Одиночество и выживание: истории потерпевших кораблекрушение и изгнанников.

Person who is cast adrift or ashore, usually in a shipwreck

A castaway is a person who is cast adrift or ashore. While the situation usually happens after a shipwreck, some people voluntarily stay behind on a desert island, either to evade captors or the world in general. A person may also be left ashore as punishment (marooned). The provisions and resources available to castaways may allow them to live on the island until other people arrive to take them off the island. However, such rescue missions may never happen if the person is not known to still be alive, if the fact that they are missing is unknown, or if the island is not mapped. These scenarios have given rise to the plots of numerous stories in the form of novels and film.

Icelander Thorgisl set out to travel to Greenland. He and his party were first driven into a remote sound on the east coast of Greenland. Thorgisl, his infant son, and several others were then abandoned there by their thralls. Thorgisl and his party traveled slowly along the coast to the Eystribyggð settlement of Erik the Red on the southwest coast of Greenland. Along the way, they met a Viking, an outlaw who had escaped to East Greenland. This history is told in Flóamanna saga and Origines Islandicae and occurred during the early years of Viking Greenland, while Leif Ericson was still alive.

Icelander Grettir Ásmundarson was outlawed by the assembly in Iceland. After many years on the run, he and two companions went to the forbidden island of Drangey, where he lived several more years before his pursuers managed to kill him in 1031.

The Portuguese soldier Fernão Lopes was marooned on the island of Saint Helena in 1513. He had lost his right hand, the thumb of his left hand, his nose, and his ears as punishment for mutiny and apostasy for converting to Islam. For the rest of his life – he died in about 1545 – Lopes stayed on the island, except for two years around 1530, when the Portuguese king helped him travel to Rome, where the Pope granted him absolution for his sin of apostasy.

In April 1520, a mutiny broke out in Magellan's fleet while at the Patagonian seashore. Magellan put it down and executed some of the ringleaders. He then punished two others: the King of Spain's delegate, Juan de Cartagena and the priest, Pedro Sánchez Reina, by marooning them in that desolate place. They were never heard from again.

Gonzalo de Vigo was a Spanish sailor (Galician) who deserted from Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa's Trinidad, part of the Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, while in the Maug Islands in August 1522. He lived with the Chamorros for four years and visited thirteen main islands in the Marianas until he was unexpectedly found in Guam in 1526 by the flagship of the Loaísa Expedition, on its way to the Spice Islands and the second circumnavigation of the globe. Gonzalo de Vigo was the first recorded European castaway in the history of the Pacific Ocean.

A French noblewoman, Marguerite de la Rocque, was marooned in 1542 on an island in the Gulf of St Lawrence, off the coast of Quebec. She was left by her near relative Jean François de La Rocque de Roberval, a nobleman privateer, as punishment for her affair with a young man on board ship. The young man joined her, as did a servant woman, both of whom later died, as did the baby de la Rocque bore. Marguerite survived by hunting wild animals and was later rescued by fishermen. She returned to France and became well known when her story was recorded by the Queen of Navarre in her work Heptaméron.

In 1629 Jan Pelgrom de Bye van Bemel, a cabin boy, and Wouter Loos, a 24 year old soldier, had been on board the Dutch ship Batavia. The ship was famous because it was wrecked on Morning Reef of the Wallabi Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, (off the west coast of Australia) leading to the infamous Batavia Mutiny and mass killings. When all culprits were arrested on the islets, most of them were either hanged or sent to court in the town of Batavia (now Jakarta). However, Jan Pelgrom and Wouter Loos were marooned on the Australian mainland, probably at or near the mouth of Hutt River in Western Australia, on 16 November 1629. They were the first Europeans to reside in Australia. Abel Tasman (after whom Tasmania was named) was subsequently ordered to search for the castaways on his voyage along the coasts of northern Australia in 1643–44 but did not sail that far south. They were not seen again by Europeans. It has been argued by Rupert Gerritsen in And Their Ghosts May Be Heard and subsequent publications that they survived and had a profound influence on local Aboriginal groups such as the Nhanda and Amangu.

In the early hours of 28 April 1656 a Dutch vessel belonging to the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), Vergulde Draeck, struck a reef off Ledge Point on the central west coast of Western Australia, about 5 kilometres from shore, and approximately 90 kilometres north of where Perth now stands. At least 75 individuals made it to shore, where they camped. Seven men departed in a boat, making for Batavia, now known as Jakarta, at the western end of Java. They arrived there on 7 June 1656 and raised the alarm. A number of ships were then dispatched over the following two years to search for the survivors who had remained behind, but an incorrect latitude meant the searches focused on the wrong area. The original campsite, by then abandoned, was not found until 26 February 1658, by a shore party led by Upper Steersman Abraham Leeman. There has been much speculation as to the fate of the 68, who may have ended up east of Geraldton, approximately 350 kilometres to the north, ultimately integrating with the local Aboriginal population. Two stone arrangements, the Ring of Stones, found to the north in modern times may have been markers left by the 68 survivors. Archaeological investigations are continuing in an endeavour to locate the original campsite.

On 28 March 1658, while searching for the 68 survivors of the wreck of Vergulde Draeck along the lower central west coast of Western Australia, Upper Steersman Abraham Leeman and his boat crew of 13 from Waeckende Boey (also known as Waeckende Boeij ("Watching Buoy")) were inexplicably abandoned by the skipper of that ship, Samuel Volkersen. They were then about 180 km north of present day Perth. Their boat was in poor condition, they had no water, just a few pounds of flour contaminated by seawater, and some rashers of bacon. Leeman, who kept a journal, rallied his crew. They found water by digging on an offshore islet, and then killed seals and dried the meat, using the skins to raise the sides of the boat. Leeman even constructed his own compass. They then set sail for Java. They made their way up the Western Australian coast, and after a voyage of 2500 km reached the eastern end of Java with the loss of only one man. In endeavouring to land, their boat was wrecked and many of the men ran off into the jungle. Leeman and his three remaining companions then walked the full length of the south coast of Java, through jungle, volcanic country, braving marauding tigers along the way. Upon getting to the western end of Java they were captured by a Javanese prince and held for ransom. The Dutch then paid the ransom and Leeman and his compatriots finally made it to Batavia (Jakarta) on 23 September 1658.

In 1681, a Miskito named Will by his English comrades was sent ashore as part of an English foraging party to Más a Tierra. When he was hunting for goats in the interior of the island, he suddenly saw his comrades departing in haste after having spotted the approach of enemies, leaving Will behind to survive until he was picked up in 1684.

The Juan Fernández Islands, to which Más a Tierra belongs, would have a more famous occupant in October 1704 when Alexander Selkirk made the decision to stay there. Selkirk, a sailor with the William Dampier expedition, became concerned about the condition and seaworthiness of the Cinque Ports, the vessel on which he was sailing, and chose to be put ashore on the island. The ship later sank with most of its crew being lost. Being a voluntary castaway, Selkirk was able to gather numerous provisions to help him to survive, including a musket, gunpowder, carpenter's tools, a knife, a Bible, and clothing. He survived on the island for four years and four months, building huts and hunting the plentiful wildlife before his rescue on 2 February 1709. His adventures are said to be a possible inspiration for Robinson Crusoe, a novel by Daniel Defoe published in 1719.

Philip Ashton, born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 1702, was captured by pirates while fishing near the coast of Nova Scotia in June 1722. He managed to escape in March 1723 when the pirates' ship landed at Roatán in the Bay Islands of Honduras, hiding in the jungle until the pirates left him there. He survived for 16 months, in spite of many insects, tropical heat, and crocodiles. He had no equipment at all until he met another castaway, an Englishman. The Englishman disappeared after a few days but he left behind a knife, gunpowder, tobacco, and more. Ashton was finally rescued by the Diamond, a ship from Salem, Massachusetts.

The Zuytdorp departed from the Cape of Good Hope on 22 April 1712 with at least 200 to 250 people on board, including women and children, and disappeared. It is now thought to have struck the Zuytdorp Cliffs on the central coast of Western Australia in early June 1712. The first signs of the wreck were found in 1927 but it was not until 1959 that the identity of the wreck was confirmed by Dr. Philip Playford. The discovery of a considerable amount of material from the wreck on the scree slope and top of the cliffs established that many people had managed to get off the stricken vessel and on to shore. Exactly how many people survived the disaster is uncertain and estimates vary from 30 up to 180 or more. There has been speculation that the survivors headed east along the Murchison River, 60 kilometres to the south. However, finds of a coin and a 'Leyden Tobacco Tin' at wells to the north, as well as linguistic and technological evidence suggest they headed north, perhaps ending up in the northern Gascoyne, about 450 kilometres north of the wrecksite. It is thought the survivors ultimately integrated with local Aboriginal populations.

Leendert Hasenbosch was a Dutch ship's officer (a bookkeeper), probably born in 1695. He was set ashore on the uninhabited Ascension Island on 5 May 1725 as a punishment for sodomy. He was left behind with a tent, a survival kit, and an amount of water sufficient to last about four weeks. He had bad luck in that no ships called at the island during his stay. He ate seabirds and green turtles, but probably died of thirst after about six months. He wrote a diary that was found in January 1726 by British mariners who brought the diary back to Britain. The diary was rewritten and published a number of times. In 2002, the full truth of the story was disclosed in a book by Dutch historian Michiel Koolbergen (1953–2002), the first to mention Hasenbosch by name. Before that time, the castaway's name had not been known. The story is available in English as A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725.

In 1812, the British ship Isabella, captained by George Higton, was shipwrecked off Eagle Island, one of the Falkland Islands. Most of the crew was rescued by the American sealer Nanina, commanded by Captain Charles Barnard. However, realising that they would require more provisions for the expanded number of passengers, Barnard and a few others went out in a party to retrieve more food. During his absence, the Nanina was taken over by the British crew, who left them on the island. Barnard and his party were finally rescued in November 1814. In 1829, Barnard wrote, A Narrative of the Sufferings and Adventures of Captain Charles Barnard, detailing the happenings.

On January 3, 1864, the 56 ton schooner Grafton was wrecked in the north arm of Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island. The five man crew, led by Captain Thomas Musgrave and Francois Edouard Raynal as mate, spent twenty months on the island until three of them went out for rescue in the ship's dinghy, sailing more than 400 km up north to Stewart Island. All men survived. Unknown to them, on May 11, 1864, the ship Invercauld bound from Melbourne to Callao was wrecked in bad weather on the west coast of the same island. From the initial crew of 25, only 19 made it to shore and after more than a year spent on the island only three men survived starvation and cold, being rescued by a ship looking for a shelter to make repairs.

A week after sailing from the Canary Islands on January 19, 1982, Steven Callahan's self made sloop Napoleon Solo had hit an unknown object during a night storm, he managed to escape into a six man life raft, diving into the sinking boat a few times in order to get the supplies he needed for survival before cutting his raft loose. Utilising 2 solar stills (a third of which was cut open to find out how they worked) and eating fish, barnacles and birds he captured, he survived for 76 days adrift before reaching the Caribbean, where he was discovered and rescued by local fishermen.

Survivors of the Strathmore survived for 7 months at a small island of the Crozet Islands from 1875 to 1876. They survived from eating eggs and flesh of geese, albatrosses and other seabirds. The also ate root vegetables and fish. The survival was the input for, among others, the book “Survival on the Crozet Islands: The Wreck of the Strathmore in 1875”.

Title Director Notable cast Summary Released NotesThe Blue LagoonW. Bowden, Dick CruickshanksMolly AdairFirst film adaptation of the novel.1923Mr. Robinson CrusoeA. Edward SutherlandDouglas FairbanksA yachtsman makes a bet his friends that he can swim ashore on a remote island in the South Seas with nothing but a toothbrush and be "living the life of Riley" when they return.1932The Blue LagoonFrank LaunderJean Simmons, Donald HoustonSecond film adaptation of the novel.1949Miss Robin CrusoeEugene FrenkeAmanda Blake, George Nader, Rosalind HayesA variation of Robinson Crusoe starring Amanda Blake as Robin Crusoe.1953Robinson CrusoeLuis BuñuelDaniel O'HerlihyAdaptation based on the book of the same name. Lead actor Dan O'Herlihy, playing Crusoe, was nominated for the 1955 Academy Award for Best Actor – making him the only actor to receive a nomination for the role.1954Swiss Family RobinsonKen AnnakinJohn Mills, Dorothy McGuire, James MacArthurWalt Disney adaptation based on the book of the same name.1960In Search of the CastawaysRobert StevensonHayley Mills, Maurice Chevalier, George Sanders, Wilfrid Hyde White, Michael Anderson Jr. Walt Disney adaptation based on the book of the same name.1962Lord of the FliesPeter BrookJames Aubrey, Tom Chapin and Hugh EdwardsBased on the book of the same name.1963Awards: 1 NBR AwardLt. Robin Crusoe, U. S. N. Byron PaulDick Van DykeWalt Disney adaptation based on the book of the same name.1966Awards: 1 Golden LaurelHell in the PacificJohn BoormanLee Marvin, Toshiro MifuneAn American pilot and a Japanese naval captain match wits when both are marooned on an uninhabited island during World War II.1968Swept AwayLina WertmüllerGiancarlo Giannini, Mariangela MelatoA rich woman and a communist sailor are stranded on an island in the Mediterranean Sea.1974Awards: 1 David di Donatello Award, 1 other awardThe Blue LagoonRandal KleiserBrooke Shields, Christopher Atkins, Leo McKernTwo children survive a shipwreck and grow up on a tropical island in the South Pacific.1980Third film version of the novel. CastawayNicolas RoegOliver Reed, Amanda DonohoeBased on the book of the same name.1986Lord of the FliesHarry HookBalthazar Getty, Chris Furrh, Danuel PipolyShipwrecked on a tropical island, a group of English schoolchildren eventually revert to savagery in spite of the efforts of a few rational children. 1990Remake of the 1963 film of the same title. Return to the Blue LagoonWilliam A. GrahamBrian Krause, Milla Jovovich, Lisa PelikanThe son of the original castaways is marooned with a young girl on a tropical island.1991Sequel to The Blue Lagoon. Robinson CrusoeRod Hardy, George T. MillerPierce BrosnanFilm adaptation loosely based on the novel.1997Six Days Seven NightsIvan ReitmanHarrison Ford, Anne Heche, David SchwimmerA New York magazine editor and a pilot fight pirates and face other dangers after crash landing on a desert island in the South Seas.1998Cast AwayRobert ZemeckisTom HanksAfter surviving a plane crash, a FedEx systems analyst finds himself stranded on a desert island in the South Pacific.2000Awards: 1 Golden Globe, 15 other awardsSwept AwayGuy RitchieMadonna, Adriano Giannini, Bruce GreenwoodRemake of the 1974 film of the same title.2002Survival IslandStewart RaffillBilly Zane, Kelly Brook, Juan Pablo Di PaceA love triangle turns deadly when a husband and wife, and her lover, are stranded on a desert island.2005The BreedNicholas MastandreaMichelle Rodriguez, Oliver Hudson, Taryn ManningA group of college students fly to a desert island for a party weekend find themselves under siege by murderous hounds.2006

Title Network Notable cast Summary Years Notes77 Sunset Strip – Secret IslandABCEfrem Zimbalist Jr., Jacques Bergerac, Grant Sullivan, Catherine McLeod, Tuesday Weld, Kathleen CrowleyWhile flying from the Philippines, Stuart Bailey, his prisoner, and four other survivors of a plane crash reach an isolated island, only to discover that it's the target of an h bomb test. December 4, 1959Gilligan's IslandCBSBob Denver, Alan Hale Jr., Jim Backus, Natalie Schafer, Tina Louise, Russell Johnson, Dawn WellsClassic sitcom about seven castaways stranded on a desert island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean after a shipwreck.1964–1967Awards: 3 TV Land Awards, 1 other awardThe Admirable CrichtonNBCNorman Barrs, Pamela Brown, Edward CicciarelliA group of English aristocrats are shipwrecked when their yacht runs around on an island in the South Pacific.1968Television filmThe New PeopleABCTiffany Bolling, Zooey Hall, David MosesA group of young college students are stranded after their plane crashes on a mysterious island in the South Pacific.1969–1970Lost FlightNBCLloyd Bridges, Anne Francis, Ralph MeekerThe crew and passengers of a jet airliner crash struggle to survive on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific.1970Television filmDer SeewolfZDFORTFEdward Meeks, Raimund HarmstorfBased on the book of the same name.1971–1973Television miniseriesThe Six Million Dollar Man Survival of the FittestABCLee Majors, Richard AndersonOscar Goldman becomes the target for several conspirators who want to stop him from negotiating with the Russians. As he and Steve Austin fly back to Washington, D. C., their plane is caught in a storm, and they crash land on an island in the Pacific Ocean. Amongst the survivors are the conspirators who want to kill Oscar. January 25, 1974The CayNBCJames Earl Jones, Alfred Lutter IIIBased on the book of the same name.1974Television filmThe Bionic Woman Fly JamieABCLindsay Wagner, Martin E. BrooksJaime is undercover as stewardess Miss Winters to keep an eye on Rudy Wells, who is transporting a top secret Cobalt 247 formula. The plane goes down in an electrical storm and the passengers end up on a desert island where the conspirators will do anything to get the formula from Rudy. May 5, 1976ShogunNBCRichard Chamberlain, Toshiro Mifune, Yoko ShimadaAn English navigator and his crew are shipwrecked in feudal Japan. 1980Television miniseries. Awards: 3 Golden Globes, 5 other awardsDanger IslandNBCLisa Banes, Richard Beymer, Maria CeledonioA group of vacationers survive an airliner at sea on a flight and are cast ashore on a mysterious island.1992Television filmMysterious IslandFamily ChannelAlan Scarfe, Colette Stevenson, Stephen LovattBased on the book of the same name.1995Bermuda TriangleABCSam Behrens, Susanna Thompson, Lisa JakubAfter their boat sinks in an unusual storm, a family become stranded on an island in the "27th dimension". 1996Television filmForbidden IslandNikita Ager, Paul Kersey, Grayson McCouchSurvivors of a plane crash are stranded on a mysterious tropical island which possesses supernatural powers. 1999Survivor/Expedition Robinson VariousN/AReality game show in which contestants various remote island areas while competing in challenges and progressively vote each other out of the game.1997–Castaway 2000BBCN/AReality television series in which a volunteer community lived for a year on the previously uninhabited Taransay in the Outer Hebrides.2000–2001Jumping ShipDisney ChannelJoey Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, Andrew LawrenceThree brothers sailing to Australia for summer vacation are forced to abandon ship during an encounter with modern day pirates.2001Television movie. Sequel to Horse Sense. DinotopiaABCTyron Leitso, Wentworth Miller, David ThewlisTwo American teenage boys on a joyride in their father's plane crash land on an isolated island where humans and sentient dinosaurs peacefully coexist. It later spawned a short lived TV series.2002Television miniseries. Awards: 1 Primetime Emmy, 5 other awardsLostABCTerry O'Quinn, Matthew Fox, Evangeline Lilly, Josh Holloway, Jorge GarciaDrama series about the 48 survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 as they try to survive on a mysterious island in the South Pacific.2004–2010Awards: 1 Golden Globe, 56 other awardsMysterious IslandHallmark ChannelKyle MacLachlan, Gabrielle Anwar, Patrick StewartBased on the book of the same name.2005Television filmFlight 29 DownDiscovery KidsAllen Alvarado, Corbin Bleu, Jeremy James Kissner, Johnny PacarAdventure series about teenagers after a plane crash on an island somewhere in the South Pacific.2005–2010Television showBlue Lagoon: The AwakeningLifetimeIndiana Evans, Brenton ThwaitesRemake of The Blue Lagoon set in the 21st century.2012Television filmMythBusters: Duct Tape IslandDiscovery ChannelAdam Savage, Jamie HynemanAdam and Jamie recreate a castaway scenario: using only duct tape to survive both on a desert island and on their canoe.2012Television showArrowWBTDStephen Amell, Katie Cassidy, Colin DonnellBased on the fictional character Green Arrow. Oliver Queen is a castaway, and to survive he must forge himself into a weapon. He goes on to become a vigilante crime fighter to clean up his city.2012–Awesomness/AwesomenessTVNickelodeonN/AA sketch called "Gillian's Island" has the titular castaway (portrayed by Amber Montana) showing viewers of her "TV series" how to survive on an island in the event that they get stranded and await for the day when someone comes to rescue them.2013Web series/Television show

Desert Island Discs is a BBC Radio 4 interview show in which the subject is invited to consider themselves as a castaway on a desert island, and then select their eight favourite records, one favourite book (in addition to The Bible and the Complete Works of Shakespeare), and a luxury inanimate object to occupy their time.