Введение
Эсперанто-реформа 1937 года
Esperanto II or Esperanto 2 was a reform of Esperanto proposed by René de Saussure in 1937, the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to Ido with a project called Lingwo Internaciona, later called Antido 1. Esperanto II was one of several languages investigated by the International Auxiliary Language Association, the linguistic research body that eventually standardized and presented Interlingua de IALA. Several of the grammatical inflections were changed. The accusative is in u, which replaces the final vowel of nouns, pronouns, and correlatives (ju for ĝin, tu for tion), and for the plural n is added to both nouns and pronouns (lin "they", lina "their"). Neither suffix affects adjectives, which do not agree with their noun. The correlative series tiu, ĉiu becomes ta, cha when modifying a noun. The indefinite suffix aŭ is replaced with adverbial e, and the inchoative iĝ becomes ev
Many small grammatical words are also replaced, such as ey for kaj "and", be for ĉe "at", and ki for ol "than". The work of the preposition de "of, by, from" is divided up into several more specific prepositions. Additionally, the project introduced international cognates when such cognates were readily recognized; for example, skolo was used for "school" in place of standard Esperanto's lernejo (a derivation of lerni, "to learn"); Esperanto has skolo only in the sense of "a school of thought", which is also the meaning that the word has in the example passage below. Antonymic roots such as tarde for malfrue "late" and poke for malmulte "few" are used today in Esperanto poetry, though they resemble Ido and Esperanto may have acquired them from that language.
Эсперанто II или Эсперанто 2 — это реформа эсперанто, предложенная Рене де Соссюром в 1937 году, последняя из длинной серии подобных предложений, начавшаяся в 1907 году с ответа на Ido проектом под названием Lingwo Internaciona, позже названным Antido 1. Эсперанто II был одним из нескольких языков, исследованных Международной ассоциацией вспомогательных языков, лингвистическим исследовательским органом, который в конечном итоге стандартизировал и представил Interlingua de IALA. Были изменены некоторые грамматические формы. Винительный падеж обозначается окончанием u, заменяющим конечную гласную существительных, местоимений и коррелятивов (ju для ĝin, tu для tion), а для множественного числа к существительным и местоимениям добавляется n (lin "они", lina "их"). Ни один из этих суффиксов не влияет на прилагательные, которые не согласуются в роде с существительными. Коррелятивный ряд tiu, ĉiu становится ta, cha при определении существительного. Неопределённый суффикс aŭ заменяется наречием e, а инчоативный суффикс iĝ становится ev.
Esperanto II or Esperanto 2 was a reform of Esperanto proposed by René de Saussure in 1937, the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to Ido with a project called Lingwo Internaciona, later called Antido 1. Esperanto II was one of several languages investigated by the International Auxiliary Language Association, the linguistic research body that eventually standardized and presented Interlingua de IALA. Several of the grammatical inflections were changed. The accusative is in u, which replaces the final vowel of nouns, pronouns, and correlatives (ju for ĝin, tu for tion), and for the plural n is added to both nouns and pronouns (lin "they", lina "their"). Neither suffix affects adjectives, which do not agree with their noun. The correlative series tiu, ĉiu becomes ta, cha when modifying a noun. The indefinite suffix aŭ is replaced with adverbial e, and the inchoative iĝ becomes ev
Many small grammatical words are also replaced, such as ey for kaj "and", be for ĉe "at", and ki for ol "than". The work of the preposition de "of, by, from" is divided up into several more specific prepositions. Additionally, the project introduced international cognates when such cognates were readily recognized; for example, skolo was used for "school" in place of standard Esperanto's lernejo (a derivation of lerni, "to learn"); Esperanto has skolo only in the sense of "a school of thought", which is also the meaning that the word has in the example passage below. Antonymic roots such as tarde for malfrue "late" and poke for malmulte "few" are used today in Esperanto poetry, though they resemble Ido and Esperanto may have acquired them from that language.
Многие небольшие служебные слова также были заменены, например, ey вместо kaj "и", be вместо ĉe "у", и ki вместо ol "чем". Функции предлога de "of, by, from" разделены между несколькими более конкретными предлогами. Кроме того, в проекте использовались международные однокоренные слова, когда они были легко узнаваемы; например, skolo использовалось для обозначения "школы" вместо lernejo, принятого в стандартном эсперанто (производного от lerni, "учиться"); в эсперанто skolo используется только в значении "школа мысли", что также является значением этого слова в приведенном ниже примере. Антонимические корни, такие как tarde для malfrue "поздно" и poke для malmulte "немного", сегодня используются в эсперанто-поэзии, хотя они напоминают Ido, и эсперанто могло заимствовать их из этого языка.
Esperanto II or Esperanto 2 was a reform of Esperanto proposed by René de Saussure in 1937, the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to Ido with a project called Lingwo Internaciona, later called Antido 1. Esperanto II was one of several languages investigated by the International Auxiliary Language Association, the linguistic research body that eventually standardized and presented Interlingua de IALA. Several of the grammatical inflections were changed. The accusative is in u, which replaces the final vowel of nouns, pronouns, and correlatives (ju for ĝin, tu for tion), and for the plural n is added to both nouns and pronouns (lin "they", lina "their"). Neither suffix affects adjectives, which do not agree with their noun. The correlative series tiu, ĉiu becomes ta, cha when modifying a noun. The indefinite suffix aŭ is replaced with adverbial e, and the inchoative iĝ becomes ev
Many small grammatical words are also replaced, such as ey for kaj "and", be for ĉe "at", and ki for ol "than". The work of the preposition de "of, by, from" is divided up into several more specific prepositions. Additionally, the project introduced international cognates when such cognates were readily recognized; for example, skolo was used for "school" in place of standard Esperanto's lernejo (a derivation of lerni, "to learn"); Esperanto has skolo only in the sense of "a school of thought", which is also the meaning that the word has in the example passage below. Antonymic roots such as tarde for malfrue "late" and poke for malmulte "few" are used today in Esperanto poetry, though they resemble Ido and Esperanto may have acquired them from that language.
Орфография и фонология
Орфография и фонология были изменены для устранения диакритических знаков и нескольких наименее употребительных звуков: становится , и объединяются в , становится , становится , становится , становится , и становятся , становится .