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Содержание
Введение
Гибкий рукав, используемый для подачи воды или пены под высоким давлением для тушения пожаров – это тип шланга. Пожарный рукав (или пожарный шланг) – это рукав высокого давления, предназначенный для подачи воды или других огнезащитных веществ (например, пены) на очаг возгорания для его тушения. На открытом воздухе он подключается к пожарной машине, пожарному гидранту или переносной пожарной помпе. Внутри зданий он может быть постоянно присоединен к стояку или водопроводной системе здания. Обычно рабочее давление пожарного рукава варьируется, однако согласно стандарту NFPA 1961, его давление разрыва превышает 110 бар (11 000 кПа; 1600 psi).
Flexible tube used for delivering water or foam at high pressure, to fight fires
the type of hose
Рукав является одним из основных и важнейших элементов пожарного оборудования, необходимым для подачи воды как из открытых водоемов, так и из систем водоснабжения под давлением. Рукава делятся на две категории в зависимости от назначения: всасывающие и напорные рукава. После использования пожарный рукав обычно развешивают для просушки, поскольку застоявшаяся вода, остающаяся в рукаве в течение длительного времени, может привести к его износу и потере надежности или пригодности к использованию. Поэтому на типичной пожарной станции часто имеется высокая конструкция для размещения рукава во время профилактического обслуживания, известная как рукавная башня. В некоторых случаях пожарные рукава используются для контроля толпы (см. также водяные пушки), например, Буллом Коннором во время кампании в Бирмингеме против протестующих в ходе Движения за гражданские права в 1963 году.
A fire hose (or firehose) is a high pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as foam) to a fire to extinguish it. Outdoors, it attaches either to a fire engine, fire hydrant, or a portable fire pump. Indoors, it can permanently attach to a building's standpipe or plumbing system. The usual working pressure of a firehose can vary between while per the NFPA 1961 Fire Hose Standard, its bursting pressure is in excess of 110 bar. (11,000kPa; 1600psi)
Hose is one of the basic, essential pieces of fire fighting equipment. It is necessary to convey water either from an open water supply, or pressurized water supply. Hoses are divided into two categories, based on their use: suction hose, and delivery hose. After use, a fire hose is usually hung to dry, because standing water that remains in a hose for a long time can deteriorate the material and render it unreliable or unusable. Therefore, the typical fire station often has a high structure to accommodate the length of a hose for such preventive maintenance, known as a hose tower. On occasion, fire hoses are used for crowd control (see also water cannon), including by Bull Connor in the Birmingham campaign against protesters during the Civil Rights Movement in 1963.
Типы
Существует несколько типов шлангов, специально разработанных для пожарной службы. Те, которые предназначены для работы под положительным давлением, называются напорными шлангами; они включают в себя: напорный шланг, подающий шланг, релейный шланг, лесохозяйственный шланг и бочковый шланг. Те, которые предназначены для работы под отрицательным давлением, называются всасывающими шлангами.
There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. NameDefinition Attack Attack hose is a fabric covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from and is designed to operate at pressures up to about The standard length is 50 feet (15 m). Supply and relay hoses Supply and relay hoses are large diameter, fabric covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from They are designed to operate at pressures up to about for the smaller diameters and up to for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 feet (30 m). Suction hose Suction hose, sometimes called hard suction hose, is usually a rubber covered, semi rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard suction hose comprises multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from The standard length is 10 feet (3 m). Another suction hose, called a soft suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
НазваниеОпределение
There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. NameDefinition Attack Attack hose is a fabric covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from and is designed to operate at pressures up to about The standard length is 50 feet (15 m). Supply and relay hoses Supply and relay hoses are large diameter, fabric covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from They are designed to operate at pressures up to about for the smaller diameters and up to for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 feet (30 m). Suction hose Suction hose, sometimes called hard suction hose, is usually a rubber covered, semi rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard suction hose comprises multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from The standard length is 10 feet (3 m). Another suction hose, called a soft suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
Напорный шланг: Напорный шланг – это гибкий шланг, покрытый тканью, используемый для подачи воды от пожарного насоса к стволу. Этот шланг имеет номинальный внутренний диаметр от и предназначен для работы при давлении до около. Стандартная длина составляет 50 футов (15 м).
There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. NameDefinition Attack Attack hose is a fabric covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from and is designed to operate at pressures up to about The standard length is 50 feet (15 m). Supply and relay hoses Supply and relay hoses are large diameter, fabric covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from They are designed to operate at pressures up to about for the smaller diameters and up to for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 feet (30 m). Suction hose Suction hose, sometimes called hard suction hose, is usually a rubber covered, semi rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard suction hose comprises multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from The standard length is 10 feet (3 m). Another suction hose, called a soft suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
Подающие и релейные шланги: Подающие и релейные шланги – это шланги большого диаметра, покрытые тканью, используемые для подачи воды из удаленного гидранта к пожарному насосу или для ретрансляции воды от одного насоса к другому на большое расстояние. Эти шланги имеют номинальный внутренний диаметр от. Они предназначены для работы при давлении до ~ для меньших диаметров и до ~ для больших диаметров. Стандартная длина составляет 100 футов (30 м).
There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. NameDefinition Attack Attack hose is a fabric covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from and is designed to operate at pressures up to about The standard length is 50 feet (15 m). Supply and relay hoses Supply and relay hoses are large diameter, fabric covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from They are designed to operate at pressures up to about for the smaller diameters and up to for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 feet (30 m). Suction hose Suction hose, sometimes called hard suction hose, is usually a rubber covered, semi rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard suction hose comprises multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from The standard length is 10 feet (3 m). Another suction hose, called a soft suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
Всасывающий шланг: Всасывающий шланг, иногда называемый жестким всасывающим шлангом, обычно представляет собой резиновый, полужесткий шланг с внутренним металлическим усилением. Он используется для забора воды из источников без давления, таких как пруды, реки или бассейны, в целях защиты от лесных пожаров. Жесткий всасывающий шланг состоит из нескольких слоев резины и ткани, охватывающих внутреннюю спираль из стальной проволоки. Некоторые очень гибкие жесткие всасывающие шланги используют тонкое поливинилхлоридное покрытие с поливинилхлоридной пластиковой спиралью. Номинальный внутренний диаметр всасывающего шланга составляет. Стандартная длина составляет 10 футов (3 м).
There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. NameDefinition Attack Attack hose is a fabric covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from and is designed to operate at pressures up to about The standard length is 50 feet (15 m). Supply and relay hoses Supply and relay hoses are large diameter, fabric covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from They are designed to operate at pressures up to about for the smaller diameters and up to for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 feet (30 m). Suction hose Suction hose, sometimes called hard suction hose, is usually a rubber covered, semi rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard suction hose comprises multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from The standard length is 10 feet (3 m). Another suction hose, called a soft suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
Другой всасывающий шланг, называемый мягким всасывающим шлангом, фактически представляет собой короткий участок гибкого напорного шланга, покрытого тканью, используемый для соединения всасывающего патрубка пожарного насоса с гидрантом под давлением. Это не настоящий всасывающий шланг, поскольку он не выдерживает отрицательного давления.
There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. NameDefinition Attack Attack hose is a fabric covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from and is designed to operate at pressures up to about The standard length is 50 feet (15 m). Supply and relay hoses Supply and relay hoses are large diameter, fabric covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from They are designed to operate at pressures up to about for the smaller diameters and up to for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 feet (30 m). Suction hose Suction hose, sometimes called hard suction hose, is usually a rubber covered, semi rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard suction hose comprises multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from The standard length is 10 feet (3 m). Another suction hose, called a soft suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
Для покрытий и футеровок используются синтетические каучуки, которые обеспечивают различную степень устойчивости к химическим веществам, температуре, озону, ультрафиолетовому (УФ) излучению, плесени, грибку и истиранию. Различные покрытия и футеровки выбираются для конкретных областей применения.
There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. NameDefinition Attack Attack hose is a fabric covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from and is designed to operate at pressures up to about The standard length is 50 feet (15 m). Supply and relay hoses Supply and relay hoses are large diameter, fabric covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from They are designed to operate at pressures up to about for the smaller diameters and up to for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 feet (30 m). Suction hose Suction hose, sometimes called hard suction hose, is usually a rubber covered, semi rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard suction hose comprises multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from The standard length is 10 feet (3 m). Another suction hose, called a soft suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
Силы на пожарных шлангах и соплах
Во время работы пожарные шланги должны выдерживать высокие растягивающие усилия. Они возникают как из-за давления, так и из-за потока. Величина осевого натяжения в пожарном шланге определяется формулой:
Fire hoses must sustain high tensile forces during operation. These arise from both pressure and flow. The magnitude of the axial tension in a fire hose is
где p – давление в шланге относительно атмосферного давления, A1 – площадь поперечного сечения шланга, ρ – плотность воды, а Q – объемный расход. Это натяжение остается неизменным независимо от угла изгиба шланга. Когда к шлангу подключено сопло и происходит выброс воды, сопло необходимо фиксировать с помощью упора, например, руками пожарного. Этот упор должен оказывать силу в направлении струи, которая называется реактивной силой сопла. Величина реактивной силы сопла равна импульсу потока,
where p is pressure in the hose relative to the ambient pressure, A1 is the hose cross sectional area, ρ is the water density, and Q is the volumetric flow rate. This tension is the same regardless of the bend angle of the hose. When a nozzle is connected to a hose and water is ejected, the nozzle must be restrained by an anchor such as the hands of a firefighter. This anchor must apply a force in the direction of the spray, which is called the nozzle reaction. The magnitude of the nozzle reaction is the jet momentum flow rate,
где A2 – площадь поперечного сечения сопла.
where A2 is the cross sectional area of the nozzle.