Введение
Вид кустарника или небольшого дерева.
speciesbox
| name = Scarlet banksia
| image = Banksia coccinea Little Grove. jpg
| image caption = Flower spike of B. coccineaLittle Grove, Albany
| genus = Banksia
| species = coccinea
| authority = R. Br
| synonyms ref = However, it can reach in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany. The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is thick and lacking in lenticels. Peaking in the summer months, Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October. A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike. The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour. The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink. The infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike. The surviving specimen of B. coccinea, held by the Natural History Museum in London, is annotated in Brown's hand "King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory". The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany. No further information on the collection is available, as the species is mentioned in neither Brown's nor Good's diary. Good also made a separate seed collection, which included B. coccinea, and the species was drawn by Bauer. Like nearly all of Bauer's field drawings of Proteaceae, the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945. However a watercolour painting by Bauer, based on his field sketches, still survives at the Natural History Museum in London, and a hand coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae. German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843, now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea. Common names include scarlet banksia, waratah banksia and Albany banksia. Brown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, its species name derived from the Latin coccineus, meaning "scarlet", and referring to the pistils. By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,
George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen presenter characters. Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis. In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L. f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J. R. Forst & G. Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera coccinea. This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries, and Banksia L. f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L. f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia, and was divided into three sections. George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series—Banksia series Coccineae—within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters, namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike, combined with the branched open habit, broad leaves and very small follicles. Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers, but do not wholly exhibit the other characters. It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa, all of section Oncostylis. However, they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis. This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. B. coccinea's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia sect. Coccineae
B. coccinea
In 2002, a molecular study by Austin Mast again showed Banksia coccinea to be the next closest relative of a group comprising Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri and only distantly related to other members of the series Banksia. This was reinforced in a 2013 molecular study by Marcel Cardillo and colleagues using chloroplast DNA and combining it with earlier results. Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia in 2005. They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the species having spoon shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. coccinea is placed in B. subg. Banksia. No subspecies are recognised, although DNA analysis showed that a population at Redmond was genetically distinctive, while those at Gull Rock, Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Beach were unusually diverse. Noongar peoples know the tree as Waddib.
| имя = Scarlet banksia
| изображение = Banksia coccinea Little Grove.jpg
| подпись к изображению = Колос цветков B. coccinea, Литл Гроув, Олбани
| род = Banksia
| вид = coccinea
| автор = R. Br
| синонимы ref = Однако, растение может достигать в высоту, особенно в окрестностях Олбани. Ствол обычно одиночный в основании перед разветвлением и покрыт гладкой серой корой, толщиной и без чечевичек. Цветение приходится на летние месяцы, с мая по декабрь или январь, пик – с июля по октябрь. Полевое исследование на южных песчаных равнинах показало в среднем около 286 отдельных цветков на каждом колосье. Белые цветки покрыты серым или светло-коричневым пушком, и окраска мало варьируется. Пестик обычно алый, но может быть темно-красным, оранжевым или розовым. Плод – небольшая инфруктесценция с до 20 маленьких фолликулов, сосредоточенных у основания колоса. Сохранившийся образец B. coccinea, хранящийся в Музее естественной истории в Лондоне, помечен рукой Брауна: "King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour, особенно рядом с обсерваторией". Обсерватория, по-видимому, находилась в районе, где сейчас расположен центральный деловой район Олбани. Дополнительной информации о коллекции нет, поскольку вид не упоминается ни в дневнике Брауна, ни в дневнике Гуда. Гуд также собрал отдельную коллекцию семян, включавшую B. coccinea, и вид был изображен Бауэром. Как и почти все полевые рисунки Бауэра, относящиеся к протеацеям, оригинальный эскиз B. coccinea был уничтожен в пожаре в Хофбурге в 1945 году. Однако акварельная картина Бауэра, основанная на его полевых эскизах, до сих пор сохранилась в Музее естественной истории в Лондоне, а медная гравюра с этой картины была опубликована как таблица 3 в Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae Бауэра 1813 года. Немецкий ботаник Адальберт Шницлейн описал B. purpurea в 1843 году, который теперь считается синонимом B. coccinea. Распространенные названия включают алый банксия, банксия варата и банксия Олбани. Браун опубликовал вид в своей работе 1810 года "О протеацеях Юсье", название вида происходит от латинского coccineus, означающего "алый", и относится к пестикам. К тому времени, когда Карл Мейснер опубликовал свою классификацию рода в 1856 году, было описано 58 видов банксии. Мейснер разделил Banksia verae Брауна, которая была переименована Эндликером в Eubanksia в 1847 году.
speciesbox
| name = Scarlet banksia
| image = Banksia coccinea Little Grove. jpg
| image caption = Flower spike of B. coccineaLittle Grove, Albany
| genus = Banksia
| species = coccinea
| authority = R. Br
| synonyms ref = However, it can reach in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany. The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is thick and lacking in lenticels. Peaking in the summer months, Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October. A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike. The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour. The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink. The infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike. The surviving specimen of B. coccinea, held by the Natural History Museum in London, is annotated in Brown's hand "King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory". The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany. No further information on the collection is available, as the species is mentioned in neither Brown's nor Good's diary. Good also made a separate seed collection, which included B. coccinea, and the species was drawn by Bauer. Like nearly all of Bauer's field drawings of Proteaceae, the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945. However a watercolour painting by Bauer, based on his field sketches, still survives at the Natural History Museum in London, and a hand coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae. German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843, now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea. Common names include scarlet banksia, waratah banksia and Albany banksia. Brown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, its species name derived from the Latin coccineus, meaning "scarlet", and referring to the pistils. By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,
George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen presenter characters. Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis. In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L. f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J. R. Forst & G. Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera coccinea. This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries, and Banksia L. f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L. f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia, and was divided into three sections. George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series—Banksia series Coccineae—within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters, namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike, combined with the branched open habit, broad leaves and very small follicles. Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers, but do not wholly exhibit the other characters. It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa, all of section Oncostylis. However, they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis. This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. B. coccinea's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia sect. Coccineae
B. coccinea
In 2002, a molecular study by Austin Mast again showed Banksia coccinea to be the next closest relative of a group comprising Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri and only distantly related to other members of the series Banksia. This was reinforced in a 2013 molecular study by Marcel Cardillo and colleagues using chloroplast DNA and combining it with earlier results. Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia in 2005. They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the species having spoon shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. coccinea is placed in B. subg. Banksia. No subspecies are recognised, although DNA analysis showed that a population at Redmond was genetically distinctive, while those at Gull Rock, Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Beach were unusually diverse. Noongar peoples know the tree as Waddib.
Джордж Бентам опубликовал тщательный пересмотр Banksia в своей основополагающей работе Flora Australiensis в 1870 году. В классификации Бентама количество признанных видов банксии сократилось с 60 до 46. Бентам определил четыре секции на основе характеристик листьев, пестика и пыльценосцев. Banksia coccinea была помещена в секцию Orthostylis. В 1891 году Отто Кунце в своей "Revisio Generum Plantarum" отверг родовое название Banksia L. f., поскольку название Banksia ранее было опубликовано в 1776 году как Banksia J. R. Forst & G. Forst, относящееся к роду, теперь известному как Pimelea. Кунце предложил Sirmuellera в качестве альтернативы, относя этот вид к Sirmuellera coccinea. Это применение принципа приоритета было в значительной степени проигнорировано современниками Кунце, и Banksia L. f. была официально сохранена, а Sirmuellera отклонена в 1940 году. Алекс Джордж опубликовал новую таксономическую структуру Banksia в своей классической монографии 1981 года "The genus Banksia L. f. (Proteaceae)". Eubanksia Эндликера стала B. subgenus Banksia и была разделена на три секции. Джордж поместил Banksia coccinea в свою собственную серию – Banksia series Coccineae – в секцию B. section Banksia из-за уникальной комбинации признаков, а именно вертикального расположения цветков на колосье, в сочетании с разветвленной открытой формой, широкими листьями и очень маленькими фолликулами. Члены серии Quercinae и пять видов в серии Spicigerae имеют вертикально выровненные цветки, но не полностью демонстрируют другие признаки. В 1996 году Тина Магуайр и ее коллеги переклассифицировали его в собственную секцию Coccinea; тесты на совместимость пыльцы показали, что его пыльца наиболее совместима с Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha и B. sphaerocarpa, все из секции Oncostylis. Однако они не поместили его в эту секцию, поскольку у всех членов Oncostylis крючковатые пестики во время цветения. Это было подтверждено Джорджем в его монографии для серии Flora of Australia.
speciesbox
| name = Scarlet banksia
| image = Banksia coccinea Little Grove. jpg
| image caption = Flower spike of B. coccineaLittle Grove, Albany
| genus = Banksia
| species = coccinea
| authority = R. Br
| synonyms ref = However, it can reach in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany. The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is thick and lacking in lenticels. Peaking in the summer months, Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October. A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike. The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour. The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink. The infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike. The surviving specimen of B. coccinea, held by the Natural History Museum in London, is annotated in Brown's hand "King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory". The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany. No further information on the collection is available, as the species is mentioned in neither Brown's nor Good's diary. Good also made a separate seed collection, which included B. coccinea, and the species was drawn by Bauer. Like nearly all of Bauer's field drawings of Proteaceae, the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945. However a watercolour painting by Bauer, based on his field sketches, still survives at the Natural History Museum in London, and a hand coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae. German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843, now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea. Common names include scarlet banksia, waratah banksia and Albany banksia. Brown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, its species name derived from the Latin coccineus, meaning "scarlet", and referring to the pistils. By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,
George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen presenter characters. Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis. In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L. f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J. R. Forst & G. Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera coccinea. This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries, and Banksia L. f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L. f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia, and was divided into three sections. George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series—Banksia series Coccineae—within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters, namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike, combined with the branched open habit, broad leaves and very small follicles. Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers, but do not wholly exhibit the other characters. It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa, all of section Oncostylis. However, they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis. This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. B. coccinea's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia sect. Coccineae
B. coccinea
In 2002, a molecular study by Austin Mast again showed Banksia coccinea to be the next closest relative of a group comprising Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri and only distantly related to other members of the series Banksia. This was reinforced in a 2013 molecular study by Marcel Cardillo and colleagues using chloroplast DNA and combining it with earlier results. Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia in 2005. They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the species having spoon shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. coccinea is placed in B. subg. Banksia. No subspecies are recognised, although DNA analysis showed that a population at Redmond was genetically distinctive, while those at Gull Rock, Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Beach were unusually diverse. Noongar peoples know the tree as Waddib.
Положение B. coccinea в Banksia согласно Flora of Australia следующее:
speciesbox
| name = Scarlet banksia
| image = Banksia coccinea Little Grove. jpg
| image caption = Flower spike of B. coccineaLittle Grove, Albany
| genus = Banksia
| species = coccinea
| authority = R. Br
| synonyms ref = However, it can reach in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany. The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is thick and lacking in lenticels. Peaking in the summer months, Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October. A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike. The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour. The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink. The infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike. The surviving specimen of B. coccinea, held by the Natural History Museum in London, is annotated in Brown's hand "King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory". The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany. No further information on the collection is available, as the species is mentioned in neither Brown's nor Good's diary. Good also made a separate seed collection, which included B. coccinea, and the species was drawn by Bauer. Like nearly all of Bauer's field drawings of Proteaceae, the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945. However a watercolour painting by Bauer, based on his field sketches, still survives at the Natural History Museum in London, and a hand coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae. German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843, now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea. Common names include scarlet banksia, waratah banksia and Albany banksia. Brown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, its species name derived from the Latin coccineus, meaning "scarlet", and referring to the pistils. By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,
George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen presenter characters. Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis. In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L. f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J. R. Forst & G. Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera coccinea. This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries, and Banksia L. f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L. f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia, and was divided into three sections. George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series—Banksia series Coccineae—within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters, namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike, combined with the branched open habit, broad leaves and very small follicles. Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers, but do not wholly exhibit the other characters. It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa, all of section Oncostylis. However, they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis. This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. B. coccinea's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia sect. Coccineae
B. coccinea
In 2002, a molecular study by Austin Mast again showed Banksia coccinea to be the next closest relative of a group comprising Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri and only distantly related to other members of the series Banksia. This was reinforced in a 2013 molecular study by Marcel Cardillo and colleagues using chloroplast DNA and combining it with earlier results. Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia in 2005. They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the species having spoon shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. coccinea is placed in B. subg. Banksia. No subspecies are recognised, although DNA analysis showed that a population at Redmond was genetically distinctive, while those at Gull Rock, Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Beach were unusually diverse. Noongar peoples know the tree as Waddib.
Род Banksia
Подрод Banksia
Секция Banksia sect. Coccineae
B. coccinea
speciesbox
| name = Scarlet banksia
| image = Banksia coccinea Little Grove. jpg
| image caption = Flower spike of B. coccineaLittle Grove, Albany
| genus = Banksia
| species = coccinea
| authority = R. Br
| synonyms ref = However, it can reach in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany. The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is thick and lacking in lenticels. Peaking in the summer months, Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October. A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike. The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour. The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink. The infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike. The surviving specimen of B. coccinea, held by the Natural History Museum in London, is annotated in Brown's hand "King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory". The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany. No further information on the collection is available, as the species is mentioned in neither Brown's nor Good's diary. Good also made a separate seed collection, which included B. coccinea, and the species was drawn by Bauer. Like nearly all of Bauer's field drawings of Proteaceae, the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945. However a watercolour painting by Bauer, based on his field sketches, still survives at the Natural History Museum in London, and a hand coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae. German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843, now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea. Common names include scarlet banksia, waratah banksia and Albany banksia. Brown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, its species name derived from the Latin coccineus, meaning "scarlet", and referring to the pistils. By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,
George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen presenter characters. Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis. In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L. f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J. R. Forst & G. Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera coccinea. This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries, and Banksia L. f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L. f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia, and was divided into three sections. George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series—Banksia series Coccineae—within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters, namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike, combined with the branched open habit, broad leaves and very small follicles. Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers, but do not wholly exhibit the other characters. It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa, all of section Oncostylis. However, they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis. This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. B. coccinea's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia sect. Coccineae
B. coccinea
In 2002, a molecular study by Austin Mast again showed Banksia coccinea to be the next closest relative of a group comprising Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri and only distantly related to other members of the series Banksia. This was reinforced in a 2013 molecular study by Marcel Cardillo and colleagues using chloroplast DNA and combining it with earlier results. Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia in 2005. They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the species having spoon shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. coccinea is placed in B. subg. Banksia. No subspecies are recognised, although DNA analysis showed that a population at Redmond was genetically distinctive, while those at Gull Rock, Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Beach were unusually diverse. Noongar peoples know the tree as Waddib.
В 2002 году молекулярное исследование Остина Маста снова показало, что Banksia coccinea является ближайшим родственником группы, состоящей из Banksia speciosa и B. baxteri, и лишь отдаленно связана с другими членами серии Banksia. Это было подтверждено молекулярным исследованием 2013 года Марселя Кардилло и его коллег с использованием хлоропластной ДНК и объединением ее с предыдущими результатами. Маст, Эрик Джонс и Шон Хавери опубликовали результаты своих кладистических анализов данных последовательностей ДНК для Banksia в 2005 году. Они вывели филогению, сильно отличающуюся от принятой таксономической структуры, включая обнаружение того, что Banksia является парафилетической по отношению к Dryandra. Новая таксономическая структура опубликована не была, но в начале 2007 года Маст и Тиле начали реорганизацию, перенеся Dryandra в Banksia и опубликовав B. subgenus Spathulatae для видов, имеющих ложкообразные семядоли; таким образом, они также переопределили автоним B. subg. Banksia. Они предвосхитили публикацию полной структуры после завершения отбора проб ДНК Dryandra. В то же время, если изменения в номенклатуре Маста и Тиле будут приняты в качестве временной структуры, то B. coccinea будет помещена в B. subg. Banksia. Никаких подвидов не признано, хотя анализ ДНК показал, что популяция в Редмонде генетически отличается, в то время как популяции в Галл Рок, Ту Пиплс Бэй и Чейн Бич были необычайно разнообразны. Коренные народы Нунгар называют это дерево Waddib.
speciesbox
| name = Scarlet banksia
| image = Banksia coccinea Little Grove. jpg
| image caption = Flower spike of B. coccineaLittle Grove, Albany
| genus = Banksia
| species = coccinea
| authority = R. Br
| synonyms ref = However, it can reach in height, particularly in the vicinity of Albany. The trunk is generally single at the base before branching, and covered with smooth grey bark that is thick and lacking in lenticels. Peaking in the summer months, Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January, peaking between July and October. A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike. The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur, and there is little variation in colour. The style is generally scarlet, but can be dark red, orange or pink. The infructescence is small, with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike. The surviving specimen of B. coccinea, held by the Natural History Museum in London, is annotated in Brown's hand "King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory". The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany. No further information on the collection is available, as the species is mentioned in neither Brown's nor Good's diary. Good also made a separate seed collection, which included B. coccinea, and the species was drawn by Bauer. Like nearly all of Bauer's field drawings of Proteaceae, the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945. However a watercolour painting by Bauer, based on his field sketches, still survives at the Natural History Museum in London, and a hand coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae. German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843, now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea. Common names include scarlet banksia, waratah banksia and Albany banksia. Brown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, its species name derived from the Latin coccineus, meaning "scarlet", and referring to the pistils. By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,
George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham defined four sections based on leaf, style and pollen presenter characters. Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis. In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L. f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J. R. Forst & G. Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera coccinea. This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries, and Banksia L. f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L. f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia, and was divided into three sections. George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series—Banksia series Coccineae—within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters, namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike, combined with the branched open habit, broad leaves and very small follicles. Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers, but do not wholly exhibit the other characters. It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa, all of section Oncostylis. However, they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis. This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. B. coccinea's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia sect. Coccineae
B. coccinea
In 2002, a molecular study by Austin Mast again showed Banksia coccinea to be the next closest relative of a group comprising Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri and only distantly related to other members of the series Banksia. This was reinforced in a 2013 molecular study by Marcel Cardillo and colleagues using chloroplast DNA and combining it with earlier results. Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia in 2005. They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the species having spoon shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. coccinea is placed in B. subg. Banksia. No subspecies are recognised, although DNA analysis showed that a population at Redmond was genetically distinctive, while those at Gull Rock, Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Beach were unusually diverse. Noongar peoples know the tree as Waddib.
Распространение и среда обитания
B. coccinea встречается вблизи южного побережья Западной Австралии, от реки Хей к северо-востоку от города Денмарк, Албани, на западе, до Национального парка Стоукс к юго-востоку от Мунглинапа и вглубь страны – к хребту Стирлинга и северной границы Национального парка реки Фицджеральд. Около 47% популяций охраняются в природоохранных зонах, а 13% произрастают на обочинах дорог.
Экология
Полевое исследование, проведенное в окрестностях Олбани, показало, что медовый опоссум (Tarsipes rostratus) иногда посещает Banksia coccinea, как и новоголландский медоед (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), белощёкий медоед (P. nigra) и западный спинохвост (Acanthorhynchus superciliosus). Краткоклювый чёрный какаду отламывает старые шишки с фолликулами, чтобы съесть семена, часто делая это до их созревания. Banksia coccinea, крайне чувствительная к отмиранию, вызванному Phytophthora cinnamomi, является индикаторным видом, указывающим на наличие этого заболевания. Не существует известных способов искоренения отмирания. Значительная часть национального парка Стерлинг-Рейндж поражена, хотя национальный парк реки Фицджеральд в основном избежал этой участи. Применение фосфита на пораженных участках, как было показано, снижает уровень смертности примерно до 50%. У B. coccinea наблюдались некоторые симптомы токсичности при применении фосфита, проявляющиеся в виде локального некроза листьев, однако поглощение этого соединения растением несколько ниже, чем у других видов кустарников. Необычно, но симптомы не кажутся пропорциональными уровню воздействия. Умирающие заросли B. coccinea были обнаружены в 1989 году, а в 1995 году причиной был выделен гриб Cryptodiaporthe melanocraspedia. Заболевание, являющееся формой воздушного рака, первоначально проявлялось в виде сухих, коричневых листьев и кончиков нового прироста. Растения отмирают сверху вниз, со временем поражаясь более крупные ветви. Под корой распространяются оранжевые и коричневые участки некроза, отходящие от узлов листьев, пока не охватывают стебель, который затем погибает. Цветочные кисти могут быть поражены в период цветения. Во влажные периоды тёплой погоды на мертвой древесине образуются белые или розовые споровые нити. Один пораженный участок, за которым велось наблюдение в течение трех лет с октября 1989 года по июнь 1992 года, показал 97% смертность растений (по сравнению с исходным уровнем 40%). Исследователи Брайан Ширер и его коллеги выделили еще один вирулентный патоген, который они идентифицировали как вид Zythiostroma, однако, по-видимому, он вызывал иммунный ответ у растения. Этот иммунный ответ, в сочетании с тем, что он не был обнаружен в дикой природе, заставил их предположить, что это не основной патоген для этого вида. Этот вид впоследствии был переклассифицирован и назван Luteocirrhus shearii. B. coccinea является хозяином для галлицы Dasineura banksiae, вида мухи, который нападает и откладывает яйца на листья в период с конца октября до начала декабря. Круглые белые волосатые галлы имеют диаметр 5–7 мм и обычно содержат одну личинку, или до пяти на сильно зараженных растениях. Личинки линяют и питаются до января-марта, после чего снижают активность до начала октября. Хотя они и не наносят вреда растению, они деформируют листву и, следовательно, снижают её декоративную ценность.
Культивирование
B. coccinea, широко признанный одним из самых красивых видов банксии, является популярным садовым растением и одним из важнейших видов банксии для цветочной промышленности; он выращивается коммерчески в Австралии, Южной Африке, Канаде, Соединенных Штатах, Новой Зеландии, Израиле, а также испытывается во Франции, Испании и Южной Америке. Семенам не требуется никакой предварительной обработки перед посевом, и для прорастания требуется от 12 до 48 дней. Для получения однородного потомства культивары необходимо размножать черенками. Черенки укореняются медленно. Попытки привить B. coccinea не увенчались успехом. В рамках селекционной программы, проведенной Маргарет Седжли из Департамента садоводства, виноградарства и виноделия Института сельскохозяйственных исследований Уэйт при Университете Аделаиды в Аделаиде, Южная Австралия, были выведены две формы Banksia coccinea, зарегистрированные в соответствии с правами на селекционные достижения (PBR) и коммерчески размноженные, главным образом для цветочной промышленности. Банксия 'Waite Flame' – это раннецветущая форма с несколько оранжевым оттенком, а B. 'Waite Crimson' – красная форма, достигающая пика цветения в середине сезона.