Rahima Banu

Last known person to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola major smallpox

Rahima Banu Begum (; born 16 October 1972) is the last known person to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola major smallpox, the more deadly variety of the disease.

Rahima Banu's case of smallpox at three years old was reported to the public health officials on 16 October 1975. Her family lived in the village of Kuralia on Bhola Island in the Bangladeshi district of Barisal. Her case was reported to the local Smallpox Eradication Program team by an eight year old girl, Bilkisunnessa, who was paid 250 taka. Information on the case was forwarded via telegram to Donald Henderson, who led the World Health Organization's (WHO) campaign to eradicate the disease. Following care provided by the WHO, Banu was declared cured on 24 November 1975. Scabs of the virus from her body were transferred to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) office in Atlanta, where they are currently stored along with hundreds of other samples. Bhola Island remained under disease surveillance for ring vaccination of those with potential contact to her family. Her smallpox sample is formally known as "Bangladesh 1975" and informally described as the "Rahima strain".

Aside from her work as a housewife, Banu generated income for her family by posing for photos. In a 2009 interview, Banu lamented discrimination against her and her four children over health misinformation. After marrying a farmer at age 18, she sustained harassment from her in laws over her widespread association with infectious disease. In 2023, Banu criticized media depictions of her case as a public health success because her family's poverty has limited its access to safe housing, quality health care, and education for their children. Still, she expressed pride at contributing to the eradication of smallpox.