Культура и искусство Ливии: история и современность

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Libyan culture is a blend of many influences, due to its exposure to many historical eras. Libya was an Italian colony for over four decades, which also had a great impact on the country's culture. Once an isolated society, Libyans succeeded in preserving their traditional folk customs alive today, now recognized by many as the most "pure" extant form of Arab culture found outside the Arabian Peninsula. Libyan culture places strong emphasis on family, tribal bonds, loyalty, solidarity and faithfulness. The majority of Libyans are Arab, and 96.6% are Sunni Muslims. The predominantly spoken language in Libya is Arabic. Italian and English are spoken in a minor level and in tourist areas. 95% of the country is desert and 90% of the Libyan population inhabit the coastline region as a result.

In February 2011, when the Libyan revolution took place, the national Transition Council reintroduced the old flag used by the kingdom prior to Gaddafi’s military coup in 1969. The flag consists of three colors: red, black and green, which represent the three major regions of the country, red for Fezzan, Black for Cyrenaica and green for Tripolitania; the crescent and star represent the main religion of Libya, Islam.

The Libyan civil war of 2011 sparked an awakening in the country's artistic development, inspiring a new generation of artists to use the medium of art to share their thoughts on Libyan politics, history, culture, and contemporary affairs. Contemporary Libyan artists, including Suhaib Tantoush, Mohammed Basheer, Shefa Salem, and Abdullah Hadia. Due to their nation's ongoing development, Suhaib Tantoush is an example of Libyan art that speaks to the struggles that its people endure. This may be observed in his caricature, where he captures the day to day hardships of Libyans—such as long waiting lines, blackouts, and post conflict crises—and so recalls the national struggle. The history and legacy of Libya are also depicted in art, as demonstrated by Shefa Salem in a Murel, who blended modern Libyan characters with Greek ancestry to represent Libya's legacy. In Libya, artistic expression has existed for thousands of years. The Tadrart Acacus mountain range in Libya is renowned and recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to the thousands of cave paintings and carvings that date back 14,000 years. These caverns, which span the Sahara Desert, have animal engravings and depict scenes from times when the desert was habitable. The Central Sanaran rock art located in southwest Libya on the Messak plateau. The Pastoral style of rock art are characterized by expressive outline paintings of cattle. Prior to the war, Libyan art was also well known. Prominent artists from the country included Mohamed Zwawi(1936 5 June 2011), a pioneer of Libyan cartoons whose lighthearted depictions of daily life have featured in publications like at Tawra and Al Amal. The Arab world has given the artist a lot of praise.

Libyan dishes borrow from the Arabic, Mediterranean and Italian cultures that met in the area. Libyan soup is a very famous dish throughout Libya and is often presented as a starter. It is considered to be an important dish in Ramadan, where people usually break their fast with soup (after having a glass of milk and a couple of dates). It is a thick highly spiced soup, known simply as Shba Arabiya, or "Arabian soup". It contains many of the ingredients from many other Libyan dishes, including onions, tomatoes, meat (chicken or lamb), chili peppers, cayenne pepper, saffron, chickpeas, mint, cilantro, and parsley. Bazeen or Bazin is also a very recognizable Libyan food. It is made of a mixture of barley flour, with a little plain flour. The flour is boiled in salted water to make a hard dough, then is kneaded into a semi spherical ball and placed in the middle of a large bowl (women sit on the floor and hold the pan between their legs while using a wooden ladle to mix and kneed the dough to its solid and thick consistency), around which the sauce is poured. The sauce around the dough is made by frying chopped onions with lamb meat, adding turmeric, salt, cayenne pepper, black pepper, fenugreek, sweet paprika, and tomato paste. Potatoes can also be added. Finally, eggs are boiled and arranged around the dome. The dish is then served with a well known Libyan salad/complement of pickled carrots, cucumber and chili peppers, known as amasyar. As for Libyan women, the traditional outfit differs slightly from one region to another; however, the general outfit consists of a blouse with baggy sleeves that are embroidered with beads and silver/gold thread and baggy silk trousers that have an elastic band at the bottom. On top of that, women wear brightly colored cloths are made into dresses like togas and held together by silver brooches. Women in the rural areas use heavy woven rug like cloths due to the climate. The head is covered using a colorful cloth embellished with colorful pom poms. Libyan women wear large pieces of gold or silver jewelry. The neckwear usually goes down to the knees and the bracelets are 4–6 inches wide. The large silver brooches used to attach the cloth are now replaced with gold and are usually decorated with a “Khamaisah”, a hand shaped symbol, or other charms that are believed to keep the evil eye off. The tinde drum and a imzad, which are only performed by women, are the instruments utilized. In Libya, women play a significant part in music. Traditional bands are groups of women that perform at gatherings and weddings specifically for women. They sing rhyming lines that vividly and frequently depict Libyan culture and heritage. Libyan musician Dania Ben Sassi gained rapid attention in 2011 and 2013 for producing and developing Amazigh music that honors the Amazigh people's resistance and features her Tamazight singing. Specific recordings of music in the Tamazight language became quite popular among western Libyans during and after the 2011 revolution, and seen through networks that extended into Tunisia and the larger Maghreb area. The word "Zimzamat" in Libya refers to a live band; these bands are typically made up of female musicians and are played at parties, weddings, and even everyday events. Remarkably, zimzamat is also present in the most opulent event spaces in Tripoli. Wedding halls frequently have two stages: one for the live band and one for the bride and groom. When it comes to music, they are customarily cheerful, enjoyable, and meet social expectations. Throughout the 42 year dictatorship of Muammar Gaddafi, western music was outlawed in Libya, and non Arabic instruments were burned in public places all around the country. As a result, radio broadcasts and television would not play non Arabic music. In contrast, Libyan music was widely revered and played as part of the country's customs. At the 2011 Libyan Revolution, the people of Libya then rebelled against Gaddafi banning of western music.

Government control over the media has resulted in much of the population preferring to entertain itself by watching videos or foreign stations via satellite. Libyan television programmes are mostly in Arabic with a 30 minute news broadcast each evening in English and French. It is also possible to watch the occasional sports programs. However, the majority of programming is cultural and thus showcases more traditional Libyan music and entertainment. Libya's daily newspaper is Al Fajr al Jadid and is published in Tripoli. Foreign newspapers are available, but are often very out of date by the time they reach the shops.

The tribal system has been a persistent aspect of Libyan society throughout history. From before the Roman era, coastal Libya was separated into two separate provinces: Tripolitania in the west, centered around Tripoli, and Cyrenaica in the east, centered on Benghazi. Libya appears to have been split along the classic east west lines once more as a result of the 2011 civil war. The largest tribes include the Warfalla, Zuwayyah, Qadhadhfa, and Magarha. two administrations have been fighting for  political control in Libya: one is headquartered in Tripoli (west) and is led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, while the other is in the east and is backed by Marshal Khalifa Haftar.