Введение
Библиотека, где книги прикреплены к книжным шкафам цепью.
A chained library is a library where the books are attached to their bookcase by a chain, which is sufficiently long enough to allow the books to be taken from their shelves and read, but not removed from the library itself. The practice was usual for reference libraries (that is, the vast majority of libraries) from the Middle Ages to around the 18th century. This would prevent theft of the library's materials. Since the chaining process was also expensive, it was not used on all books, only the more valuable books such as reference works or large books in a collection were chained. Librarians in the Middle Ages often invoked curses as well to keep books from being stolen. Once such curse written into the books was,
Steal not this book my honest friend
For fear the gallows should be your end,
And when you die the Lord will say
And where's the book you stole away? It is standard for chained libraries to have the chain fitted to the corner or cover of a book. This is because if the chain were to be placed on the spine the book would suffer greater wear from the stress of moving it on and off the shelf. Because of the location of the chain attached to the book (via a ringlet) the books are housed with their spine facing away from the reader, with only the pages' fore edges visible. This is so that each book can be removed and opened without needing to be turned around, hence avoiding tangling its chain. To remove the book from the chain, the librarian would use a key. The earliest example in England of a library to be endowed for use outside an institution such as a school or college was the Francis Trigge Chained Library in Grantham, Lincolnshire, established in 1598. The library still exists and can justifiably claim to be the forerunner of later public library systems. Marsh's Library in Dublin, built 1701, is another non institutional library which is still housed in its original building. Here it was not the books that were chained, but rather the readers were locked into cages to prevent rare volumes from 'wandering'. There is also an example of a chained library in the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, as well as at Bolton School. Hereford Cathedral has the largest surviving chained library. While chaining books was a popular practice throughout Europe, it was not used in all libraries. The practice of chaining library books became less popular as printing increased and books became less expensive. It dates from 1868 and has 150 titles wrapped in lambs skin. Another interesting example of a chained library is Florence's sixteenth century Laurentian Library, designed by Michelangelo for Lorenzo de' Medici. Hereford Cathedral, in Hereford, England, has one of two chained libraries that still have chained books on its shelves. The books in this library date mostly from the 12th century and are therefore handwritten as they predate the printing press. In the Middle Ages, books were expensive and for the privileged, but they were highly valued. Books were the prime target for thieves and impoverished students to steal and sell. As a result, books were chained to shelves to preserve information. Written in the eighth century, it is one of 229 chained books located in this great library.
Цепная библиотека – это библиотека, где книги прикреплены к книжным шкафам цепью, достаточно длинной, чтобы книги можно было брать с полок и читать, но не выносить из библиотеки. Эта практика была распространена в справочных библиотеках (то есть, в большинстве библиотек) со Средневековья до примерно XVIII века. Это предотвращало кражу библиотечных материалов. Поскольку процесс прикрепления цепей был дорогостоящим, его применяли не ко всем книгам, а только к более ценным экземплярам, таким как справочные издания или крупные тома. Библиотекари в Средние века часто прибегали к проклятиям, чтобы уберечь книги от воровства. Однажды в книге было написано такое проклятие:
A chained library is a library where the books are attached to their bookcase by a chain, which is sufficiently long enough to allow the books to be taken from their shelves and read, but not removed from the library itself. The practice was usual for reference libraries (that is, the vast majority of libraries) from the Middle Ages to around the 18th century. This would prevent theft of the library's materials. Since the chaining process was also expensive, it was not used on all books, only the more valuable books such as reference works or large books in a collection were chained. Librarians in the Middle Ages often invoked curses as well to keep books from being stolen. Once such curse written into the books was,
Steal not this book my honest friend
For fear the gallows should be your end,
And when you die the Lord will say
And where's the book you stole away? It is standard for chained libraries to have the chain fitted to the corner or cover of a book. This is because if the chain were to be placed on the spine the book would suffer greater wear from the stress of moving it on and off the shelf. Because of the location of the chain attached to the book (via a ringlet) the books are housed with their spine facing away from the reader, with only the pages' fore edges visible. This is so that each book can be removed and opened without needing to be turned around, hence avoiding tangling its chain. To remove the book from the chain, the librarian would use a key. The earliest example in England of a library to be endowed for use outside an institution such as a school or college was the Francis Trigge Chained Library in Grantham, Lincolnshire, established in 1598. The library still exists and can justifiably claim to be the forerunner of later public library systems. Marsh's Library in Dublin, built 1701, is another non institutional library which is still housed in its original building. Here it was not the books that were chained, but rather the readers were locked into cages to prevent rare volumes from 'wandering'. There is also an example of a chained library in the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, as well as at Bolton School. Hereford Cathedral has the largest surviving chained library. While chaining books was a popular practice throughout Europe, it was not used in all libraries. The practice of chaining library books became less popular as printing increased and books became less expensive. It dates from 1868 and has 150 titles wrapped in lambs skin. Another interesting example of a chained library is Florence's sixteenth century Laurentian Library, designed by Michelangelo for Lorenzo de' Medici. Hereford Cathedral, in Hereford, England, has one of two chained libraries that still have chained books on its shelves. The books in this library date mostly from the 12th century and are therefore handwritten as they predate the printing press. In the Middle Ages, books were expensive and for the privileged, but they were highly valued. Books were the prime target for thieves and impoverished students to steal and sell. As a result, books were chained to shelves to preserve information. Written in the eighth century, it is one of 229 chained books located in this great library.
Не кради эту книгу, мой друг честный,
Иначе виселица станет концом твоим.
А когда умрёшь, Господь спросит тебя:
"Где же книга, что украл ты, скажи?"
A chained library is a library where the books are attached to their bookcase by a chain, which is sufficiently long enough to allow the books to be taken from their shelves and read, but not removed from the library itself. The practice was usual for reference libraries (that is, the vast majority of libraries) from the Middle Ages to around the 18th century. This would prevent theft of the library's materials. Since the chaining process was also expensive, it was not used on all books, only the more valuable books such as reference works or large books in a collection were chained. Librarians in the Middle Ages often invoked curses as well to keep books from being stolen. Once such curse written into the books was,
Steal not this book my honest friend
For fear the gallows should be your end,
And when you die the Lord will say
And where's the book you stole away? It is standard for chained libraries to have the chain fitted to the corner or cover of a book. This is because if the chain were to be placed on the spine the book would suffer greater wear from the stress of moving it on and off the shelf. Because of the location of the chain attached to the book (via a ringlet) the books are housed with their spine facing away from the reader, with only the pages' fore edges visible. This is so that each book can be removed and opened without needing to be turned around, hence avoiding tangling its chain. To remove the book from the chain, the librarian would use a key. The earliest example in England of a library to be endowed for use outside an institution such as a school or college was the Francis Trigge Chained Library in Grantham, Lincolnshire, established in 1598. The library still exists and can justifiably claim to be the forerunner of later public library systems. Marsh's Library in Dublin, built 1701, is another non institutional library which is still housed in its original building. Here it was not the books that were chained, but rather the readers were locked into cages to prevent rare volumes from 'wandering'. There is also an example of a chained library in the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, as well as at Bolton School. Hereford Cathedral has the largest surviving chained library. While chaining books was a popular practice throughout Europe, it was not used in all libraries. The practice of chaining library books became less popular as printing increased and books became less expensive. It dates from 1868 and has 150 titles wrapped in lambs skin. Another interesting example of a chained library is Florence's sixteenth century Laurentian Library, designed by Michelangelo for Lorenzo de' Medici. Hereford Cathedral, in Hereford, England, has one of two chained libraries that still have chained books on its shelves. The books in this library date mostly from the 12th century and are therefore handwritten as they predate the printing press. In the Middle Ages, books were expensive and for the privileged, but they were highly valued. Books were the prime target for thieves and impoverished students to steal and sell. As a result, books were chained to shelves to preserve information. Written in the eighth century, it is one of 229 chained books located in this great library.
Обычно в цепных библиотеках цепь крепится к углу или обложке книги. Это связано с тем, что если бы цепь крепилась к корешку, книга быстрее изнашивалась бы при снятии и возвращении на полку. Благодаря расположению цепи (через кольцо) книги размещаются корешком от читателя, видны только обрезы страниц. Это позволяет извлекать и открывать каждую книгу, не переворачивая её, чтобы избежать спутывания цепи. Для снятия книги с цепи библиотекарь использовал ключ. Самым ранним примером библиотеки в Англии, основанной для использования вне учебного заведения, такой как школа или колледж, является библиотека Франсиса Тригга в Грантеме, Линкольншир, основанная в 1598 году. Библиотека существует до сих пор и по праву считается предшественницей современных публичных библиотек. Библиотека Марша в Дублине, построенная в 1701 году, – еще одна неинституциональная библиотека, которая до сих пор находится в своем первоначальном здании. Там не книги были прикованы цепями, а читателей запирали в клетки, чтобы предотвратить кражу редких томов. Пример цепной библиотеки есть также в Королевской грамматической школе Гилдфорда и в школе Болтона. В Херефордском соборе находится самая большая сохранившаяся цепная библиотека. Хотя прикрепление книг цепями было популярной практикой по всей Европе, она не использовалась во всех библиотеках. Практика прикрепления книг цепями стала менее распространенной с развитием книгопечатания и удешевлением книг. Один экземпляр датируется 1868 годом и содержит 150 названий, обернутых в овечью кожу. Другой интересный пример цепной библиотеки – флорентийская библиотека Лауренциана XVI века, спроектированная Микеланджело для Лоренцо де Медичи. В Херефордском соборе, в английском городе Херефорд, находится одна из двух цепных библиотек, где на полках до сих пор хранятся книги, прикрепленные цепями. Большинство книг в этой библиотеке датируются XII веком и, следовательно, написаны от руки, поскольку они предшествуют изобретению книгопечатания. В Средние века книги были дорогими и доступны лишь привилегированным слоям населения, но они высоко ценились. Книги были главной целью для воров и бедных студентов, которые крали и продавали их. В результате книги прикрепляли цепями к полкам, чтобы сохранить информацию. Этот экземпляр был написан в VIII веке и является одним из 229 книг, хранящихся в этой великой библиотеке.
A chained library is a library where the books are attached to their bookcase by a chain, which is sufficiently long enough to allow the books to be taken from their shelves and read, but not removed from the library itself. The practice was usual for reference libraries (that is, the vast majority of libraries) from the Middle Ages to around the 18th century. This would prevent theft of the library's materials. Since the chaining process was also expensive, it was not used on all books, only the more valuable books such as reference works or large books in a collection were chained. Librarians in the Middle Ages often invoked curses as well to keep books from being stolen. Once such curse written into the books was,
Steal not this book my honest friend
For fear the gallows should be your end,
And when you die the Lord will say
And where's the book you stole away? It is standard for chained libraries to have the chain fitted to the corner or cover of a book. This is because if the chain were to be placed on the spine the book would suffer greater wear from the stress of moving it on and off the shelf. Because of the location of the chain attached to the book (via a ringlet) the books are housed with their spine facing away from the reader, with only the pages' fore edges visible. This is so that each book can be removed and opened without needing to be turned around, hence avoiding tangling its chain. To remove the book from the chain, the librarian would use a key. The earliest example in England of a library to be endowed for use outside an institution such as a school or college was the Francis Trigge Chained Library in Grantham, Lincolnshire, established in 1598. The library still exists and can justifiably claim to be the forerunner of later public library systems. Marsh's Library in Dublin, built 1701, is another non institutional library which is still housed in its original building. Here it was not the books that were chained, but rather the readers were locked into cages to prevent rare volumes from 'wandering'. There is also an example of a chained library in the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, as well as at Bolton School. Hereford Cathedral has the largest surviving chained library. While chaining books was a popular practice throughout Europe, it was not used in all libraries. The practice of chaining library books became less popular as printing increased and books became less expensive. It dates from 1868 and has 150 titles wrapped in lambs skin. Another interesting example of a chained library is Florence's sixteenth century Laurentian Library, designed by Michelangelo for Lorenzo de' Medici. Hereford Cathedral, in Hereford, England, has one of two chained libraries that still have chained books on its shelves. The books in this library date mostly from the 12th century and are therefore handwritten as they predate the printing press. In the Middle Ages, books were expensive and for the privileged, but they were highly valued. Books were the prime target for thieves and impoverished students to steal and sell. As a result, books were chained to shelves to preserve information. Written in the eighth century, it is one of 229 chained books located in this great library.
В популярной культуре
В серии комических фэнтезийных романов Терри Пратчетта о Мире Диска, библиотека волшебного Университета Невидимых также содержит ряд книг, прикреплённых цепями, однако в этом случае цепи предназначены для того, чтобы не дать более злобным магическим книгам сбежать или напасть на прохожих. Дэвид Уильямс написал детектив "Убийство в Адвенте", в котором фигурирует библиотека с книгами на цепях. В фильме "Гарри Поттер и философский камень" в закрытом разделе библиотеки есть книги, прикованные цепями. В финале шестого сезона "Игры престолов" Сэмвелл Тарли получает доступ в библиотеку Цитадели, где многие книги прикреплены цепями. В фильме "Доктор Стрэндж" библиотека Камар-Тадж хранит бесчисленное множество древних книг, но некоторые из них запрещены и находятся на цепях под присмотром библиотекаря Вонга. Чарли Ловетт написал художественную книгу "Потерянная книга Грааля", в которой также присутствует библиотека с книгами на цепях.