План Киркбрайда: Архитектура психиатрических больниц XIX века

Mental asylum design created by Thomas Kirkbride

The Kirkbride Plan was a system of mental asylum design advocated by American psychiatrist Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883) in the mid 19th century. The asylums built in the Kirkbride design, often referred to as Kirkbride Buildings (or simply Kirkbrides), were constructed during the mid to late 19th century in the United States. The structural features of the hospitals as designated by Kirkbride were contingent on his theories regarding the healing of the mentally ill, in which environment and exposure to natural light and air circulation were crucial. The hospitals built according to the Kirkbride Plan would adopt various architectural styles, but had in common the "bat wing" style floor plan, housing numerous wings that sprawl outward from the center. The first hospital designed under the Kirkbride Plan was the Trenton State Hospital in Trenton, New Jersey by John Notman, constructed in 1848. Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century, numerous psychiatric hospitals were designed under the Kirkbride Plan across the United States. By the twentieth century, popularity of the design had waned, largely due to the economic pressures of maintaining the immense facilities, as well as contestation of Kirkbride's theories amongst the medical community. Numerous Kirkbride structures still exist, though many have been demolished or partially demolished and repurposed. At least 30 of the original Kirkbride buildings have been registered with the National Register of Historic Places in the United States, either directly or through their location on hospital campuses or in historic districts.

The establishment of state mental hospitals in the U. S. is partly due to reformer Dorothea Dix, who testified to the New Jersey legislature in 1844, vividly describing the state's treatment of lunatics; they were being housed in county jails, private homes, and the basements of public buildings. Dix's effort led to the construction of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, the first complete asylum built on the Kirkbride Plan. Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883), a psychiatrist from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, developed his requirements of asylum design based on a philosophy of Moral Treatment and environmental determinism. The typical floor plan, with long rambling wings arranged en echelon (staggered, so each connected wing received sunlight and fresh air), was meant to promote privacy and comfort for patients. The building form itself was meant to have a curative effect, "a special apparatus for the care of lunacy, [whose grounds should be] highly improved and tastefully ornamented." The idea of institutionalization was thus central to Kirkbride's plan for effectively treating the insane.

The Kirkbride Plan asylums tended to be large, imposing institutional buildings, with the defining feature being their "narrow, stepped, linear building footprint" featuring staggered wings extending outward from the center, resembling the wingspan of a bat. The standard number of wings for a Kirkbride Plan hospital was eight, with an accommodation of 250 patients. Kirkbride's philosophy behind the staggered wings was to allow individual corridors open to sunlight and air ventilation through both ends, which he believed aided in healing the mentally ill. Each wing, according to Kirkbride's original guidelines, would house a separate ward, which would contain its own "comfortably furnished" parlor, bathroom, clothes room, and infirmary, as well as a speaking tube and dumbwaiter to allow open communication and movement of materials between floors. The wings furthest from the center complex of the building were reserved for the "most excitable," or most physically dangerous and volatile patients. Patient rooms were suggested to be spacious, with ceilings "at least 12 feet (4 m) high," but only large enough to room a single person. The center complexes of the Kirkbride Plan buildings were designed to house administration, kitchens, public and reception areas, and apartments for the superintendent's family. Architectural styles of Kirkbride Plan buildings varied depending on the appointed architect, and ranged from Richardsonian Romanesque to Neo Gothic. In addition to the intricate building design, Kirkbride also advocated the importance of "fertile" and spacious landscapes on which the hospitals would be built, with views that "if possible, should exhibit life in its active forms." Kirkbride also suggested the hospital grounds be a minimum of in size. The foliage and farmlands on the hospital grounds were sometimes maintained by patients as part of physical exercise and/or therapy. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the campuses of these hospitals often evolved into sprawling, expansive grounds with numerous buildings.

By the late nineteenth century, the Kirkbride design had begun to wane in popularity, largely because the hospitals, which were state funded, had received significant budget cuts that rendered them difficult to maintain. General psychiatric and medical opinion of Kirkbride's theories regarding the "curability" of mental illness were also questioned by the medical community.

Built Name Location Status Notes NRHP # Ref. (Reference(s)) 1848 Trenton State Hospital Trenton, New Jersey Active The first Kirkbride Plan building 1848 Central State Hospital Indianapolis, Indiana Inactive One Kirkbride building, the Department for Women (1878), demolished 1970s 1848 Jacksonville State Hospital Jacksonville, Illinois Inactive Original Kirkbride building demolished 1970 75000669 1851 Harrisburg State Hospital Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Inactive Original Kirkbride building demolished 1893 86000057 1853 Taunton State Hospital Taunton, Massachusetts Demolished 2009 93001484 1854 Western State Hospital Hopkinsville, Kentucky Active Destroyed by fire in 1861; interiors rebuilt 79003612 1854–66 Maine Insane Hospital Augusta, Maine Inactive Original construction was not a Kirkbride; however, it was converted between 1854 and 1866 82000754 1855 St. Elizabeths Hospital Washington, D. C. Active Kirkbride now serves as DHS HQ 79003101 1856 Austin State Hospital Austin, Texas Active Original Kirkbride building houses administrative offices 87002115 1858 Northampton State Hospital Northampton, Massachusetts Demolished 2006 94000696 1858 Mendota Mental Health Institute Madison, Wisconsin Active Original Kirkbride building demolished 1964 1859 The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Inactive 66000684 1859 Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital Kalamazoo, Michigan Inactive Original Kirkbride building demolished 1859 Bryce Hospital Tuscaloosa, Alabama Inactive Sold to the adjacent University of Alabama and partially demolished (main part saved) 77000216 1862 Dixmont State Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Demolished 2005 80003401 1863 Trans Allegheny Lunatic Asylum Weston, West Virginia Inactive Formerly known as Weston State Hospital 78002805 1865 Mount Pleasant State Hospital Mount Pleasant, Iowa Destroyed 1936 Original Kirkbride building destroyed in fire 1866 St. Peter State Hospital(now Minnesota Security Hospital) St. Peter, Minnesota Active Majority of original Kirkbride building demolished 1866 Willard State Hospital Seneca, New York Active Comprised four separate Kirkbride buildings, one of which was demolished 1980 75001229 1868 Hudson River State Hospital Poughkeepsie, New York Inactive Undergoing demolition as of 2016; portion of original Kirkbride building preserved 89001166 1868 Osawatomie State Hospital Osawatomie, Kansas Active Original Kirkbride building demolished between 1971 and 2002 1869 Anna State Hospital Anna, Illinois Inactive Administration section of original Kirkbride building remains and is in use 1869 Central State Hospital Anchorage, Kentucky Demolished 1996 83002646 1869 Danville State Hospital Danville, Pennsylvania Active Original Kirkbride building preserved and in use 1870 Central State Hospital Petersburg, Virginia Active Original Kirkbride building demolished 1870 Buffalo State Hospital Buffalo, New York Inactive Original Kirkbride building restored and subdivided by State of New York for public use 73001186 1872 Spring Grove State Hospital Catonsville, Maryland Demolished 1963 1872 Elgin State Hospital Elgin, Illinois Active Original Kirkbride building demolished 1993 1872 Topeka State Hospital Topeka, Kansas Demolished 2010 1873 Winnebago State Hospital Oshkosh, Wisconsin Active Original Kirkbride demolished in stages between 1950 and 1969 1873 Independence State Hospital Independence, Iowa Active 1874 Athens Lunatic Asylum Athens, Ohio Inactive Renovated and repurposed by Ohio University 80002936 1874 Warren State Hospital Warren, PennsylvaniaActive 1876 Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital Hanover, New Jersey Active Original Kirkbride building demolished 2015 1876 Napa State Hospital Napa, California Active Original Kirkbride building demolished 1949 1877 Columbus State Hospital Columbus, Ohio Demolished 1991 1877 Worcester State Hospital Worcester, Massachusetts Active demolished 80000530 1878 Danvers State Hospital Danvers, Massachusetts Demolished 2006 Center exterior of Kirkbride building preserved 84002436 1878 Pontiac State Hospital Pontiac, Michigan Demolished 2000 81000315 1879 Kankakee State Hospital Kankakee, Illinois Active Original Kirkbride building preserved 1883 Oregon State Hospital Salem, Oregon Active Original Kirkbride building repurposed as mental health museum 08000118 1883 Broughton Hospital Morganton, North Carolina Active 77000996 1883 Arkansas State Hospital Little Rock, Arkansas Active Kirkbride building demolished 1963 1884 Clarinda State Hospital Clarinda, Iowa Inactive 1892 San Antonio State Hospital San Antonio, Texas Active Originally Named Southwestern Insane Asylum until 1925. Original Kirkbride building demolished and replaced in the 1970's 1893 Patton State Hospital San Bernardino, California Active Original Kirkbride building demolished 1894 St. Vincent's Hospital Normandy, Missouri Inactive Original Kirkbride building repurposed as apartment building 82004722 1895 Fergus Falls Regional Treatment Center Fergus Falls, Minnesota Inactive 86001386 1913 Eastern Oregon State Hospital Pendleton, Oregon Inactive Houses Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution as of 1983

Built Name Location Status Notes Ref. (Reference(s)) 1858 Nova Scotia Hospital Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Active Original Kirkbride building demolished 1996 1885 Callan Park Hospital for the Insane Lilyfield, New South Wales, Australia Inactive Original Kirkbride building preserved; campus houses Sydney College of the Arts

Numerous Kirkbride Plan hospitals and buildings have been featured in the arts: the Danvers State Hospital in Danvers, Massachusetts was both the setting and primary filming location for the 2001 psychological horror film Session 9. The Oregon State Hospital was also featured as the primary filming location for the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), and was also the setting of "Ward 81," a 1976 series of photographs by photographer Mary Ellen Mark. The Trans Allegheny Lunatic Asylum in West Virginia was featured on the Travel Channel reality series Ghost Adventures.