Политическая система Румынии: Президент и Парламент

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Romania elects on a national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five year term by the people (after a change from four year terms after the 2004 election). The Romanian Parliament (Parlamentul României) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor) has currently 330 members (after the last legislative elections), elected for a four year term by party list proportional representation on closed lists. The Senate (Senatul) has currently 136 members (after the last legislative elections), elected for a four year term by party list proportional representation on closed lists. Romania has a multi party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. On 25 November 2007, for the first time, Romanians elected their representatives to the European Parliament.

The President is elected in a two round system for a five year term. Candidates obtaining a majority of 50%+1 of all registered voters in the first round are declared the winner. If none of the candidates achieve this, then a run off is held between the two contenders with the top scores in the first round. The candidate who obtains any majority of votes in the run off is declared the winner. The term of the president is five years. Between 1992 and 2004 the term was of four years, but was increased following the 2003 Constitutional referendum. One person can serve a maximum of two terms, that may be consecutive. In order to be able to run for the Office of President a candidate must fulfill the following conditions: be a Romanian citizen, be at least 35 years of age (at least on the day of the election), and not have held the office for two terms since 1992, when the 1991 Constitution took effect.

The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate are elected in constituencies, by universal, equal, direct, secret, and freely expressed suffrage, on the basis of a list system and independent candidatures, according to the principle of closed party list proportional representation. The option for an identical election system of the two Chambers of Parliament confers them the same legitimacy, as both of them are the expression of the will of the same electoral body. The two Chambers have different numbers of members: the Chamber of Deputies is composed of 330 Deputies, and the Senate of 136 Senators. This differentiation is possible owing to the legal provision of a representation norm differing from one Chamber to the other and due to the seats allotted to the national minorities (a seat in the Chamber of Deputies for each minority) and to the Romanians living abroad (4 seats in the Chamber and 2 in the Senate). Thus, for the election of the Chamber of Deputies the representation norm is of one Deputy to 73,000 inhabitants, and for the election of the Senate, of one Senator to 168,000 inhabitants. the County Council Presidents have been indirectly elected by each County Council. To elect the Local, and County Councils, the closed party list proportional representation, with a 5% threshold of the votes at the constituency level (city, commune or county).

Irrespective of the type of election, the vote is done by using paper and manual counting. The voter is required to prove his/hers identity using the Identity card (or the previous version, the Identity bulletin), or, for special reasons, the military ID or the passport. After (s)he signs in the permanent, supplemental, or special electoral list, (s)he is handed a voting ballot (buletin de vot) and a stamp that reads VOTAT YYYY TTT (voted); YYYY stands for the year the election is held, and TTT for the type of elections to be held: L for local elections (including partial), P presidential elections, PE for European Parliament election, R for referendums (R. V. U. was used in 2007). For the general election, up to now, there was no additional type indicator, as it is granted most importance. For the local and parliamentary elections, the voter can vote only at the polling station where (s)he has the permanent address (domiciliu), or the temporary residence (flotant) at least three months old. For the local election, the Romanians outside Romania cannot vote. For the parliamentary election they vote the candidates for the 43rd constituency. For the European Parliament and presidential elections the voters can vote at a different pooling station than the local and parliamentary elections, but only if (s)he is not in the home town the voting day. Since the 2016 legislative election the Romanian electors residing abroad will be able to cast their vote via mail. The voting ballot is printed on newspaper paper, monochrome. All the candidates (or the full candidate list) are listed in a lottery type established order (first the parliamentary parties, than the non parliamentary parties, and at the end, the independent candidates), each in a clearly designated rectangular that consists of the full party/alliance name and logo, and the full candidate name (or full list of candidates' names). Voters express their choice by stamping the rectangle of the party or independent candidate (s)he wishes to vote for. For referendums the same voting procedure is used. Each of the two options (YES – DA and NO – NU) are in a 5×5 cm square, YES on top and NO at the bottom, and the question voted for in the middle of the voting ballot.

CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond roundVotes%Votes% Klaus Iohannis National Liberal Party 3,485,292 37.82 6,509,135 66.09 Viorica DăncilăSocial Democratic Party 2,051,725 22.26 3,339,922 33.91 Dan Barna2020 USR PLUS Alliance 1,384,450 15.02 Mircea DiaconuAlliance for "One Man" (PRO–ALDE) 815,201 8.85Theodor PaleologuPeople's Movement Party 527,098 5.72 Hunor Kelemen Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania 357,014 3.87Ramona BruynseelsHumanist Power Party 244,275 2.65Alexandru CumpănașuIndependent 141,316 1.53Viorel CataramăLiberal Right Party 48,662 0.53Bogdan StanoeviciIndependent 39,192 0.42Cătălin IvanAlternative for National Dignity 32,787 0.36Ninel PeiaRomanian Nationhood Party 30,884 0.34Sebastian PopescuNew Romania Party 30,850 0.33John Ion BanuRomanian Nation Party 27,769 0.30Invalid/blank votes 142,961 – 182,648 –Total 9,359,673 100 10,031,705 100Registered voters/turnout 18,286,865 51.18 18,217,411 55.07Sources: BEC (first round); BEC (second round)

The Social Democratic Party (PSD) won the general election with a little bit over 29% of the seats in both houses of Parliament, but remained in opposition. PNL, USR PLUS, and UDMR forming a coalition government. This election saw the return of the county (and Bucharest) level lists, replacing the previous mixed member election. In addition, it also maintained special seats for Romanians living abroad (i. e. the Romanian diaspora), in both houses.