Lacrosse stick

Stick used to play the sport of lacrosse
A lacrosse stick or crosse is used to play the sport of lacrosse. Players use the lacrosse stick to handle the ball and to strike or "check" opposing players' sticks, causing them to drop the ball. The head of a lacrosse stick is roughly triangular in shape and is strung with loose netting that allows the ball to be caught, carried (known as "cradling"), passed, or shot.

Modern day lacrosse descends from and resembles games played by various Native American communities. Many of those games closely resemble what is now known as stickball. Many early stickball sticks were essentially giant wooden spoons with no netting. More advanced sticks featured one end being bent into a 4 to 5 inch diameter circle. This circle would have netting made of wattup, and later on deer sinew. The tension in the netting of the stick allowed for players to strike the ball as someone would do in tennis. These sticks were typically 2 to 5 feet long and were bent into shape after being softened with steam. This variation was played by many Great Lakes tribes. Some tribes would use two sticks to play. The player would carry the ball by sandwiching it between the two sticks. This two stick variation was played by many southeastern and southwestern tribes. The modern one stick version of lacrosse is most closely modeled after the Iroquois. The sticks used by the Iroquois featured a U shaped head rather than a circular one closely resembled the wooden sticks used today. Players received a stick when they were born and were buried with their stick when they died. The practice still exists today to some degree, but Native Americans are not to be presented with or buried with a plastic modern lacrosse stick. Many stickball players decorated their sticks with the hair animals like horses or raccoons hoping to match that animals speed and agility. During grand matches or special events some players would decorate their sticks with feathers or dye their sticks different colors as a form of customization. He hired various native stickmakers to facilitate the assembly line style process. This company would close during World War Two and sold their equipment to the Chilsholm Lacrosse Manufacturing Company. During the great depression Colin Chisholm, and the Roundpoint brothers (who had worked in the Lally factory previously) started a competing lacrosse manufacturing company known as the Chisholm Lacrosse Manufacturing Company. This company operated on Cornwall Island, part of the Akwesasne Mohawk reserve, and had dozens of Mohawk stick makers working for it. At one point the Chisholm factory was believed to be producing as much as 97 percent of the worlds lacrosse sticks. They also supplied college teams and major lacrosse companies such as Brine with sticks. In 1968, the Chisholm factory burnt down. The ensuing shortage of lacrosse sticks likely sped up the transition to plastic lacrosse sticks. In 1937, Robert Pool designed the first double walled stick head, it was not used at the time but the design influenced the creation of today's plastic lacrosse heads.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s companies such as Brine and STX began experimenting with different materials to develop lacrosse sticks. The Brine company was founded in early 1920s and had developed other wooden sticks. It also experimented with materials such as laminated wood, fibreglass, plastic, and aluminum. STX was founded in the 1960s in Baltimore by lacrosse players working for WT Burnett, a plastics company. They were experimenting with various lighter synthetic materials. Brine settled on a Dupont plastic called "Surlyn", while STX settled on Dupont "Adiprene" urethane rubber. These sticks were also what is now referred to as "non offset" or "onset". Offset lacrosse heads would be introduced in the mid 1990s and is extremely common on newer lacrosse heads. Early lacrosse sticks were extremely basic with little complexity in selecting equipment. Players essentially only needed to select the brand of stick they wanted, and from their selected the stick that brand offered for their position. On July 2, 1974 the patent was granted to STX for pocket mesh. By the 1980s, mesh had largely replaced traditional mesh as the preferred stick stringing method. In the 1981 Brine released the Brine "Magnum" which was an early attempt at a pinched head. In the late 1980s, Brine released the Brine "Shotgun" and the "Shotgun II" which further developed the pinched head idea.

On August 18, 1995, Brine filed the patent for the "scooped" head which featured what we now know as offset. As shown in the original patent, offset is when sidewall curves in order to form a scoop like shape. On December 5, 1995 Brine filed the patent for the Brine "Edge", it would be the first head to feature an offset design and it quickly began to dominate the playing space. The patent for the offset in the Brine Edge was slightly different than original offset patent, it featured sidewalls that extended from a lower point of the base rather than simply curving from the top of the base. The creation of offset technology was revolutionary technology for lacrosse heads, it allowed for the ball to sit lower on the axis of the shaft which increased control and feel for the ball. Within a few years offset sticks became the norm. In 1999, Brine filed a patent infringement against STX for their three offset (or forward cant) heads: the "X2", the "Proton", and the "Octane". After trial, it was ruled that STX had willingly infringed on the patent of the Brine Edge and awarded damages in favor of Brine. STX was also barred from selling their three offset heads, however the X2 and the Proton would later go on to have other variations made. The lacrosse stick is given its shape through steam bending. Holes are drilled in the top portion of the head and the sidewall (i. e., the side of the stick head), permitting weaving of string, which is then hardened by dipping them in resin. Leather "runners" are strung from the top of the "head" to the "throat" of the stick. Then nylon string is woven in to create the pocket. The wooden lacrosse stick dates back to the creation of the sport and is still made by craftsmen around the world. A modern lacrosse stick consists of a plastic molded head attached to a metal or composite shaft. The head is strung with nylon or leather strings to form a pocket. The dimensions of the stick (length, width, sidewall height, and depth of the pocket) are governed by league rules, such as NCAA rules for collegiate players or World Lacrosse rules for international players. For field players in men's lacrosse, the head of the stick must be wide at its widest point under NCAA rules. In order to prevent the ball from being stuck in the crosse, the two sidewalls cannot be any closer than 3 inches at any point between 1.25 inches from the throat of the head, to 5 inches from the throat of the head. When it reaches 5 inches from the throat of the head, the sidewalls may be between 3.5 inches apart and 4 inches apart on the front of the head, and must be 3.5 inches apart on the back of the head. The head of the stick must also be a minimum of 10 inches in length; length is measured from the outside of the head to the beginning of the throat. The head of the goalie's stick is much larger and must be between 10 and 12 inches wide under NCAA rules or up to 15 inches (38 cm) wide under World Lacrosse rules. A goalie head may not exceed 16.5 inches in length.

The pocket of the head is where the ball is carried and caught. It consists of interwoven string attached to the head. Traditional stringing with leather strings interwoven with nylon has declined in popularity in favor of synthetic mesh stringing. Mesh is typically made of nylon and comes in a variety of diamond configurations, which can affect the pocket's throwing and retention characteristics. The typical mesh pocket uses four main nylon strings to affix the mesh piece to the head: a topstring, two sidewalls, and a bottom string. The topstring is often made of a slightly thicker string, in order to resist the abrasive forces that come from scooping the ball up. The sidewalls are used to affix individual mesh diamonds to the sidewall holes on the sidewall of the head. The sidewalls have the most effect on the pocket's performance, as they dictate the placement of the pocket in the head, the tightness of the channel of the pocket, and even the pocket depth. The bottom string is used to fine tune the pocket depth, and serves to keep the ball from slipping through the bottom of the pocket. In addition to the four strings used to affix the mesh piece, shooting strings are woven through the diamonds of the mesh in order to help fine tune the pocket's characteristics. They can either be made of typical nylon string, or a hockey style lace. Shooting strings are often used in straight, U, or V shapes. They serve to increase the pocket's hold on the ball, as well as fine tune the way the stick throws. They can act to change the tension of various portions of the pocket, helping to create a "ramp" for the ball to roll along as it exits the pocket.

This section uses the World Lacrosse official women's field lacrosse rule book. There may be differences in exact measurements throughout different levels of play.

NCAA rules dictate that the head of a woman's stick may be from seven to nine inches wide at its widest point. World Lacrosse rules require the widest point of the head to be a minimum of 16 centimeters or roughly 6.3 inches for plastic heads. The inside width of the stick must continually increase from the ball stop to the widest point of the head. Goalie sticks have a maximum length of 42 centimeters (16.5 inches). The sidewall height must be a minimum of 2.54 centimeters (1 inch) and a maximum of 5.1 centimeters (2 inches). although traditional stringing remains a popular option. When strung traditionally, the pocket is allowed to have between two and five runners, and between eight and twelve stitches of cross lacing. Each runner must run the full length of the head. The stringing of the stick must be attached to the bottom of the sidewall as opposed to the top. Women's lacrosse sticks are permitted to have two shooting strings. The top shooting string must be attached to the top third of the head. Unlike in men's lacrosse, the bottom shooting string may be in an "inverted U" shape so long as the shooting string connects to the side wall in the top half of the head. The legal depth of a women's stick pocket is determined by the following test: the top of the lacrosse ball, when placed in the pocket, must remain above the top edge of the sidewall. The rules for stringing a goalie stick differ from a field players stick. When a goalie stick is strung traditionally, they are required to have 6 or 7 runners, while also using eight to twelve stitches of cross lacing. A goalie has no restrictions for the placement or design of shooter strings so long as the ball can move freely in the stick. A goalie stick may have unlimited pocket depth so long as the ball can move freely. Goalies may play with a shaft that is 90 to 135 centimeters (35.4 to 53.1 inches) long. Players under the age of 15 are allowed to use sticks shorter than 90 centimeters so that play can be more comfortable. Shafts may be constructed of wood, metal alloy, or another composite material.