Введение
Строительство сооружений на поверхности планет
Planetary surface construction is the construction of artificial habitats and other structures on planetary surfaces. Planetary surface construction can be divided into three phases or classes, coinciding with a phased schedule for habitation:
• Class I: Pre integrated hard shell modules ready to use immediately upon delivery. • Class II: Prefabricated kit of parts that is surface assembled after delivery. • Class III: in situ resource utilization (ISRU) derived structure with integrated Earth components. Class I structures are prepared and tested on Earth, and are designed to be fully self contained habitats that can be delivered to the surface of other planets. In an initial mission to put human explorers on Mars, a Class I habitat would provide the bare minimum habitable facilities when continued support from Earth is not possible. The Class II structures call for a pre manufactured kit of parts system that has flexible capacity for demountability and reuse. Class II structures can be used to expand the facilities established by the initial Class I habitat, and can allow for the assembly of additional structures either before the crew arrives, or after their occupancy of the pre integrated habitat. The purpose of Class III structures is to allow for the construction of additional facilities that would support a larger population, and to develop the capacity for the local production of building materials and structures without the need for resupply from Earth. To facilitate the development of technology required to implement the three phases, Cohen and Kennedy (1997) stress the need to explore robust robotic system concepts that can be used to assist in the construction process, or perform the tasks autonomously. Among other things, they suggest a roadmap that stresses the need for adapting structural components for robotic assembly, and determining appropriate levels of modularity, assembly, and component packaging. The roadmap also sets the development of experimental construction systems in parallel with components as an important milestone.
Строительство сооружений на поверхности планет – это возведение искусственных мест обитания и других сооружений на поверхности планет. Планетарное поверхностное строительство можно разделить на три фазы или класса, соответствующие поэтапному графику освоения:
Planetary surface construction is the construction of artificial habitats and other structures on planetary surfaces. Planetary surface construction can be divided into three phases or classes, coinciding with a phased schedule for habitation:
• Class I: Pre integrated hard shell modules ready to use immediately upon delivery. • Class II: Prefabricated kit of parts that is surface assembled after delivery. • Class III: in situ resource utilization (ISRU) derived structure with integrated Earth components. Class I structures are prepared and tested on Earth, and are designed to be fully self contained habitats that can be delivered to the surface of other planets. In an initial mission to put human explorers on Mars, a Class I habitat would provide the bare minimum habitable facilities when continued support from Earth is not possible. The Class II structures call for a pre manufactured kit of parts system that has flexible capacity for demountability and reuse. Class II structures can be used to expand the facilities established by the initial Class I habitat, and can allow for the assembly of additional structures either before the crew arrives, or after their occupancy of the pre integrated habitat. The purpose of Class III structures is to allow for the construction of additional facilities that would support a larger population, and to develop the capacity for the local production of building materials and structures without the need for resupply from Earth. To facilitate the development of technology required to implement the three phases, Cohen and Kennedy (1997) stress the need to explore robust robotic system concepts that can be used to assist in the construction process, or perform the tasks autonomously. Among other things, they suggest a roadmap that stresses the need for adapting structural components for robotic assembly, and determining appropriate levels of modularity, assembly, and component packaging. The roadmap also sets the development of experimental construction systems in parallel with components as an important milestone.
• Класс I: Предварительно интегрированные модули с жесткой оболочкой, готовые к немедленному использованию после доставки.
• Класс II: Префабрикованный комплект деталей, который собирается на поверхности после доставки.
• Класс III: Структура, созданная с использованием ресурсов на месте (ISRU) с интегрированными земными компонентами.
Planetary surface construction is the construction of artificial habitats and other structures on planetary surfaces. Planetary surface construction can be divided into three phases or classes, coinciding with a phased schedule for habitation:
• Class I: Pre integrated hard shell modules ready to use immediately upon delivery. • Class II: Prefabricated kit of parts that is surface assembled after delivery. • Class III: in situ resource utilization (ISRU) derived structure with integrated Earth components. Class I structures are prepared and tested on Earth, and are designed to be fully self contained habitats that can be delivered to the surface of other planets. In an initial mission to put human explorers on Mars, a Class I habitat would provide the bare minimum habitable facilities when continued support from Earth is not possible. The Class II structures call for a pre manufactured kit of parts system that has flexible capacity for demountability and reuse. Class II structures can be used to expand the facilities established by the initial Class I habitat, and can allow for the assembly of additional structures either before the crew arrives, or after their occupancy of the pre integrated habitat. The purpose of Class III structures is to allow for the construction of additional facilities that would support a larger population, and to develop the capacity for the local production of building materials and structures without the need for resupply from Earth. To facilitate the development of technology required to implement the three phases, Cohen and Kennedy (1997) stress the need to explore robust robotic system concepts that can be used to assist in the construction process, or perform the tasks autonomously. Among other things, they suggest a roadmap that stresses the need for adapting structural components for robotic assembly, and determining appropriate levels of modularity, assembly, and component packaging. The roadmap also sets the development of experimental construction systems in parallel with components as an important milestone.
Структуры класса I готовятся и испытываются на Земле и предназначены для того, чтобы быть полностью автономными местами обитания, которые могут быть доставлены на поверхность других планет. В рамках первоначальной миссии по отправке исследователей на Марс, среда обитания класса I обеспечит минимально необходимые условия для жизни, когда непрерывная поддержка с Земли станет невозможной. Конструкции класса II требуют предварительно изготовленного комплекта деталей, обладающего гибкими возможностями для демонтажа и повторного использования. Структуры класса II могут использоваться для расширения объектов, созданных первоначальной средой обитания класса I, и могут позволить сборку дополнительных сооружений либо до прибытия экипажа, либо после заселения предварительно интегрированной среды обитания. Целью конструкций класса III является обеспечение возможности возведения дополнительных объектов, способных поддерживать большую численность населения, а также развитие потенциала для местного производства строительных материалов и конструкций без необходимости поставок с Земли. Для содействия разработке технологий, необходимых для реализации трех фаз, Коэн и Кеннеди (1997) подчеркивают необходимость изучения надежных концепций роботизированных систем, которые могут использоваться для помощи в процессе строительства или для автономного выполнения задач. В частности, они предлагают дорожную карту, в которой подчеркивается необходимость адаптации конструктивных элементов для роботизированной сборки и определения соответствующих уровней модульности, сборки и компоновки. Дорожная карта также определяет разработку экспериментальных строительных систем параллельно с разработкой компонентов как важный этап.
Planetary surface construction is the construction of artificial habitats and other structures on planetary surfaces. Planetary surface construction can be divided into three phases or classes, coinciding with a phased schedule for habitation:
• Class I: Pre integrated hard shell modules ready to use immediately upon delivery. • Class II: Prefabricated kit of parts that is surface assembled after delivery. • Class III: in situ resource utilization (ISRU) derived structure with integrated Earth components. Class I structures are prepared and tested on Earth, and are designed to be fully self contained habitats that can be delivered to the surface of other planets. In an initial mission to put human explorers on Mars, a Class I habitat would provide the bare minimum habitable facilities when continued support from Earth is not possible. The Class II structures call for a pre manufactured kit of parts system that has flexible capacity for demountability and reuse. Class II structures can be used to expand the facilities established by the initial Class I habitat, and can allow for the assembly of additional structures either before the crew arrives, or after their occupancy of the pre integrated habitat. The purpose of Class III structures is to allow for the construction of additional facilities that would support a larger population, and to develop the capacity for the local production of building materials and structures without the need for resupply from Earth. To facilitate the development of technology required to implement the three phases, Cohen and Kennedy (1997) stress the need to explore robust robotic system concepts that can be used to assist in the construction process, or perform the tasks autonomously. Among other things, they suggest a roadmap that stresses the need for adapting structural components for robotic assembly, and determining appropriate levels of modularity, assembly, and component packaging. The roadmap also sets the development of experimental construction systems in parallel with components as an important milestone.
Цитаты
М. М. Коэн; К. Дж. Кеннеди (1997). Среды обитания и технологии строительства на поверхности: дорожная карта развития. В А. Нур, Дж. Малоун (ред.), Программы, финансируемые правительством, в области технологий строительства (NASA CP 97 206241, с. 75–96). Вашингтон, округ Колумбия, США: Национальное управление по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства. К. Дж. Кеннеди (2002). "Особенности космической архитектуры" (AIAA 2002-6102). 1-й симпозиум по космической архитектуре (SAS 2002), Хьюстон, Техас, США, 10–11 октября 2002 г. Рестон, Вирджиния, США: Американский институт аэронавтики и космонавтики. А. Смит (1993). Механика материалов при проектировании лунной базы. В Х. Бенаройя (ред.) Прикладная механика лунной базы, Обзор прикладной механики, том 46, № 6, с. 268–271.