Пирамида: История развития и противоречия торговых центров в штате Нью-Йорк

Pyramid Management Group (also known as The Pyramid Companies) is an American real estate development company founded in 1968 by Robert J. Congel. It is the largest privately held shopping mall development firm in the Northeastern United States, with a large concentration on New York State. In a couple years, Pyramid had begun developing shopping centers in Upstate New York. Their first three were Pyramid Mall Johnstown in Johnstown, New York, Pyramid Mall Fulton in Fulton, New York, and Pyramid Mall Oneonta in Oneonta, New York. All three malls opened in 1972. Each mall featured a White Modell's department store and Loblaws supermarket as anchors. These malls were much smaller, community type centers compared to the company's later projects. Pyramid's next shopping centers, regarded as their "pioneer malls", were Pyramid Mall Ithaca (later The Shops at Ithaca Mall) in Lansing, New York, Pyramid Mall Plattsburgh (later Champlain Centre South) in Plattsburgh, New York, and Pyramid Mall Saratoga (later Saratoga Mall) in Saratoga Springs, New York. All three malls opened in 1975 and marked the beginning of widespread changes in shopping center construction and ownership. Of these three malls, the Plattsburgh and Saratoga properties were demolished for strip centers, but the Ithaca property is still in operation as of September 2020. Following these initial successes, Pyramid began a rapid expansion. By 1976 they had completed 22 shopping centers, several office buildings and project for Syracuse University. The founding partners split in 1978 to pursue their individual passions. Congel wanted to concentrate on shopping mall development, whereas Falcone and Scuderi were more interested in the office market. According to a 1998 Business West article: Pyramid brings to the table a sophisticated knowledge of land use and zoning laws and a mastery of local political processes to achieve its ends. A common tactic is to employ litigation as a means of forcing cities and towns, where tax assessment offices are often undermanned and poorly equipped, to lower tax obligations on Pyramid properties. These methods triggered controversy and lawsuits, and Pyramid became known for their conflicts with small business owners, residents, and environmentalists. A notable example of the latter is Pyramid's plan for construction of Crossgates Mall in a suburb just outside Albany, New York. Under subsidiaries, the company purchased parcels in the Pine Bush, one of the largest of the world's 20 remaining inland pine barrens. When revealed in 1978, residents and local environmentalists sued the company under the New York State Environmental Quality Review Act, intending to halt construction. While the mall was completed and opened in 1984, the environmentalists won a number of legal battles, establishing environmental case law. The battle resulted in the formation of environmental group Save the Pine Bush, which remains in active legal conflict over Pyramid controlled properties in the Pine Bush nearly four decades later. According to a 1988 Boston Globe profile, the Pyramid Companies established a reputation not only as the biggest and fastest growing builder of shopping malls around, but also as a corporate operator aggressive, prolific and proud of it. One company executive referred to Pyramid's squadrons of young executives as "the Green Berets of mall building." In order to plan, finance, construct, and litigate on behalf of these complex projects, corporate headhunters would recruit talented lawyers and M. B. A. s from prestigious colleges and universities, seeking those who would thrive in the company's intense, fast paced environment and work any schedule necessary to complete a project. Many of the company's alumni would go on to establish their own development companies and legal firms around the country.

In 1998, Congel made an attempt to sell his shopping center empire to General Growth Properties for $4 Billion. His eldest son held up the deal, resulting in disgruntled Pyramid partners, who ultimately sued and then settled for an undisclosed sum. It is believed that sometime in 2002, the company received an offer for $6 Billion.

Pyramid has generally practiced a stealth development strategy, targeting potentially under valued land already zoned for commercial use, which they then purchase their own financing. After adequate parcels have been acquired, they announce their development project and begin the process of obtaining municipal approvals. A notable exception to this strategy is Destiny USA, which the company promoted as a boon to the Syracuse, New York region and Upstate New York. According to a 1998 Business West article, a town supervisor from Watertown, New York, once referred to Pyramid's actions as a 'con job.' Following this statement, Pyramid filed a libel suit against the supervisor, who responded: "Where they might fail, they threaten legal action to attempt to intimidate [ ] they file lawsuits based on distortions, half truths and falsehoods. They try to portray themselves as good corporate citizens by throwing a few nickels and dimes around for PR purposes. Greed is their motivation, and only greed. I would never trust anything they say. They are the worst kind of corporate citizen." Whereas Pyramid will often maintain ownership and management of their projects for many years following construction, they periodically sell off their properties. When they do so they often use the "financial tear parts" strategy, such as was done at Pyramid Mall Saratoga in the Saratoga Springs, New York suburb of Wilton during the late 1980s. The theory of the strategy is that optimum profit from a development can be achieved by deconstructing the ownership into financial "tear parts", the aggregate sale price of which would exceed the sale price for entire unit. In the case of Pyramid Mall Saratoga, Pyramid sold the land, structure, and management contracts each to separate investors. Pyramid is a dominant player in the Northeastern region along with Simon Property Group, and Brookfield (formerly General Growth). In 2021 it was reported that out of the 20 most visited shopping centers in America, four are owned by Pyramid, Destiny USA in Syracuse, New York, Palisades Center in West Nyack, New York, Walden Galleria in Buffalo, New York, and Crossgates Mall in Albany, New York.

In November 2014, the Pyramid owned Walden Galleria in Buffalo, NY was involved in a national controversy regarding their Black Friday policy. Mall management told their tenants that they must open at 6:00pm on Thanksgiving Day, or be fined $200 for every hour,

The Congel family is the largest privately held shopping center developer in the Northeastern region. They have also appeared on the billionaires list.

Crossgates Commons Albany, New York Opened 1994 adjacent to Crossgates Mall.

The following is a list of malls and power centers that were either closed by Pyramid, or sold to another company.