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Введение
Итальянская актриса (1900–1988)
Italian actress (1900–1988)
Марта Абба (25 июня 1900 – 24 июня 1988) – итальянская актриса, которую считали музой драматурга Луиджи Пиранделло.
Marta Abba (25, June 1900 – 24 June 1988) was an Italian actress, considered as the muse of the playwright Luigi Pirandello.
Жизнь и карьера
Абба родилась в Милане и была сестрой другой актрисы, Селе Абба. В четырнадцать лет Абба попыталась поступить в Академию любителей драмы в Милане (на итальянском языке: Accademia dei Filodrammatici). Однако ей пришлось ждать год, прежде чем её приняли, так как она была слишком молода. Она посещала её в течение трех лет, затем её выбрал драматург Сабатино Лопез, и она начала выступать вместе с актерской труппой во главе с Энрико Рейнахом в Милане. После их встречи в 1925 году и до его смерти в 1936 году Марта Абба была стимулом для творчества драматурга Луиджи Пиранделло. Она была молодой 25-летней актрисой, когда встретила 58-летнего драматурга, чья жена с 1919 года находилась в психиатрической лечебнице. Из их переписки видно, что она не только вдохновляла его, но и придавала писателю уверенность в его работе. Их отношения были сложными, но внесли значительный вклад в итальянский театр. Пиранделло был одержим стремлением к тому, что, вероятно, осталось неисполненным романом. Марта была великой актрисой, которой он ждал после горького разочарования в Элеоноре Дузе. Письма Луиджи Пиранделло и Марты Абба друг другу были переведены на английский язык. Марта Абба и Пиранделло объединились в 1925 году, и она участвовала во многих его постановках в Римском театре искусств. В 1930 году Абба основала собственную театральную компанию и специализировалась на постановках произведений Пиранделло и других европейских драматургов, таких как Джордж Бернард Шоу, Габриэле д’Аннунцио и Карло Гольдони под руководством престижных режиссеров, таких как Макс Рейнхардт и Гидо Сальвини. Её дебют на Бродвее состоялся в пьесе «Товарищ» в Плимутском театре (около 15 октября 1936 г. – примерно до августа 1937 г.) в роли великой княгини Татьяны Петровны. Дебют Марты Абба на Бродвее в кино состоялся в фильме «Верность любви» в 1937 году. В январе 1938 года она вышла замуж за богатого игрока в поло из Кливленда, Северанса Аллена Милликина, и поселилась в Кливленде, штат Огайо, до 1952 года, когда она развелась и вернулась в Италию. После замужества она играла в летнем театре в Кливленд-Хайтс, штат Огайо, в двух постановках: «Развод» Сарду (21–24 августа 1941 г.) и «Так и есть (если ты так говоришь)» Пиранделло (22–25 июля 1942 г.). Для «Развода» Абба настояла на работе над новым переводом, чтобы слова «подходили ей в рот». Абба также была приверженцем реализма, настаивая на том, чтобы Фрэнк Моноко, известный владелец ресторана в Кливленде, играл метрдотеля, чтобы он мог подать на сцене полный ужин, включая разделку целой птицы. Каин-парк – это открытый театр, который в 1940-х годах не предоставлял укрытия для зрителей. Последний спектакль «Развода» пришлось перенести в зал Северанса из-за дождя. Марта Абба использовала свой лимузин, чтобы перевезти реквизит и костюмы в зал, где спектакль проходил «на фоне занавесок». Сценографию для «Развода» разработал американский промышленный дизайнер Виктор Шрекенгост. Общая посещаемость 4 спектаклей «Развода» составила 11 183 платных зрителя, поэтому театр Каин-парк был рад, что Абба вернется в другой постановке. В следующем году Абба согласилась сыграть в пьесе Пиранделло «Так и есть (если ты так говоришь)». Когда Абба впервые участвовала в постановке этой пьесы в Италии, у неё была небольшая роль. На этот раз она взяла на себя главную роль стареющей леди Фролы. Хотя к постановке был назначен режиссёр, Абба быстро взяла эти обязанности на себя. Доктор Дина Рис Эванс, главный режиссёр Каин-парка, вспоминала: «Она хотела, чтобы репетиции длились дольше, чем мы могли себе позволить, часто по четыре, пять и семь часов. Она привыкла к этому, но в конце концов поняла, что другие пьесы тоже репетируются, и некоторые из её актёров играют по ночам. Мисс Абба сказала, что ей не нравится, когда актёры сидят на репетициях, это создаёт атмосферу и настроение быть в тонусе. Она просила актёров внимательно слушать сцены, в которых они участвовали, и те, в которых их не было». Эта постановка была единственным случаем, когда Абба играла в пьесе Пиранделло в Соединённых Штатах. Абба выразила заинтересованность в открытии актёрской школы, используя утопленный сад в поместье Северанс в качестве площадки для выступлений. Однако вскоре после этого начался бракоразводный процесс, и Абба вернулась в Италию. В последние годы жизни она страдала от пареза и была вынуждена пользоваться инвалидным креслом. Она умерла в возрасте 87 лет в Милане от кровоизлияния в мозг, за день до своего 88-го дня рождения.
Abba was born in Milan and was the sister of another actress, Cele Abba. At the age of fourteen, Abba tried to enter the Academy of Drama Lovers in Milan (in Italian: Accademia dei Filodrammatici). However, she had to wait a year before getting accepted since she was too young. She attended it for three years, then she was cast by dramatist Sabatino Lopez and she began performing together with the acting company headed by Enrico Reinach in Milan. After their meeting in 1925 and until his death in 1936, Marta Abba was the stimulus to the playwright Luigi Pirandello's creativity. She was an aspiring young 25 year old actress when she met the 58 year old playwright, whose wife had been confined to a mental asylum in 1919. From their correspondence, it comes out that she not only inspired him but she also gave the writer confidence, in his work. Their relationship was complex but contributed much to the Italian theatre. Pirandello was obsessive in pursuit of what could be presumed to have remained an unconsummated affair. Marta was the true great actress for whom he had been waiting after his earlier bitter disappointment with Eleonora Duse. Luigi Pirandello's and Marta Abba's letters to each other have been translated into English. Marta Abba and Pirandello teamed up in 1925, and she appeared in many of his productions at the Rome Arts Theater. In 1930, Abba founded her own theatrical company and specialized in staging the works of Pirandello and other European playwrights like George Bernard Shaw, Gabriele d'Annunzio and Carlo Goldoni under the direction of prestigious directors like Max Reinhardt and Guido Salvini. Her Broadway theatre debut was in the play Tovarich at the Plymouth Theatre, (10/15/1936 circa. 8/1937) in the role of Grand Duchess Tatiana Petrovna. Marta Abba's screen début in Broadway was in Loyalty of Love, in 1937. In January 1938, she married a wealthy Cleveland polo player, Severance Allen Millikin and settled down in Cleveland, Ohio until 1952, when she divorced and returned to Italy. After her marriage, she performed summer stock at Cain Park Theatre in Cleveland Heights, Ohio in two productions: "Divorçons" by Sardou (August 21–24, 1941) and Pirandello's "Right You Are (If You Say You Are)" (July 22–25. 1942). For "Divorçons", Abba insisted on working on a new translation so that the words "would fit her mouth." Abba was also a stickler for realism, insisting that Frank Monoco, a leading Cleveland restaurateur, play the maitre d'hotel so that he could serve an entire dinner onstage, which included the carving a whole fowl. Cain Park is an outdoor theatre which provided no shelter for the audience in the 1940s. The final performance of "Divorcons" had to be relocated to Severance Hall because of rain. Marta Abba used her own limousine to transport props and costumes to the Hall where the performance occurred "against the drapes". The scenic design for "Divorcons" was by the American industrial designer Viktor Schreckengost. The total attendance for the 4 performances of "Divorcons" was 11,183 paid admissions, so Cain Park Theatre was eager to have Abba return in another production. Abba consented to appear in Pirandello's "Right You Are (If You Say You Are)" the next year. When Abba appeared in the play's original production in Italy, she had a small role. This time, she took the lead of the ageing Lady Frola. Although a director had been assigned to the production, Abba quickly overtook those duties herself. Dr. Dina Rees Evans, supervising director of Cain Park, recalled:
"She wanted to have rehearsals longer than we were able to have them, many times four, five and seven hour sessions. She was used to them, but eventually came to understand that other plays were in rehearsal, and some of her cast was playing at night as well. Miss Abba suggested that she didn't like having actors sit down during rehearsals, it sets the atmosphere and the mood of being on your toes. She instructed (the cast) to listen carefully to scenes they were in and those they were not in." This production was the only time Abba performed in a play by Pirandello in the United States. Abba expressed an interest in starting an acting school, using the sunken garden area of the Severance Estate as a performing area. However, divorce proceedings soon ensued and Abba returned to Italy. In the last years of her life, she suffered from paresis and had to use a wheelchair. She died, at 87, in Milan, from a cerebral haemorrhage, one day before her 88th birthday
She published her autobiography in Italian, La mia vita di attrice.
Она опубликовала свою автобиографию на итальянском языке под названием «La mia vita di attrice».
Abba was born in Milan and was the sister of another actress, Cele Abba. At the age of fourteen, Abba tried to enter the Academy of Drama Lovers in Milan (in Italian: Accademia dei Filodrammatici). However, she had to wait a year before getting accepted since she was too young. She attended it for three years, then she was cast by dramatist Sabatino Lopez and she began performing together with the acting company headed by Enrico Reinach in Milan. After their meeting in 1925 and until his death in 1936, Marta Abba was the stimulus to the playwright Luigi Pirandello's creativity. She was an aspiring young 25 year old actress when she met the 58 year old playwright, whose wife had been confined to a mental asylum in 1919. From their correspondence, it comes out that she not only inspired him but she also gave the writer confidence, in his work. Their relationship was complex but contributed much to the Italian theatre. Pirandello was obsessive in pursuit of what could be presumed to have remained an unconsummated affair. Marta was the true great actress for whom he had been waiting after his earlier bitter disappointment with Eleonora Duse. Luigi Pirandello's and Marta Abba's letters to each other have been translated into English. Marta Abba and Pirandello teamed up in 1925, and she appeared in many of his productions at the Rome Arts Theater. In 1930, Abba founded her own theatrical company and specialized in staging the works of Pirandello and other European playwrights like George Bernard Shaw, Gabriele d'Annunzio and Carlo Goldoni under the direction of prestigious directors like Max Reinhardt and Guido Salvini. Her Broadway theatre debut was in the play Tovarich at the Plymouth Theatre, (10/15/1936 circa. 8/1937) in the role of Grand Duchess Tatiana Petrovna. Marta Abba's screen début in Broadway was in Loyalty of Love, in 1937. In January 1938, she married a wealthy Cleveland polo player, Severance Allen Millikin and settled down in Cleveland, Ohio until 1952, when she divorced and returned to Italy. After her marriage, she performed summer stock at Cain Park Theatre in Cleveland Heights, Ohio in two productions: "Divorçons" by Sardou (August 21–24, 1941) and Pirandello's "Right You Are (If You Say You Are)" (July 22–25. 1942). For "Divorçons", Abba insisted on working on a new translation so that the words "would fit her mouth." Abba was also a stickler for realism, insisting that Frank Monoco, a leading Cleveland restaurateur, play the maitre d'hotel so that he could serve an entire dinner onstage, which included the carving a whole fowl. Cain Park is an outdoor theatre which provided no shelter for the audience in the 1940s. The final performance of "Divorcons" had to be relocated to Severance Hall because of rain. Marta Abba used her own limousine to transport props and costumes to the Hall where the performance occurred "against the drapes". The scenic design for "Divorcons" was by the American industrial designer Viktor Schreckengost. The total attendance for the 4 performances of "Divorcons" was 11,183 paid admissions, so Cain Park Theatre was eager to have Abba return in another production. Abba consented to appear in Pirandello's "Right You Are (If You Say You Are)" the next year. When Abba appeared in the play's original production in Italy, she had a small role. This time, she took the lead of the ageing Lady Frola. Although a director had been assigned to the production, Abba quickly overtook those duties herself. Dr. Dina Rees Evans, supervising director of Cain Park, recalled:
"She wanted to have rehearsals longer than we were able to have them, many times four, five and seven hour sessions. She was used to them, but eventually came to understand that other plays were in rehearsal, and some of her cast was playing at night as well. Miss Abba suggested that she didn't like having actors sit down during rehearsals, it sets the atmosphere and the mood of being on your toes. She instructed (the cast) to listen carefully to scenes they were in and those they were not in." This production was the only time Abba performed in a play by Pirandello in the United States. Abba expressed an interest in starting an acting school, using the sunken garden area of the Severance Estate as a performing area. However, divorce proceedings soon ensued and Abba returned to Italy. In the last years of her life, she suffered from paresis and had to use a wheelchair. She died, at 87, in Milan, from a cerebral haemorrhage, one day before her 88th birthday
She published her autobiography in Italian, La mia vita di attrice.