note differed from the Directorate's in paper, ink, water marks, and the location of their series and numbers. One more bank note of 50 karbovanets with Soviet symbolics was printed. On 1 June 1919, the Ukraine united with the Soviet governments of Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Belarus in a common revolutionary front, and only one monetary unit was legitimized – the ruble of the USSR. The necessity of printing separate bank notes was gone, and the 50 karbovanets bank note is known only by some specimen copies.

During the Nazi occupation of Ukraine in World War II, the German occupying government (Reichskommissariat Ukraine) issued banknotes denominated in karbovanets (karbowanez in German). The karbovanets replaced the Soviet ruble at par and was in circulation between 1942 and 1945. It was pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 10 karbovantsiv = 1 Reichsmark.

In November 1990, with the collapse of the Soviet command economy, the Ukrainian SSR introduced one time coupons, which were distributed to Ukrainian residents. The coupons were needed in addition to rubles in order to buy groceries and living essentials. On 10 January 1992, the karbovanets replaced rubles at par, with the ISO 4217 code being UAK. The karbovanets, which suffered from hyperinflation, was replaced by the hryvnia in 1996, at a rate of 100,000 karbovantsiv to 1 hryvnia. The hryvnia was introduced in 1996, and from 2 September until 16 September both the karbovanets and hryvnia were in circulation. After that, the use of the karbovanets as a national currency was discontinued.

In 1917, the Central Rada of the Ukrainian People's Republic introduced 100 karbovantsiv notes. These were followed in 1918 by State Treasury notes for 25 and 50 karbovantsiv. That year also saw the issue of postage stamp currency denominated in shah and various bonds, together with state credit notes in denominations of 2, 10, 100, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 hryven. The Directorate issued notes for 100, 250 and 100 karbovanets in 1918, followed by 10 and 25 karbovanets in 1919. State notes for 5, 50 and 1,000 hryven were issued in 1920. 1 karbovanets was worth 2 hryvni or 200 shah. 1918 seriesPictureFace valueValue inYears of printingObverseReverseKarbovanetsHryvniaShahBanknotes denominated in shah10 shah0.050.110191820 shah0.10.22030 shah0.150.33040 shah0.20.44050 shah0.250.55090 shah0.450.9901 hryvnia 80 shah0.91.81803 hryvni 60 shah1.83.6360Banknotes denominated in hryvnia2 hryvni12200191810 hryven5101000191850 hryven255050001920100 hryven5010010 0001918200 hryven10020020 000500 hryven25050050 0001000 hryven5001000100 00019202000 hryven10002000200 0001918Banknotes denominated in karbovanets10 karbovanets10202000191925 karbovanets255050001918191950 karbovanets5010010 0001918 1920100 karbovanets10020020 00019171918250 karbovanets25050050 0001000 karbovanets10002000200 000