Гаплогруппа I Y-хромосомы: происхождение и распространение в Европе.

Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup
the human Y DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, which itself is a derivative of the haplogroup IJK. Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present day European populations, with peaks in some Northern European and Southeastern European countries. Haplogroup I appears to have arisen in Europe, so far being found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe (Fu 2016), but not outside it. It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years B. P. (Karafet 2008). Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran (Jones 2015, Fu 2016). In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in Iran, among the Mazandarani and ethnic Persians from Fars. This may indicate that IJ originated in South West Asia. Haplogroup I has been found in multiple individuals belonging to the Gravettian culture. The Gravettians expanded westwards from the far corner of Eastern Europe, likely Russia, to Central Europe. They are associated with a genetic cluster that is normally called the Věstonice cluster.

The composite subclade I M170 contains individuals directly descended from the earliest members of Haplogroup I, bearing none of the subsequent mutations which identify the remaining named subclades. Several I* individuals, who do not fall into any known subclades, have been found among the Lak people of Dagestan, at a rate of (3/21), and Saami (1/35). (Neither study from which the above figures were drawn excluded the present I2 M438 clade as a whole, but only certain subclades, so these presumed cases I* may possibly belong to I2.) A living Hazara male from Afghanistan has also been found to carry I*, with all known subclades of both I1 (M253) and I2 (M438) ruled out.

Haplogroup I1 M253 (M253, M307, P30, P40) displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern Norway, southwestern Sweden, and Denmark, and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically Germanic influenced world. A notable exception is Finland, where frequency in West Finns is up to 40%, and in certain provinces like Satakunta more than 50%. I1 is believed to have become common as a result of a founder effect during the Nordic Bronze Age, and subsequently spread throughout Europe during the Migration Period when Germanic tribes migrated from southern Scandinavia and northern Germany to other places in Europe. Outside Fennoscandia, distribution of Haplogroup I1 M253 is closely correlated with that of Haplogroup I2a2 M436; but among Scandinavians (including both Germanic and Uralic peoples of the region) nearly all the Haplogroup I M170 Y chromosomes are I1 M253. Another characteristic of the Scandinavian I1 M253 Y chromosomes is their rather low haplotype diversity (STR diversity): a greater variety of Haplogroup I1 M253 Y chromosomes has been found among the French and Italians, despite the much lower overall frequency of Haplogroup I1 M253 among the modern French and Italian populations. This, along with the structure of the phylogenetic tree of I1 M253 strongly suggests that most living I1 males are the descendants of an initially small group of reproductively successful men who lived in Scandinavia during the Nordic Bronze Age.

Haplogroup I2 M438, previously I1b, may have originated in southern Europe – it is now found at its highest frequencies in the western Balkans and Sardinia – some 15,000–17,000 years ago and developed into three main subgroups : I2 M438*, I2a L460, I2b L415 and I2c L596.

Haplogroup I2a1a M26 is notable for its strong presence in Sardinia. Haplogroup I M170 comprises approximately 40% of all patrilines among the Sardinians, and I2a1a M26 is the predominant type of I among them. Haplogroup I2a1a M26 is practically absent east of France and Italy, while it is found at low but significant frequencies outside of Sardinia in the Balearic Islands, Castile León, the Basque Country, the Pyrenees, southern and western France, and parts of the Maghreb in North Africa, Great Britain, and Ireland. Haplogroup I2a1a M26 appears to be the only subclade of Haplogroup I M170 found among the Basques, but appears to be found at somewhat higher frequencies among the general populations of Castile León in Spain and Béarn in France than among the population of ethnic Basques. The M26 mutation is found in native males inhabiting every geographic region where megaliths may be found, including such far flung and culturally disconnected regions as the Canary Islands, the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Ireland, and Sweden. avg. 40 50%

The distribution of Haplogroup I2a2 M436 (M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1 except in Fennoscandia, which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1 M253; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1 M253 and I2a2 M436 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I2a2 M436's being more strongly affected in the earliest settlement of this region by founder effects and genetic drift due to its rarity, as Haplogroup I2a2 M436 comprises less than 10% of the total Y chromosome diversity of all populations outside of Lower Saxony. Haplogroup I2a2 M436 has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (not including Cornwall), Scotland, and the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; and Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Republic of Mordovia in Eastern Europe. One subclade of Haplogroup I2a2 M436, namely I2a2a1a1 M284, has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great Britain, which has been taken to suggest that the clade may have a very long history in that island. It is notable, however, that the distributions of Haplogroup I1 M253 and Haplogroup I2a2 M436 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of Germanic peoples. The punctual presence of both haplogroups at a low frequency in the area of the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey may be related to the Varangian Guard or rather suggests a connection with the ancient Gauls of Thrace, several tribes of which are recorded to have immigrated to those parts of Anatolia at the invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia. This suggestion is supported by recent genetic studies regarding Y DNA Haplogroup I2b2 L38 have concluded that there was some Late Iron Age migration of Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles including north east Ireland. Haplogroup I2a2 M436 also occurs among approximately 1% of Sardinians, and in Hazaras from Afghanistan at 3%.

This haplogroup reaches its maximum frequency in the Western Balkans (with the highest concentration of I2 in present day Herzegovina). It may be associated with unusually tall males, since those in the Dinaric Alps have been reported to be the tallest in the world, with an average male height of the range – in the cantons of Bosnia, in Sarajevo, – in the cantons of Herzegovina mostly populated by Croats. A 2014 study examining the correlation between Y DNA haplogroups and height found a correlation between the haplogroups I1, R1b U106, I2a1b M423 and tall males. The study featured the measured average heights of young German, Swedish, Dutch, Danish, Serbian and Bosnian men. The German male average height was 180.2 cm, the Swedish men were on average 181.4 cm, the Dutch men were 183.8 cm, the Danish men were 180.6 cm, the Serbians were 180.9 cm, and Bosnian Croat men from Herzegovina were 185.2 centimeters on average.