Maianthemum canadense

Species of flowering plant

Maianthemum canadense (Canadian may lily, Canada mayflower, false lily of the valley, Canadian lily of the valley, wild lily of the valley, two leaved Solomon's seal)
is an understory perennial flowering plant, native to Canada and the northeastern United States, from Yukon and British Columbia east to Newfoundland, into St. Pierre and Miquelon.

Plants grow to tall, arising from branching rhizomes that have roots only at the nodes. Plants may be one leaved and without fruiting structures (sterile). the fertile, flowering shoots have 2–3 leaves.

The leaf blades are long by wide with a pointed tip. The lowest leaves are usually egg shaped with two lobes at the base and a narrow space (sinus) between the lobes. Upper leaves are usually heart shaped and set on a short 1–7 mm long petiole.

The clusters of 12–25 starry shaped, white flowers are set in a complex raceme an unbranched flowering cluster that has 1 3 (usually 2) stalked flowers per node, set at roughly equal distances along a central axis. The lowest flowers open first. The flower stalks (pedicels) are 3–7 mm long and thin (0.2 0.5 mm wide).

The flowers are produced from spring to mid summer. They have four conspicuous, white, 1.5–2 mm long tepals. The fruit is a berry containing one or two round seeds. The berries are 4–6 mm across, mottled red in early summer and turning deep red by mid summer. A seed is produced infrequently and most plants in a location are vegetative clones, spreading by their shallow, trailing, white rhizomes.

It is found in Canada from southeastern Yukon, southern Northwest Territories, into eastern British Columbia and east to Newfoundland and Labrador, and into St. Pierre and Miquelon. It is also found in the northern United States from the Dakotas east, south along the Appalachian Mountains and disjunct populations in Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska and Kansas. and can persist in clearings. and M. dilatatum is essentially a coastal species found from Alaska south to northwest California as well as Mongolia to Japan. Maianthemum trifolium is also a small herb and has a distribution similar to M. canadense, but the flower parts are in sets of 3s, the leaf bases are tapered, not heart shaped; it is found in wet habitat such as bogs.

No subspecies are currently recognized, although in the western half of the range plants with hairs and consistently larger leaves have been treated as var. interius.