Сузуки Калтус: История и Разновидности Компактного Автомобиля

Supermini car

The Suzuki Cultus is a supermini car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki from 1983 to 2016. The nameplate is currently used as a rebadged second generation Suzuki Celerio in Pakistan since 2017. It was first presented at the 25th Tokyo Motor Show, formally introduced to Japan in 1983 and ultimately sold in seven countries across three generations and marketed worldwide as the Suzuki Swift for the first two generations. An alliance formed in 1981 between General Motors, Suzuki and Isuzu allowed GM to market the Cultus as a captive import internationally under more than a dozen nameplates including the Geo Metro, Chevrolet Sprint, Pontiac Firefly and Holden Barina. It was also known as the M car within GM. Offered across its lifespan in four body style variations with engines from the Suzuki G engine family, the second generation Cultus still remained in production in Pakistan until late 2016. The Cultus family of vehicles has been marketed in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. The name "cultus" is Latin meaning "care" or "adoration". TOC

The first generation was a project begun by General Motors as the M car. When they realized that the project was not going to be profitable enough, the entire unfinished design was sold to Suzuki in return for a five per cent stake in the company. Suzuki completed the design and development work and put the car on sale from October 1983 in the Japanese market, as the Cultus. This is also why the car's design was such a natural fit in the General Motors lineup, with a clear GM corporate look. The original model was available as the base GA, the GL, and the more expensive GLX models. Only three door versions were available for the first few years. Early models were sold in Finland as the Suzuki Extra. The 1.0 liter turbo (G10T) and a three speed automatic transmission were introduced in Japan on the last day of May 1984. The turbo raised the power to (JIS) and it received 165/70 HR12 tyres. In August 1984, the longer five door body was introduced, as was the 1.3 liter (1,324 cc) four cylinder version (SA413). There was also a sporting European three door version called Swift GS, fitted with a 1.3 liter engine (G13A), which received two tone bodywork and more powerful engine than the standard 1.3 liter models ( vs (DIN)). The GS also featured flush headlights, yellow filtered front foglamps with black removable covers and white wheel trims. The interior was finished in a grey fabric with two broad red strips over the front and rear seats, also new sporty three spoke steering wheel. Two headlight variations existed within the earlier models depending on market and level. The lower equipped were fitted with a recessed sealed beam rectangular light while others came with a panel flush forwards swept glass unit. The drag coefficient value of an early model is Before it entered the Australian market as the Barina in 1985, the local Suzuki importer sold it as a two seat van with the "Swift" moniker, as they did not have the necessary quota allocation to bring it in as a passenger car. The imported three door model was discontinued, while the more upscale Forsa also benefitted from the new flush headlamps.

The model was refreshed and upgraded in June 1986. The leaf springs of the rear end were replaced by coil springs, the front end (forward of the steel body) was remodelled with a more forward swept grill and headlights, the dashboard was remodelled, and the windscreen was now caulked in place (rather than being held with a molded seal as in the earlier model). The 1.0 and 1.3 liter were slightly detuned while the turbo model gained fuel injection and now produces (JIS net), while the more powerful twin cam GTi model also arrived. The facelift model entered Indonesian production by early 1987 as the Forsa GL, and now featured some external trim pieces from the sporting GTi. A more luxurious GLX model was also added later.

In June 1986, Suzuki introduced the flagship GTi (AA33S) model with both styling and performance upgrades over other models. It was originally available as a manual three door hatch only, although later a five door version called GXi was added. The GTi was one of the first Suzuki to feature electronic fuel injection on its G13B high performance twin cam engine. This new engine has 1298 cc thanks to a shorter stroke (75.5 mm, down from the previous 77 mm), fuel injection and (JIS) in the Japanese market. In foreign markets, the car produced at 6450 rpm and of torque at 4950 rpm, giving the GTi a 0 60 mph (97 km/h) time of between 8.7 and 9.0 seconds, and a quarter mile time of 16.8 seconds at based on period road tests. The front brake system was also upgraded with larger diameter disc brakes. Interior updates included velour highlighted door cards and seat trimming. A red theme across the dashboard displays, carpet and seat roping was standard as was a centre console. Electric adjustable mirrors were also added. Exterior styling upgrades included a model specific molded spoiler, side skirts, and a bumper bar incorporating fog lights. The rear suspension was also entirely different from lesser versions.

It was marketed in Ecuador, Chile, Indonesia, Canada and the U. S. from 1985 to 1988 – with Suzuki offering the supermini with either a (SAE net) carbureted 1.0 liter (993 cc) inline three cylinder or (SAE net) fuel injected 1.0 liter (993 cc) inline 3 cylinder turbocharged engine. The Indonesian market Forsa has carbureted 1.0 liter (970 cc) four cylinder engine. An undetermined number of Forsa superminis were imported to Hawaii and Puerto Rico and some of them have found their way to the U. S. mainland. The EPA lists the 1985 Forsa model as the Suzuki SA310 (the original JDM name for the Cultus, Forsa and Swift), no listing for 1986, and both the Forsa and Forsa Turbo for 1987 and 1988. In 1984, Suzuki and General Motors announced they would sell rebadged models of the Suzuki Cultus in North America as Chevrolets and Pontiacs, with Suzuki selling their own version as the Forsa. As it turned out, the Pontiac Firefly was only sold in Canada.

In 1985, GM began marketing in North America as the Chevrolet Sprint, reusing the name from a previous GMC vehicle. The Chevrolet Sprint was sold only in the Western United States until nationwide sale was begun in 1986. Sprint consumers had a choice of ER, Base, and Turbo models. In Canada, the car was sold as Suzuki Forsa and Pontiac Firefly. Firefly marketed in FE, Turbo, and Base models. GM continued to market the Chevette until 1987 alongside the Sprint. In the United States, the Chevrolet Sprint label was dropped with the introduction of the Geo Metro (second generation Cultus), but it continued to be used for a while longer in Canada. The "Sprint" and "Sprint Metro" differed in their engines, though both were computer controlled carb systems. From 1985 to 1988, the carbureted 1.0 liter 3 cylinder engine used a hemispherical head design. Later, fuel injection required the cylinder head for 1989 be redesigned to add the additional cooling required, reducing gas mileage. The Sprint was originally offered in parts of the western US for the 1985 model year; subsequently Chevrolet marketed the Sprint across North America. All models were initially three door hatchbacks. Starting in 1986, a five door hatchback version was offered, called the Sprint Plus. That year, another model called the Sprint ER was offered that included a few extra features, such as an "upshift" light to indicate the ideal speed to shift to the next highest gear on manual transmission models. Although air conditioning was offered in all years, the three speed automatic transmission wasn't offered until 1986. All models featured front wheel drive and 12 inch steel wheels, which were covered by white hub caps on the Turbo Sprint regardless of body color. Turbocharged versions of the 1.0 liter three cylinder engine were available in the Turbo Sprint in both the United States and Canada beginning with the 1987 model year. The fuel injected Turbo Sprint utilized an IHI RHB32 turbocharger. Colors were limited to white and red for the Turbo Sprint. Sales were insignificant in the United States (around 1,550 cars sold in model year 1988, less than three percent of overall Sprint sales), but somewhat stronger in Canada.

For the 1988 model year, the naturally aspirated hatchback was named the Chevrolet Sprint Metro. Production of the first Geo Metro models began at Suzuki's plant in Hamamatsu, Japan.

The name "Chevette Sprint" was considered before simply calling the Colombian model (first generation) the "Chevrolet Sprint" — to distinguish it from the originally Opel designed knock down kits imported from Brazil for assembly in Colombia. When presented on 7 October 1986, the Sprint caused a sensation. General Motors, whose Design Center assisted in its development, designated it the GM M platform. The chassis, engines, and drivetrains were developed by Suzuki, being mostly modified variants of the first generation Cultus. The second generation offered new styling and four wheel independent strut suspension. A turbocharged three cylinder version remained fairly popular in Canada, which was the only market for the version which was not even available in its homeland Japan. It was available with a 1.0 liter three cylinder with a power output of , a 1.3 liter four cylinder, and later a 1.6 liter four cylinder (for the sedan only). The higher powered Cultus/Swift GTi had an improved G13B engine which featured hollow camshafts, stronger web casting on the engine block, a better flowing intake manifold (the prior generation intake manifold had its shape compromised to fit into the engine bay), and its ECU now had electronic control over ignition timing. It now put out of power. The GTi also featured all wheel disc brakes. Japanese GTi's have a much higher compression ratio (11.5:1) and accordingly more power at , and were also offered with permanent four wheel drive. In June 1989, Suzuki introduced their first three box sedan since the discontinuation of the Fronte 800 in 1969. Sold as the "Cultus Esteem" in Japan, it was also available with a larger 1.6 liter engine never offered in the hatchbacks. In the Japanese market, the 1.3 liter single cam engine was changed to a 16 valve version in July 1990, which increased power to Suzuki facelifted the Cultus in July 1991 for the 1992 model year. The update involved the relocation of the rear license plate to the rear bumper from in between the tail lamps. The gap vacated by the license plate was filled in with either a black plastic panel or translucent red perspex panel integrating with the tail lamps. At the front, Suzuki revised the bumper's airdam, and inside, the interior was substantially re designed. In the Japanese market, the Cultus Esteem's carburetted 1.6 was replaced by a single point fuel injection 1.5 liter G15A engine with , to fit a lower tax category. The single cam 1.3 was also updated with fuel injection in July 1991, although its power remained Production of the sedan ended about 1996, while the hatchback version continued to being produced until 2003 at least and it was badged as Chevrolet Forsa in latter years. These were powered by the 1.3 liter four. The hatchback was sold in Indonesia as the Forsa Amenity from 1990 until 1992, and, after a facelift, as the Eleny from 1992 until 1994. The sedan arrived in 1991 was marketed as the Suzuki Forsa Esteem, although the "Forsa" portion was eventually dropped. Most versions had a carburetted, uncatalyzed version of the 1298 cc G13BA 8 valve engine with at 6000 rpm. Power claimed later increased to 73 PS. The Esteem and five door Amenity/Eleny were assembled CKD in Indonesia, while a small number of three door hatchbacks were imported fully built up. From 1992 there was also a "Marissa Haque Limited Edition" of the Esteem with power steering, front fog lamps, body colored bumpers, a rear spoilers, and a number of stickers. The Esteem sedan was also available with a carburetted 1.6 liter G16A 16 valve engine (SF416), sold as Esteem GT. Esteem continued to be available until about 1996. In China, the Cultus was known as the Suzuki Lingyang and was built by Chang'an. Production started in 1999 and ended in early 2015. The only engine choice was the 1.3 liter G13BB engine mated to a 5 speed manual gearbox. The Lingyang was facelifted in 2007, 2010 and 2012. The Cultus was gradually replaced by the slightly larger Cultus Crescent (Baleno or Esteem elsewhere) in Japan in 1995. However, the 3 door hatchback continued to be available with a 1.0 liter engine as the Cultus 1000F until January 2000, positioned as cheaper alternative of the Cultus Crescent. The vehicle entered Pakistani market in 1989 with units imported from Japan, it was only available in sedan form as Swift Sedan and powered by a 1.0 liter engine producing In 1991, Pak Suzuki started local production for the domestic market and renamed to Suzuki Margalla. It gained a bigger 1.3 liter four cylinder engine and paired with a 5 speed manual transmission. The production continued until 1998 when it was succeeded by Suzuki Baleno sedan. Almost two years later, the production returned in 2000 as a 5 door hatchback and marketed as Suzuki Cultus. It had a three cylinder 1.0 liter engine from the imported 1989–1991 Swift Sedan. In 2002, factory fitted CNG powered option was launched along with several improvements, followed by another changes in 2005. Major facelift occurred in 2007 with new fuel injected 1.0 liter four cylinder engine, new bumpers and seat upholstery with broader head rests. It continued to be produced until late 2016, with sales ended on 1 February 2017. A Suzuki Swift of this generation was used as a weapon in the 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family.

Nameplate Market Body 2 dr Cv (2 door Convertible) 3 dr HB (3 door Hatchback) 4 dr Sd (4 door Sedan) 5 dr HB (5 door Hatchback) 1988–1994 Holden Barina Australia X X1988 1999Suzuki SwiftAustralia X X X 1989–1994 Geo Metro/Chevrolet Metro N. America X X X X 1989–1994 Pontiac Firefly Canada X X X X 1989–1994 Suzuki Swift N. America X X X 1989–2003 Suzuki Cultus Japan X X X X 1989–2004 Suzuki Swift Europe X X X X 1990–1994 Maruti 1000 India X 1991–1996 Suzuki Forsa Amenity/Eleny/Esteem Indonesia X X X 1991–2004 Chevrolet Swift Colombia X X 1992–2003 Suzuki/Chevrolet Forsa Ecuador X 1992–1996 Chevrolet Swift Ecuador X 1994–2010 Maruti Suzuki Esteem India X 1995–2003 Subaru Justy Europe X X 1999–2015 Changan Suzuki Lingyang China X 1991–19982000–2016 Suzuki Margalla/Cultus Pakistan X X

Following limited 1985–1988 sales of the Forsa, the nameplate was changed to Suzuki Swift. The Swift was available as a three door GTi and five door GLX hatchback. Designed by General Motors, the design echoed that of the contemporary Chevrolet Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire. A four door sedan followed in 1990 – imported from Japan. For Swifts in North America, the 1.0 liter three cylinder was only available in Canada where it was sold from 1992 to 1994. In 1990, the GLX was dropped; an inexpensive GA 3 door was added as were GA, GL and GS four door sedan. At the same time, the GTi name was changed to GT because of an out of court settlement with Volkswagen of America over their similarly named GTI. The Swift nameplate moved on to separate from the Cultus, eventually being placed on the North American "third generation" model. The Swift featured a 993 cc inline three cylinder engine producing The G10 engine weighed and was the same as used in the Geo Metro and other North American iterations. Other engine configurations included a carbureted or fuel injected SOHC eight valve 1.3 liter G13. Trim levels included the 1.0 GA and the 1.0 GL. The GA model included plastic wheelcovers, four speed gearbox and cloth trim. The GL model included more equipment such as a five speed gearbox, alloy wheels, a sunroof, and air conditioning in some markets. With the first generation, Suzuki marketed the Swift GTi with the G13B engine – a DOHC 16 valve, 1.3 liter, inline four cylinder engine with an aluminum block and cylinder head, forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, and cast aluminum high compression pistons (10:1 compression ratio). Its power output is
The second generation received a modest restyle and other production changes in 1992, including changes to the bumpers, tail lights and interior. GT/GTi versions were equipped with larger sway bars, and the camshafts were now solid. Production for the North American market ended in 1994. From 1995 onward, the redesigned North American exclusive Suzuki Swift was built at CAMI Automotive, receiving all the modifications of its Pontiac and Geo/Chevrolet siblings – only ever available in the three door body style, however.

The Maruti 1000, made by Maruti Udyog is a sedan type car produced in India between October 1990 and 2000. The car is a rebadged Suzuki Cultus/Swift and was introduced in October 1990 (although Maruti had been showing the car since 1989). With a large waiting list for all Maruti cars, a computerised lottery was used to decide who got a chance to buy a Maruti 1000. This was remarkable as the car was considered a luxury vehicle at the time, hard to conceive of from today's viewpoint – but in 1990, when it was released, its purchase price was high enough that it was out of reach for more than 99.5% of India's population. It sold at Rs. 381,000. A period commentator even accused the 1000 of being a project "by the elite for the elite. This outdated engine was also installed by Suzuki in the Cultus/Swift range for a few other developing markets. A 1.0 GLX version, fully equipped with air conditioning, "deluxe carpets," and leather interior, was also available to those able to pay for the car in foreign exchange.

The Suzuki Cultus developed through generation two in Japan, and was superseded by the Cultus Crescent – a larger offspring of the Cultus.

The Suzuki Cultus and Cultus Crescent were two distinct but related models sold in Japan by Suzuki – with the Cultus Crescent eventually superseding the Cultus. The Cultus Crescent was introduced in the Japanese market in January 1995 sharing the same platform and many components from the Cultus – although with a chassis stretched by 10 cm (4 in) and featuring completely different styling. The Cultus Crescent was available initially in two body variants, a three door hatchback and a four door saloon. In February 1996, Suzuki introduced the Cultus Crescent Wagon, Suzuki's first station wagon (excluding kei cars). In May 1998, the base Cultus/Swift was renamed "Cultus M Series" in Japan, and Suzuki consequently dropped the "Crescent" name on the larger model, which was now simply called Cultus, and received new front end styling. The 1.6 liter 4WD variant was extended to the rest of the lineup, but not the 1.8 liter engine, which was only available in the other body styles other than the wagon in export markets. The Cultus remained in production in Japan until August 2002, after a year of overlapping with its replacement, the larger and entirely new Aerio. Production of the Cultus began in other countries and was available in developing markets such as India as the Maruti Suzuki Baleno until production ceased in 2007 to make way for the Suzuki SX4. Elsewhere internationally, the larger Cultus Crescent was marketed as the Suzuki Baleno and Esteem. In the Philippines, it was marketed as the Chevrolet Cassia.

Assembly also commenced in India (Maruti Suzuki), Hungary (Magyar Suzuki), Pakistan (Pak Suzuki Motors), Indonesia (Suzuki Indomobil Motor), China (Changan Suzuki) and by General Motors in Canada and several South American countries. When production of the Swift began at Magyar Suzuki in 1992, Suzuki invested $230 million in capital for the new company and flew each of its Hungarian workers to Japan for training in its production methods. Production of the second generation cabriolet stopped in 1995, followed by three door models in 2002. The four door sedans were continued to be manufactured in China until 2015, while the five door models of the second generation (under the nameplate Cultus) were manufactured in Pakistan until late 2016.

The second generation Celerio is sold in Pakistan under the "Cultus" nameplate, which was launched there on 22 April 2017.

In 1992, Nobuhiro Tajima used a heavily modified twin engined Cultus in the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. A Suzuki Swift GTi driven by Mark Brame and Henry Draper won the 1992 Yokohama 6 Hour for Production Cars at the Winton circuit in Victoria, Australia on 29 November 1992.