Дэвид Столл: Антрополог, исследующий майя и гражданскую войну в Гватемале

American cultural anthropologist

David Matthew Stoll (born 1952) is an American cultural anthropologist. His research has focused on the indigenous peoples of modern Latin America, and especially on the Mayas in Guatemala. He has been a professor of anthropology at Middlebury College since 1997.

Stoll studied anthropology at the University of Michigan. He became interested in Protestant evangelism in Latin America and, as an independent researcher, investigated the role of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, focusing on its ties with Evangelical missionary work among the indigenous populations (see Wycliffe Bible Translators), as well as with its possible covert ties with the anti communist foreign policy of the United States government. That work appeared in 1983 as Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?, published by Zed Books. Stoll began post graduate work at Stanford University in 1985. He investigated the role of and impact upon the native Maya Ixil communities of Santa Maria Nebaj of the Guatemalan Civil War, at the peak of its violence in the early 1980s. Stoll received a doctorate in anthropology from Stanford in 1992.

Stoll's work among the native Mayas in the Guatemalan highlands led to two books: Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala (1994) and Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans (1999). There Stoll argued that, contrary to the view then prevalent among foreign observers, the native population of rural Guatemala was never deeply or broadly committed to the leftist guerrillas' armed struggle against the Guatemalan state. According to Stoll, with the brutal counterinsurgency launched in the early 1980s by the Guatemalan Army, the Ixils found themselves "caught between two fires", with the guerrillas on one side and the army on the other. Stoll joined the faculty at Middlebury College's Department of Anthropology in 1997.

In Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans, David Stoll claimed that the life story of Guatemalan Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchú, as she had told it to anthropologist Elizabeth Burgos in 1982 and as it was recounted in the book I, Rigoberta Menchú (published by Burgos in 1983), was not entirely consistent with the testimonies of her neighbors and relatives or with the documentary evidence. Stoll's book attracted a great deal of attention and controversy upon its release. Other critics generally accepted the factual evidence about Menchú's life offered by Stoll, but questioned his interpretations and argued that he had failed to recognize that Menchú's testimonio was part of a cultural tradition that legitimately incorporated communal experiences into an individual voice. Stoll's Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans was re issued in 2008 in an extended edition with a new foreword by Elizabeth Burgos. According to Mark Horowitz, William Yaworsky, and Kenneth Kickham, the controversy over Stoll's book on Menchú is one of the three most divisive events in the history of anthropology in the United States, along with controversies about the truthfulness of Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa and Napoleon Chagnon's representation of violence among the Yanomami.

Stoll continues to carry out research in the Guatemalan highlands. He has recently focused on immigration, microcredit, and what he argues is a financial bubble created by the two elements.