Введение
Бригадный генерал Чарльз Огастус Дойен (3 сентября 1859 – 6 октября 1918) – офицер Корпуса морской пехоты США (USMC). Он известен тем, что командовал 4-й морской бригадой в ходе Первой мировой войны и был первым удостоен медали «За выдающиеся заслуги в военно-морском флоте».
Brigadier General Charles Augustus Doyen (September 3, 1859 − October 6, 1918) was an officer in the United States Marine Corps (USMC). He is notable for having commanded the 4th Marine Brigade during World War I and was the first recipient of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.
Военная карьера
Чарльз Огастус Дойен родился в Конкорде, штат Нью-Гэмпшир, 3 сентября 1859 года. В 1881 году он поступил в Военно-морскую академию США, которую окончил в 1883 году в звании второго лейтенанта Корпуса морской пехоты США (USMC). Его ранняя военная карьера состояла в основном из службы в морских отрядах на кораблях, в казармах и за рубежом, в частности на Филиппинах. Там, с 1905 по 1906 год, он командовал батальоном, затем 2-м морским полком, а впоследствии – 1-й морской бригадой. Он вновь вернулся на Филиппины в 1913–1914 годах, снова командуя 1-й бригадой морской пехоты. В 1914 году, когда в Европе началась Первая мировая война, он командовал 5-м морским полком на Кубе и в Доминиканской Республике. Позже он командовал казармами морской пехоты в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия. После вступления США в Первую мировую войну в апреле 1917 года Дойен был назначен командовать 5-м морским полком, первым подразделением USMC, отправленным во Францию, прибывшим туда в июне 1917 года вместе с первыми элементами американских экспедиционных сил (AEF). Вскоре после этого Дойен был повышен до бригадного генерала. 4-я морская бригада была сформирована с прибытием во Францию 6-го морского полка и 6-го пулеметного батальона, в дополнение к 5-му морскому полку, и Дойен получил командование бригадой в конце октября 1917 года. Бригада в конечном итоге вошла в состав 2-й дивизии армии США, формирование которой началось примерно в то же время. Началось формирование штаба дивизии. Дойен, как старший офицер, принял на себя временное командование до первой недели ноября, когда управление перешло к генерал-майору Омару Банди из армии США, а Дойен вернулся к командованию 4-й бригадой морской пехоты. Хотя и кратковременное, он стал первым морским офицером, командовавшим дивизией. В последующие недели и месяцы Дойен завоевал репутацию отличного инструктора. Зная, с чем столкнутся его люди в бою, он усердно готовил, в основном молодых и неопытных солдат, к этой задаче. Однако это негативно сказалось на его здоровье. Он командовал своей любимой бригадой до мая 1918 года, когда медицинская комиссия признала его непригодным для дальнейшей активной службы за рубежом. Бригадный генерал Джеймс Харборд, бывший начальник штаба AEF, вскоре принял командование бригадой. Вскоре бригада участвовала в боях в Бело-Вуде, и ее успехи там и в последующих сражениях стали свидетельством усилий Дойена по подготовке морских пехотинцев. Вскоре после возвращения в Соединенные Штаты он был назначен командующим учебным лагерем Корпуса морской пехоты и казармами морской пехоты в Квантико, штат Вирджиния. Здесь его опыт инструктора был востребован при подготовке офицеров и солдат для службы за рубежом. Однако его жизнь была прервана: здоровье, подорванное пребыванием во Франции, ослабло, и он заболел испанским гриппом, охватившим мир в то время. Он умер от бронхиальной пневмонии 6 октября 1918 года, вскоре после 59-летия. Он был похоронен на Арлингтонском национальном кладбище. Вскоре после его смерти военно-морской департамент вручил жене Дойена первую в истории медаль "За выдающиеся заслуги" ВМС в знак признания выдающегося вклада ее мужа в военное дело. В цитате к медали сказано:
After the American entry into World War I in April 1917, Doyen had been chosen to command the 5th Marine Regiment, which had been the first unit of the USMC to be sent to France, having arrived there in June 1917, along with the first elements of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Shortly afterwards, Doyen received a promotion to brigadier general. The 4th Marine Brigade was created with the arrival in France of the 6th Marine Regiment and the 6th Machine Gun Battalion, in addition to the 5th Marines, with Doyen being given command of the brigade towards the end of October 1917. The brigade eventually became part of the 2nd Division of the United States Army, which began to be formed at around the same time. A headquarters for the division began forming. Doyen, then the most senior officer present, assumed temporary command until the first week of November when Major General Omar Bundy, U. S. Army, took over, with Doyen reverting to control of the 4th Marine Brigade. Although brief, he was still the first marine officer to command a division. The next few weeks and months were to gain Doyen a reputation as an excellent trainer of troops. Knowing what his men would face when they ultimately engaged in combat, he worked strenuously to prepare his mostly green and inexperienced men for that task. In doing so, however, his health was badly affected. He remained in command of his beloved brigade only until May 1918 when a medical board declared him to be medically unfit for any further active service abroad. Brigadier General James Harbord, U. S. Army, former chief of staff of the AEF, soon took over the brigade. The brigade soon found itself fighting at Belleau Wood and its performance there and in other battles that were yet to come were a tribute to Doyen and his efforts to prepare his marines. Soon after his return to the United States he was placed in command of the Marine Corps Training Camp and the Marine Barracks located at Quantico, Virginia. It was here where his experience as a trainer was put to good use as he trained officers and men for overseas service. It was cut short, however, as, his health having been severely weakened by his time in France, he was struck by the Spanish influenza (or Spanish flu) which plagued the world at the time and he died of bronchial pneumonia on October 6, 1918, shortly after turning 59. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Not long after his death, the Navy Department presented Doyen's wife with the first ever Navy Distinguished Service Medal, in recognition of her husband's distinguished efforts during the war. The citation for the medal reads:
The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal (Posthumously) to Brigadier General Charles Augustus Doyen, United States Marine Corps, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services. By reason of his abilities and personal efforts, Brigadier General Doyen brought this brigade to the very high state of efficiency which enabled it to successfully resist the German Army in the Chateau Thierry sector and Belleau Woods. The strong efforts on his part for nearly a year, undermined his health, and necessitated his being invalided to the United States before having the opportunity to command the brigade in action, but his work was shown by the excellent service rendered by the brigade, not only at Belleau Woods, but during the entire campaign when they fought in many battles.
Президент Соединенных Штатов Америки с гордостью вручает медаль "За выдающиеся заслуги" (посмертно) бригадному генералу Чарльзу Августу Дойену, Корпусу морской пехоты США, за исключительно выдающиеся и заслуженные службы. Благодаря своим способностям и личным усилиям бригадный генерал Дойен довел эту бригаду до очень высокого уровня эффективности, что позволило ей успешно противостоять немецкой армии в секторе Шато-Тьерри и в лесу Белло. Его напряженная работа в течение почти года подорвала его здоровье и потребовала его возвращения в Соединенные Штаты до того, как он смог командовать бригадой в бою, но его работа проявилась в отличной службе бригады, не только в Бело-Вуде, но и во время всей кампании, когда они сражались во многих битвах.
After the American entry into World War I in April 1917, Doyen had been chosen to command the 5th Marine Regiment, which had been the first unit of the USMC to be sent to France, having arrived there in June 1917, along with the first elements of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Shortly afterwards, Doyen received a promotion to brigadier general. The 4th Marine Brigade was created with the arrival in France of the 6th Marine Regiment and the 6th Machine Gun Battalion, in addition to the 5th Marines, with Doyen being given command of the brigade towards the end of October 1917. The brigade eventually became part of the 2nd Division of the United States Army, which began to be formed at around the same time. A headquarters for the division began forming. Doyen, then the most senior officer present, assumed temporary command until the first week of November when Major General Omar Bundy, U. S. Army, took over, with Doyen reverting to control of the 4th Marine Brigade. Although brief, he was still the first marine officer to command a division. The next few weeks and months were to gain Doyen a reputation as an excellent trainer of troops. Knowing what his men would face when they ultimately engaged in combat, he worked strenuously to prepare his mostly green and inexperienced men for that task. In doing so, however, his health was badly affected. He remained in command of his beloved brigade only until May 1918 when a medical board declared him to be medically unfit for any further active service abroad. Brigadier General James Harbord, U. S. Army, former chief of staff of the AEF, soon took over the brigade. The brigade soon found itself fighting at Belleau Wood and its performance there and in other battles that were yet to come were a tribute to Doyen and his efforts to prepare his marines. Soon after his return to the United States he was placed in command of the Marine Corps Training Camp and the Marine Barracks located at Quantico, Virginia. It was here where his experience as a trainer was put to good use as he trained officers and men for overseas service. It was cut short, however, as, his health having been severely weakened by his time in France, he was struck by the Spanish influenza (or Spanish flu) which plagued the world at the time and he died of bronchial pneumonia on October 6, 1918, shortly after turning 59. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Not long after his death, the Navy Department presented Doyen's wife with the first ever Navy Distinguished Service Medal, in recognition of her husband's distinguished efforts during the war. The citation for the medal reads:
The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal (Posthumously) to Brigadier General Charles Augustus Doyen, United States Marine Corps, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services. By reason of his abilities and personal efforts, Brigadier General Doyen brought this brigade to the very high state of efficiency which enabled it to successfully resist the German Army in the Chateau Thierry sector and Belleau Woods. The strong efforts on his part for nearly a year, undermined his health, and necessitated his being invalided to the United States before having the opportunity to command the brigade in action, but his work was shown by the excellent service rendered by the brigade, not only at Belleau Woods, but during the entire campaign when they fought in many battles.
Тезка
Два корабля были названы USS Doyen в его память.