Введение
Гиперрадиальные или гиперрадиантные линзы Френеля — это линзы Френеля, используемые в маяках. Они больше, чем линзы "первого порядка", имеющие фокусное расстояние (радиус) 1330 мм (52,36 дюйма). Идея была предложена Томасом Стивенсоном в 1869 году.
The hyper radial lens was made in 1885 by the F. Barbier Company in Paris as a test lens for the lighthouse illumination trials then going on at the South Foreland Lighthouse in the United Kingdom (UK). Chance Brothers Glass Company made their first hyper radial lens in 1887 in the UK. These lenses were originally named biform, and later triform and quadriform lenses, by Wigham. Thomas Stevenson used the term hyperradiant lens, and later they were renamed the hyper radial lens by James Kenward of the Chance Brothers Glass Company. The hyper radial Fresnel lenses were the largest ever put into use and were installed in about two dozen major "landfall" beacons around the world. The recipients include Makapu'u Point lighthouse on Oahu Island in Hawaii, Cabo de São Vicente in Portugal, Manora Point in Karachi, Pakistan, the Bishop Rock off the coast of Cornwall (in the UK), Cabo de Santa Marta in Brazil, and Cape Race, Newfoundland. NameImage Location Coordinates Country CompanyDate Notes Barberyn Barberyn Sri Lanka Chance 1888 The optic gave a flash of white light every minute. Bazaruto Bazaruto Island Mozambique Barbier et al. 1913 Still in situ, but badly damaged. Beiyushan Yushan Islands China Barbier et al. 1895 Made up of four panels, "each lens panel has two partial bull's eyes giving a double group flashing characteristic". It is not in the lantern room anymore, the fate of the optic is not known. Bell Rock Inchcape United Kingdom Henry Lepaute 1902 Lens removed in 1964. Made up of two panels, one panel is in the Signal Tower Museum, Arbroath. The location of the other panel is unknown. Berlenga Berlengas Portugal Barbier et al. 1897 Made up of three panels, it was taken out of the tower in 1985. Two of the panels went to the Lighthouse Directorate Museum in Lisbon, one is on display the other stored but damaged. The third was taken to the museum in the Santa Marta Lighthouse, Cascais. Bishop Rock Isle of Scilly United Kingdom Chance 1887 Following automation in 1992 the bi form lens was split, the lower tier remains in use, the upper tier is on display in the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. Buchan Ness Boddam, Aberdeenshire United Kingdom Chance 1910 A combined first order and hyper radial optic, taken out in 1978 now stored at the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses. Bull Rock Dursey Island Ireland Barbier et al. 1888 Bi form lens was removed in 1991 by the Commissioners of Irish Lights. Cabo de São Vicente Cape St. Vincent Portugal Barbier et al. 1906 Still in situ and in use. Cap d'Antifer La Poterie Cap d'Antifer France Barbier et al. 1894 Made up of six bullseye panels. It was lost when German soldiers demolished the entire lighthouse at the end of Occupation of France in August 1944. Cape Race Cape Race Canada Chance 1907 Still in situ and in use. Dondra Head Dondra Head Sri Lanka Chance 1888 The optic gave a flash of white light every twenty seconds. Fair Isle North Fair Isle United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1892 Made up four panels, it was taken from the lighthouse in 1980, current location is not known. Flannan Isles Flannan Isle United Kingdom Henry Lepaute 1899 Made up of two panels, in a clamshell configuration. Broken up in 1971, a fragment of one of the prisms is on display in the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses. Great Basses Reef Southern Province Sri Lanka Chance 1888 Broken up in the 1960s. Hyskeir Hyskeir United Kingdom Chance 1904 Still in situ and in use. Kinnaird Head Kinnaird Head United Kingdom Chance 1902 Still in situ in the original tower which is now part of the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses, which has been superseded by a modern lighthouse. Little Basses Reef Southern Province Sri Lanka Chance 1888 Broken up in the 1960s. Makapuu Point Oahu United States Barbier et al. 1887 Still in situ and in use. Manora Point Manora Pakistan Chance 1908 Made up of four bullseye panels, it is still in situ and in use. Mew Island Copeland Islands United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1928 The original 1887 Tory Island tri form lens was re engineered to create a bi form lens. Taken out in 2014, it was renovated and has been relocated to the Titanic Quarter in Belfast as a tourist attraction known as the Great Light. Nólsoy Nólsoy Faroe Islands Barbier et al. 1893 Still in situ and in use. Orfordness Orford Ness United Kingdom Chance 1909 Two secondary sector light panels, removed in 2014, as the tower is endangered by coastal erosion. Pakri Pakri Peninsula Estonia Barbier et al. 1889 The lighthouse was badly damaged and the lens was lost in 1941 during World War II. Pladda Pladda United Kingdom Chance 1901 Made up of three bullseye panels, it was taken out of the tower, but its location is unknown. Reportedly moved to the Arran Heritage Museum. Round Island Isles of Scilly United Kingdom Chance 1888 Bi form, each tier made up of six panels. Removed in 1966, location not known. Rua Reidh Wester Ross United Kingdom Chance 1909 Made up of six panels. Removed in 1985, on display at Gairloch Heritage Museum. Santa Marta Laguna Brazil Barbier et al. 1891 Still in situ and in use. Spurn Point Spurn United Kingdom Chance 1895 Location not known. Made up of six lens panels it was removed in 1957 when the lighthouse was automated. Sule Skerry Sule Skerry United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1895 Removed in 1977, now stored at the National Museum of Scotland. Tory Island Tory Island Ireland Chance 1887 Original 1887 tri form was re engineered by dividing up the bullseye panels, and creating a new bi form optic for use at Mew Island in 1928. The second set of panels were used to create a second bi form optic that is still in situ and in use.
Гиперрадиальная линза была изготовлена в 1885 году компанией F. Barbier в Париже в качестве тестовой линзы для испытаний освещения маяков, проводившихся в то время на маяке South Foreland в Соединенном Королевстве (Великобритании). Компания Chance Brothers Glass Company изготовила свою первую гиперрадиальную линзу в 1887 году в Великобритании. Первоначально эти линзы назывались биформами, а затем триформами и квадриформами линзами, по предложению Вигама. Томас Стивенсон использовал термин гиперрадиационная линза, а позже Джеймс Кенвард из компании Chance Brothers Glass Company переименовал их в гиперрадиальные линзы. Гиперрадиальные линзы Френеля были самыми большими, когда-либо использовавшимися, и были установлены примерно на двух десятках крупных "посадочных" маяков по всему миру. Среди них — маяк Макапу'у Пойнт на острове Оаху (Гавайи), Кабо-де-Сан-Висенте (Португалия), Манора-Пойнт (Карачи, Пакистан), Бишоп-Рок у побережья Корнуолла (Великобритания), Кабо-де-Санта-Марта (Бразилия) и Кейп-Рейс (Ньюфаундленд).
The hyper radial lens was made in 1885 by the F. Barbier Company in Paris as a test lens for the lighthouse illumination trials then going on at the South Foreland Lighthouse in the United Kingdom (UK). Chance Brothers Glass Company made their first hyper radial lens in 1887 in the UK. These lenses were originally named biform, and later triform and quadriform lenses, by Wigham. Thomas Stevenson used the term hyperradiant lens, and later they were renamed the hyper radial lens by James Kenward of the Chance Brothers Glass Company. The hyper radial Fresnel lenses were the largest ever put into use and were installed in about two dozen major "landfall" beacons around the world. The recipients include Makapu'u Point lighthouse on Oahu Island in Hawaii, Cabo de São Vicente in Portugal, Manora Point in Karachi, Pakistan, the Bishop Rock off the coast of Cornwall (in the UK), Cabo de Santa Marta in Brazil, and Cape Race, Newfoundland. NameImage Location Coordinates Country CompanyDate Notes Barberyn Barberyn Sri Lanka Chance 1888 The optic gave a flash of white light every minute. Bazaruto Bazaruto Island Mozambique Barbier et al. 1913 Still in situ, but badly damaged. Beiyushan Yushan Islands China Barbier et al. 1895 Made up of four panels, "each lens panel has two partial bull's eyes giving a double group flashing characteristic". It is not in the lantern room anymore, the fate of the optic is not known. Bell Rock Inchcape United Kingdom Henry Lepaute 1902 Lens removed in 1964. Made up of two panels, one panel is in the Signal Tower Museum, Arbroath. The location of the other panel is unknown. Berlenga Berlengas Portugal Barbier et al. 1897 Made up of three panels, it was taken out of the tower in 1985. Two of the panels went to the Lighthouse Directorate Museum in Lisbon, one is on display the other stored but damaged. The third was taken to the museum in the Santa Marta Lighthouse, Cascais. Bishop Rock Isle of Scilly United Kingdom Chance 1887 Following automation in 1992 the bi form lens was split, the lower tier remains in use, the upper tier is on display in the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. Buchan Ness Boddam, Aberdeenshire United Kingdom Chance 1910 A combined first order and hyper radial optic, taken out in 1978 now stored at the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses. Bull Rock Dursey Island Ireland Barbier et al. 1888 Bi form lens was removed in 1991 by the Commissioners of Irish Lights. Cabo de São Vicente Cape St. Vincent Portugal Barbier et al. 1906 Still in situ and in use. Cap d'Antifer La Poterie Cap d'Antifer France Barbier et al. 1894 Made up of six bullseye panels. It was lost when German soldiers demolished the entire lighthouse at the end of Occupation of France in August 1944. Cape Race Cape Race Canada Chance 1907 Still in situ and in use. Dondra Head Dondra Head Sri Lanka Chance 1888 The optic gave a flash of white light every twenty seconds. Fair Isle North Fair Isle United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1892 Made up four panels, it was taken from the lighthouse in 1980, current location is not known. Flannan Isles Flannan Isle United Kingdom Henry Lepaute 1899 Made up of two panels, in a clamshell configuration. Broken up in 1971, a fragment of one of the prisms is on display in the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses. Great Basses Reef Southern Province Sri Lanka Chance 1888 Broken up in the 1960s. Hyskeir Hyskeir United Kingdom Chance 1904 Still in situ and in use. Kinnaird Head Kinnaird Head United Kingdom Chance 1902 Still in situ in the original tower which is now part of the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses, which has been superseded by a modern lighthouse. Little Basses Reef Southern Province Sri Lanka Chance 1888 Broken up in the 1960s. Makapuu Point Oahu United States Barbier et al. 1887 Still in situ and in use. Manora Point Manora Pakistan Chance 1908 Made up of four bullseye panels, it is still in situ and in use. Mew Island Copeland Islands United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1928 The original 1887 Tory Island tri form lens was re engineered to create a bi form lens. Taken out in 2014, it was renovated and has been relocated to the Titanic Quarter in Belfast as a tourist attraction known as the Great Light. Nólsoy Nólsoy Faroe Islands Barbier et al. 1893 Still in situ and in use. Orfordness Orford Ness United Kingdom Chance 1909 Two secondary sector light panels, removed in 2014, as the tower is endangered by coastal erosion. Pakri Pakri Peninsula Estonia Barbier et al. 1889 The lighthouse was badly damaged and the lens was lost in 1941 during World War II. Pladda Pladda United Kingdom Chance 1901 Made up of three bullseye panels, it was taken out of the tower, but its location is unknown. Reportedly moved to the Arran Heritage Museum. Round Island Isles of Scilly United Kingdom Chance 1888 Bi form, each tier made up of six panels. Removed in 1966, location not known. Rua Reidh Wester Ross United Kingdom Chance 1909 Made up of six panels. Removed in 1985, on display at Gairloch Heritage Museum. Santa Marta Laguna Brazil Barbier et al. 1891 Still in situ and in use. Spurn Point Spurn United Kingdom Chance 1895 Location not known. Made up of six lens panels it was removed in 1957 when the lighthouse was automated. Sule Skerry Sule Skerry United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1895 Removed in 1977, now stored at the National Museum of Scotland. Tory Island Tory Island Ireland Chance 1887 Original 1887 tri form was re engineered by dividing up the bullseye panels, and creating a new bi form optic for use at Mew Island in 1928. The second set of panels were used to create a second bi form optic that is still in situ and in use.
Название Изображение Местоположение Координаты Страна Компания Дата Примечания
Барберин Барберин Шри-Ланка Chance 1888 Оптика давала вспышку белого света каждую минуту.
Базаруто Остров Базаруто Мозамбик Barbier et al. 1913 Все еще на месте, но сильно поврежден.
Бейюшань Острова Юшань Китай Barbier et al. 1895 Состоит из четырех панелей, "каждая панель линзы имеет два частичных бычьих глаза, что дает двойную группу мигающих характеристик". В настоящее время не находится в фонарном помещении, судьба оптики неизвестна.
Bell Rock Inchcape Соединенное Королевство Henry Lepaute 1902 Линза снята в 1964 году. Состоит из двух панелей, одна из которых находится в Музее Сигнальной башни в Арброте. Местонахождение другой панели неизвестно.
Berlenga Berlengas Португалия Barbier et al. 1897 Состоит из трех панелей, она была выведена из башни в 1985 году. Две панели были переданы в Музей Дирекции маяков в Лиссабоне, одна из них выставлена, другая хранится, но повреждена. Третья была доставлена в музей маяка Санта-Марта в Кашкайше.
Bishop Rock Isle of Scilly Соединенное Королевство Chance 1887 После автоматизации в 1992 году биформная линза была разделена, нижний ярус остается в использовании, верхний ярус выставлен в Национальном морском музее Корнуолла.
Buchan Ness Boddam, Aberdeenshire, Великобритания Chance 1910 Комбинированная линза первого порядка и гиперрадиальная, снята в 1978 году, теперь хранится в Музее шотландских маяков.
Bull Rock Остров Дурси Ирландия Barbier et al. 1888 Биформная линза была удалена в 1991 году комиссарами ирландских маяков.
Cabo de São Vicente Cape St. Vincent Португалия Barbier et al. 1906 Все еще на месте и в использовании.
Cap d'Antifer La Poterie Cap d'Antifer Франция Barbier et al. 1894 Состоит из шести панелей мишеней. Она была потеряна, когда немецкие солдаты разрушили весь маяк в конце оккупации Франции в августе 1944 года.
Cape Race Cape Race Канада Chance 1907 Все еще на месте и в эксплуатации.
Dondra Head Dondra Head Шри-Ланка Chance 1888 Оптика давала вспышку белого света каждые двадцать секунд.
Fair Isle North Fair Isle Соединенное Королевство Barbier et al. 1892 Состоит из четырех панелей, была снята с маяка в 1980 году, текущее местоположение неизвестно.
Flannan Isles Flannan Isle Соединенное Королевство Henry Lepaute 1899 Состоит из двух панелей, в конфигурации раковины. Разрушена в 1971 году, фрагмент одной из призм выставлен в Музее шотландских маяков.
Great Basses Reef Southern Province Шри-Ланка Chance 1888 Разделана в 1960-х годах.
Hyskeir Hyskeir Соединенное Королевство Chance 1904 Все еще на месте и в эксплуатации.
Kinnaird Head Kinnaird Head Соединенное Королевство Chance 1902 Все еще на месте в оригинальной башне, которая теперь является частью Музея шотландских маяков, замененного современным маяком.
Little Basses Reef Southern Province Шри-Ланка Chance 1888 Разделана в 1960-х годах.
Makapuu Point Oahu США Barbier et al. 1887 Все еще на месте и в использовании.
Manora Point Manora Пакистан Chance 1908 Состоит из четырех панелей мишеней, она все еще находится на месте и используется.
Mew Island Copeland Islands Соединенное Королевство Barbier et al. 1928 Оригинальная триформная линза Tory Island 1887 года была переработана для создания биформной линзы. Снята в 2014 году, отремонтирована и перемещена в квартал Титаника в Белфасте в качестве туристической достопримечательности, известной как Great Light.
Nólsoy Nólsoy Фарерские острова Barbier et al. 1893 Все еще на месте и в использовании.
Orfordness Orford Ness Соединенное Королевство Chance 1909 Две вторичные панели сектора света, сняты в 2014 году, так как башня находится под угрозой береговой эрозии.
Pakri Pakri Peninsula Эстония Barbier et al. 1889 Маяк был сильно поврежден, а линза утеряна в 1941 году во время Второй мировой войны.
Pladda Pladda Соединенное Королевство Chance 1901 Состоит из трех панелей мишеней, она была выведена из башни, но ее местонахождение неизвестно. Сообщается, что она была перемещена в музей наследия Аррана.
Round Island Isles of Scilly Соединенное Королевство Chance 1888 Биформная, каждый ярус состоит из шести панелей. Снята в 1966 году, местонахождение неизвестно.
Rua Reidh Wester Ross Соединенное Королевство Chance 1909 Состоит из шести панелей. Снята в 1985 году, выставлена в музее наследия Гэрлоха.
Santa Marta Laguna Бразилия Barbier et al. 1891 Все еще на месте и в использовании.
Spurn Point Spurn Соединенное Королевство Chance 1895 Местонахождение неизвестно. Состоит из шести панелей линзы, она была снята в 1957 году, когда маяк был автоматизирован.
Sule Skerry Sule Skerry Соединенное Королевство Barbier et al. 1895 Снята в 1977 году, теперь хранится в Национальном музее Шотландии.
Tory Island Tory Island Ирландия Chance 1887 Оригинальная триформная линза 1887 года была переработана путем разделения панелей мишеней и создания новой биформной оптики для использования на острове Мью в 1928 году. Второй набор панелей был использован для создания второй биформной оптики, которая все еще находится на месте и используется.
The hyper radial lens was made in 1885 by the F. Barbier Company in Paris as a test lens for the lighthouse illumination trials then going on at the South Foreland Lighthouse in the United Kingdom (UK). Chance Brothers Glass Company made their first hyper radial lens in 1887 in the UK. These lenses were originally named biform, and later triform and quadriform lenses, by Wigham. Thomas Stevenson used the term hyperradiant lens, and later they were renamed the hyper radial lens by James Kenward of the Chance Brothers Glass Company. The hyper radial Fresnel lenses were the largest ever put into use and were installed in about two dozen major "landfall" beacons around the world. The recipients include Makapu'u Point lighthouse on Oahu Island in Hawaii, Cabo de São Vicente in Portugal, Manora Point in Karachi, Pakistan, the Bishop Rock off the coast of Cornwall (in the UK), Cabo de Santa Marta in Brazil, and Cape Race, Newfoundland. NameImage Location Coordinates Country CompanyDate Notes Barberyn Barberyn Sri Lanka Chance 1888 The optic gave a flash of white light every minute. Bazaruto Bazaruto Island Mozambique Barbier et al. 1913 Still in situ, but badly damaged. Beiyushan Yushan Islands China Barbier et al. 1895 Made up of four panels, "each lens panel has two partial bull's eyes giving a double group flashing characteristic". It is not in the lantern room anymore, the fate of the optic is not known. Bell Rock Inchcape United Kingdom Henry Lepaute 1902 Lens removed in 1964. Made up of two panels, one panel is in the Signal Tower Museum, Arbroath. The location of the other panel is unknown. Berlenga Berlengas Portugal Barbier et al. 1897 Made up of three panels, it was taken out of the tower in 1985. Two of the panels went to the Lighthouse Directorate Museum in Lisbon, one is on display the other stored but damaged. The third was taken to the museum in the Santa Marta Lighthouse, Cascais. Bishop Rock Isle of Scilly United Kingdom Chance 1887 Following automation in 1992 the bi form lens was split, the lower tier remains in use, the upper tier is on display in the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. Buchan Ness Boddam, Aberdeenshire United Kingdom Chance 1910 A combined first order and hyper radial optic, taken out in 1978 now stored at the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses. Bull Rock Dursey Island Ireland Barbier et al. 1888 Bi form lens was removed in 1991 by the Commissioners of Irish Lights. Cabo de São Vicente Cape St. Vincent Portugal Barbier et al. 1906 Still in situ and in use. Cap d'Antifer La Poterie Cap d'Antifer France Barbier et al. 1894 Made up of six bullseye panels. It was lost when German soldiers demolished the entire lighthouse at the end of Occupation of France in August 1944. Cape Race Cape Race Canada Chance 1907 Still in situ and in use. Dondra Head Dondra Head Sri Lanka Chance 1888 The optic gave a flash of white light every twenty seconds. Fair Isle North Fair Isle United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1892 Made up four panels, it was taken from the lighthouse in 1980, current location is not known. Flannan Isles Flannan Isle United Kingdom Henry Lepaute 1899 Made up of two panels, in a clamshell configuration. Broken up in 1971, a fragment of one of the prisms is on display in the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses. Great Basses Reef Southern Province Sri Lanka Chance 1888 Broken up in the 1960s. Hyskeir Hyskeir United Kingdom Chance 1904 Still in situ and in use. Kinnaird Head Kinnaird Head United Kingdom Chance 1902 Still in situ in the original tower which is now part of the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses, which has been superseded by a modern lighthouse. Little Basses Reef Southern Province Sri Lanka Chance 1888 Broken up in the 1960s. Makapuu Point Oahu United States Barbier et al. 1887 Still in situ and in use. Manora Point Manora Pakistan Chance 1908 Made up of four bullseye panels, it is still in situ and in use. Mew Island Copeland Islands United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1928 The original 1887 Tory Island tri form lens was re engineered to create a bi form lens. Taken out in 2014, it was renovated and has been relocated to the Titanic Quarter in Belfast as a tourist attraction known as the Great Light. Nólsoy Nólsoy Faroe Islands Barbier et al. 1893 Still in situ and in use. Orfordness Orford Ness United Kingdom Chance 1909 Two secondary sector light panels, removed in 2014, as the tower is endangered by coastal erosion. Pakri Pakri Peninsula Estonia Barbier et al. 1889 The lighthouse was badly damaged and the lens was lost in 1941 during World War II. Pladda Pladda United Kingdom Chance 1901 Made up of three bullseye panels, it was taken out of the tower, but its location is unknown. Reportedly moved to the Arran Heritage Museum. Round Island Isles of Scilly United Kingdom Chance 1888 Bi form, each tier made up of six panels. Removed in 1966, location not known. Rua Reidh Wester Ross United Kingdom Chance 1909 Made up of six panels. Removed in 1985, on display at Gairloch Heritage Museum. Santa Marta Laguna Brazil Barbier et al. 1891 Still in situ and in use. Spurn Point Spurn United Kingdom Chance 1895 Location not known. Made up of six lens panels it was removed in 1957 when the lighthouse was automated. Sule Skerry Sule Skerry United Kingdom Barbier et al. 1895 Removed in 1977, now stored at the National Museum of Scotland. Tory Island Tory Island Ireland Chance 1887 Original 1887 tri form was re engineered by dividing up the bullseye panels, and creating a new bi form optic for use at Mew Island in 1928. The second set of panels were used to create a second bi form optic that is still in situ and in use.