История и традиции музыкальных бисов

Additional performance added to the end of a concert

An encore is an additional performance given by performers at the conclusion of a show or concert, usually in response to extended applause from the audience. They are regarded as the most complimentary kind of applause for performers. Multiple encores are not uncommon, and they initially originated spontaneously, when audiences continued to applaud and demand additional performance from the artists after they had left the stage. However, in modern times they are rarely spontaneous and are usually a pre planned part of the show.

Encores are believed to have originated from Italian operas in the 18th century. One of the earliest recorded encores was in 1786 at the premiere of Mozart's Marriage of Figaro. Contrary to modern encores, encores were traditionally spontaneous and followed a singular piece or movement. Performers would often perform an encore to multiple pieces within one concert; this could nearly double the length of a concert. It is commonly believed the encores first began due to a lack of ways to listen to pieces on demand. If people wanted to listen to their favorite pieces, they would have to go see it live and often only had the opportunity to see it once. For this reason, people would demand the chance to hear a piece a second time.

At the end of a concert, if there is prolonged applause, one more relatively short piece may be performed as an encore. In some modern circumstances, encores have come to be expected, and artists often plan their encores. Traditionally, in a concert that has a printed set list for the audience, encores are not listed, even when they are planned. A well known example is the performance of the Radetzky March and The Blue Danube at the end of the Vienna New Year's Concert by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra; neither piece is ever listed in the official program, but they are traditionally played every year. Sometimes, especially with premiers, certain movements might be applauded enough to provoke an encore of the movement. At the first performance of Haydn's The Creation, Haydn had requested for there to not be any encores of movements out of respect for the entirety of the piece and the continuity of the work. Sometimes, however, some longer and larger works will not have an encore as it is deemed inappropriate. Sometimes though, it is just simply due to the conductor or artist simply being exhausted after a long program.

Beginning in the 18th century, if an aria was strongly applauded, it might be repeated.

For "Figaro", on 9 May 1786 Emperor Joseph II of Austria issued an order limiting encores. In the mid 19th century, encores were officially banned in northern Italy, since the Austrian Italian authorities felt they would lead to public disorder. In 1921, encores were forbidden at la Scala (in northern Italy), because the conductor Toscanini felt they would interrupt the pace of the opera and drew attention to individual singers as opposed to the work. Wagner was similarly against encores. Encores at the Met became rarer later in the century. Sometimes they even played one or two additional songs (a "real" encore in the traditional sense, rather than an inevitable performance staged as an encore) after the planned encore. Similarly, Guided by Voices frontman Robert Pollard generally plays songs from his solo career for the first half of his shows, and then, for the inevitable encore, will play a lengthy selection of Guided by Voices songs, with the two halves generally having roughly equal duration. In the early days of modern rock music, Elvis Presley never played encores, a practice his manager Col. Tom Parker intended to leave audiences wanting more. The now famous phrase "Elvis has left the building" was used at the beginning of his career when Presley was not the headliner, followed by a plea for the audience to return to their seats so as to watch those artists following Presley. Once he became a headliner, it was invariably followed by a polite "thank you, and good night", to imply to those present at the concert that there was not going to be an encore. Jimmy Buffett was known for his intimate second encores at his concerts. He and his band leave the stage after performing their set and return for a typical encore of usually two songs and band introductions. Then they leave the stage again and Buffett comes back out on stage by himself for a second encore and performs an acoustic ballad to end the show. This final song is usually what his hardcore fans look forward to the most because it's a different song every show and usually an obscure selection; many fans consider Buffett's ballads to be his best songs despite not being among his famous songs. A collection of Buffett's second encores, entitled Encores, was released in 2010. Morphine frontman Mark Sandman sometimes mocked the practice. At the close of Morphine shows, he would wave and say "Thank you! Good night! ", but the band would remain in their places, and the lights would not be dimmed. After several minutes, the band would begin playing again. Boston played multiple shows with four encores throughout the 1980s. Both The Cure and Prince have been known to play a large number of songs in their encores, either in a long singular encore or spanning across multiple encores. The encore portions of their sets have sometimes lasted longer than the initial shows themselves. The Cure has played up to five encores on a handful of occasions and Prince has played up to seven. Most modern encores in pop and rock music are pre planned and added to the fans' setlist. During The 1975's 2013 tour, they routinely played their popular song "Sex" as an encore song. After their last regular setlist song, fans would chant "We want 'Sex'!" instead of "Encore!" For modern performers, it is common for them to perform a song they have not previously done on their setlist. Usually, it is one of the more popular songs from the artist. However, some may still perform a song they have already done.

On Broadway, encores are commonly used as a chance to recognize the cast for a longer period of time. Rather than calling the actors back to the stage to demand another performance, the audience will call the actors back to the stage for a final bow to accept more applause.

The word encore comes from the French encore ɑ̃kɔʁ, which means 'again, some more'; however, it is not used this way in French, but it is ancora in Italian. French speakers commonly use instead either une autre ('another'), un rappel ('a return, curtain call') or the Latin bis ('second time') in the same circumstances. Italians use bis too.