Сравнивайте с английским: нажмите на абзац — оригинал откроется в окне. Кнопка EN под абзацем показывает его прямо в тексте.
Содержание
Введение
Соединенные Штаты Америки – страна, расположенная преимущественно в Северной Америке. Демография Соединенных Штатов охватывает вопросы плотности населения, этнического состава, уровня образования, здоровья населения, экономического положения, религиозной принадлежности и других аспектов, касающихся населения.
none
The United States is a country primarily located in North America. Demographics of the United States concern matters of population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects regarding the population.
Историческая перепись населения
В следующей таблице представлены данные о численности населения за период с 1610 по 2020 год. Переписи населения не включали коренных американцев в 1610 году и вновь после 1860 года.
Поселения средних колоний были разбросаны к западу от Нью-Йорка, Нью-Йорк (основан в 1626 году голландцами, перешел под контроль англичан в 1664 году) и Филадельфии, Пенсильвания (основан в 1682 году). Голландская колония Нью-Йорк отличалась разнообразием жителей из разных стран и процветала как крупный торговый и коммерческий центр после 1700 года. В течение десятилетий после эмиграции туда, преимущественно из Северных Мидлендсов Англии, примерно с 1680 по 1725 год, Пенсильванией доминировали квакеры. Главным коммерческим центром Филадельфии управляли в основном состоятельные квакеры, дополнявшиеся многочисленными небольшими фермерскими и торговыми общинами с сильным немецким влиянием, расположенными в долине реки Делавэр. Начиная примерно с 1680 года, когда была основана Пенсильвания, в средние колонии прибыло множество новых поселенцев, и многие протестантские секты были привлечены туда ради свободы вероисповедания и доступной дешевой земли. Примерно 60% этих поселенцев были немецкого происхождения, а 33% – английского. К 1780 году около 27% населения Нью-Йорка составляли потомки голландских поселенцев (55 000 из 204 000). В Нью-Джерси проживали оставшиеся голландцы, составлявшие 14% населения в 140 000 человек. Остальные были в основном англичанами, с примесью других европейцев и около 6% афроамериканцев. В Нью-Джерси и Делавере большинство населения составляли британцы, 20% – колонисты немецкого происхождения, около 6% – афроамериканцы, а также небольшая группа потомков шведов из Новой Швеции. Почти все они были коренными жителями как минимум третьего поколения.
The middle colonies' settlements were scattered west of New York City, New York (est. 1626 by Dutch, taken over by the English in 1664) and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (est. 1682). The Dutch started colony of New York had an eclectic collection of residents from many different nations and prospered as a major trading and commercial center after about 1700. Pennsylvania was dominated by the Quakers for decades after they emigrated there, mainly from the North Midlands of England, from about 1680 to 1725. The main commercial center of Philadelphia was run mostly by prosperous Quakers, supplemented by many small farming and trading communities with strong German contingents located in the Delaware River valley. Many more settlers arrived in the middle colonies starting in about 1680, when Pennsylvania was founded, and many Protestant sects were encouraged to settle there for freedom of religion and good, cheap land. These settlers were of about 60% German and 33% English extraction. By 1780 about 27% of New York's population were descendants of Dutch settlers (55,000 of 204,000). New Jersey was home to the remaining Dutch and they constituted 14% of the population of 140,000. The rest were mostly English with a mixture of other Europeans and about 6% Blacks. New Jersey and Delaware had a majority of British with 20% German descended colonists, about a 6% black population, and a small contingent of Swedish descendants of New Sweden. Nearly all were at least third generation natives.
Юг
Основной чертой экономики Вирджинии, Мэриленда и Южной Каролины были крупные плантации, выращивавшие экспортные культуры, в особенности табак и рис. За пределами плантаций землю обрабатывали независимые фермеры, которые арендовали её у землевладельцев или (чаще всего) владели ею. Они делали акцент на натуральном хозяйстве, чтобы обеспечивать продовольствием свои большие семьи. Многие ирландские иммигранты специализировались на производстве ржаного виски, который они продавали для получения наличных денег. К 1700 году население Мэриленда составляло около 25 000 человек, а к 1750 году увеличилось более чем в пять раз, достигнув 130 000. К 1755 году около 40% населения Мэриленда составляли афроамериканцы.
The main feature of the economy in Virginia, Maryland and South Carolina was large plantations growing staples for export, especially tobacco and rice. Outside the plantations, land was farmed by independent farmers who rented from the proprietors, or (most often) owned it outright. They emphasized subsistence farming to grow food for their large families. Many of the Irish immigrants specialized in making rye whiskey, which they sold to obtain cash. In Maryland, by 1700 there were about 25,000 people and by 1750 that had grown more than 5 times to 130,000. By 1755, about 40% of Maryland's population was black.
Граница
С 1717 по 1775 год западные границы заселяли в основном пресвитерианские поселенцы, прибывшие из Шотландии и Ирландии. Первоначально поселенцы высаживались в Филадельфии или Балтиморе, а затем переселялись на запад в поисках более дешевых земель.
From 1717 to 1775 the western frontier was populated primarily by Presbyterian settlers who migrated from Scotland and Ireland. Frontier settlers initially landed in Philadelphia or Baltimore before migrating to the western frontier for the cheaper land.
Иммиграция с 1791 по 1849 год
В первые годы существования Соединенных Штатов иммиграция составляла в среднем около 6000 человек в год, включая французских беженцев от восстания рабов на Гаити. Французская революция, начавшаяся в 1789 году, и Наполеоновские войны с 1792 по 1814 год серьезно ограничили иммиграцию из Европы. Война 1812 года (1812–1814) с Великобританией вновь препятствовала значительной иммиграции. К 1808 году Конгресс запретил перевозку рабов, что привело к резкому сокращению этой торговли людьми. После 1820 года иммиграция постепенно увеличилась. Впервые стали вестись федеральные записи, включая списки пассажиров судов, предназначенные для учета иммигрантов. Общая иммиграция за 1820 год составила 8385 человек, постепенно увеличившись до 23 322 к 1830 году, при этом за десятилетие иммигрировало 143 000 человек. С 1831 по 1840 год иммиграция значительно возросла, достигнув 599 000 человек, поскольку 207 000 ирландцев, еще до голода 1845–1849 годов, начали эмигрировать в больших количествах, поскольку Великобритания ослабила ограничения на поездки. 152 000 немцев, 76 000 британцев и 46 000 французов составили следующие по численности группы иммигрантов в это десятилетие. С 1841 по 1850 год иммиграция резко возросла до 1 713 000 человек, включая по крайней мере 781 000 ирландцев, покинувших свою родину, чтобы избежать нищеты или смерти во время голода 1845–1849 годов. В попытке перенаправить часть этого потока и помочь в заселении Канады, британцы предложили льготные тарифы в 15 шиллингов за проезд в Канаду вместо обычных 5 фунтов (100 шиллингов). Тысячи бедных ирландцев воспользовались этим предложением и отправились в Канаду на так называемых "кораблях-гробах" из-за высокой смертности на них. По прибытии в Канаду многие ирландцы переходили границу пешком или садились на прибрежный грузовой фрахтовальщик до ближайшего крупного города в Соединенных Штатах – обычно Бостона или Нью-Йорка. Неурожай картофеля и неудачи революций потрясли сердце Европы в 1848 году, что способствовало общему количеству в 435 000 немцев, 267 000 британцев и 77 000 французских иммигрантов в Америку за десятилетие. Тяжелые времена в Европе вынуждали людей покидать свои дома, а земля, родственники, свобода, возможности и работа в Америке привлекали их.
In the early years of the United States, immigration average about 6,000 people per year, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. The French Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Napoleonic Wars from 1792 to 1814 severely limited immigration from Europe. The War of 1812 (1812–1814) with Britain again prevented any significant immigration. By 1808 Congress had banned the transport of slaves, slowing that human traffic to a trickle. After 1820 immigration gradually increased. For the first time federal records, including ship passenger lists, were kept for immigration. Total immigration for the year 1820 was 8,385, gradually building to 23,322 by 1830, with 143,000 total immigrating during the decade. From 1831 to 1840 immigration increased greatly, to 599,000 total, as 207,000 Irish, even before the famine of 1845–1849, started to emigrate in large numbers as Britain eased travel restrictions. 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French formed the next largest immigrant groups in that decade. From 1841 to 1850 immigration exploded to 1,713,000 total immigrants and at least 781,000 Irish who fled their homeland to escape poverty or death during the famine of 1845–1849. In attempting to divert some of this traffic to help settle Canada, the British offered bargain fares of 15 shillings for transit to Canada, instead of the normal 5 pounds (100 shillings). Thousands of poor Irish took advantage of this offer and headed to Canada on what came to be called the "coffin ships" because of their high death rates. Once in Canada, many Irish walked across the border or caught an intercoastal freighter to the nearest major city in the United States – usually Boston or New York. Bad potato crops and failed revolutions struck the heart of Europe in 1848, contributing to the decade's total of 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British and 77,000 French immigrants to America. Bad times in Europe drove people out; land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in America lured them in. Population and foreign born 1790 to 1849 Census population, immigrants per decadeCensusPopulation Immigrants Foreign born %1790 3,918,000 60,000 1800 5,236,000 60,000 1810 7,036,000 60,000 1820 10,086,000 60,000 1830 12,785,000 143,000 200,000 1.6%1840 17,018,000 599,000 800,000 4.7%1850 23,054,000 1,713,000 2,244,000 9.7%
The number of immigrants from 1830 on are from immigration records. The census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked. It is probably a reasonable estimate that the foreign born population in the U. S. reached its minimum in about 1815 at something like 100,000, or 1.4% of the population. By 1815 most of the immigrants that arrived before the American Revolution had died, and there had been almost no new immigration. The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates. The number of foreign born in the 1830s and 1840s are extrapolations. Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase; about 98.5% of the population was native born. By 1850, this had shifted to about 90% native born. The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid 1840s.
Население и иностранное происхождение (1790–1849)
In the early years of the United States, immigration average about 6,000 people per year, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. The French Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Napoleonic Wars from 1792 to 1814 severely limited immigration from Europe. The War of 1812 (1812–1814) with Britain again prevented any significant immigration. By 1808 Congress had banned the transport of slaves, slowing that human traffic to a trickle. After 1820 immigration gradually increased. For the first time federal records, including ship passenger lists, were kept for immigration. Total immigration for the year 1820 was 8,385, gradually building to 23,322 by 1830, with 143,000 total immigrating during the decade. From 1831 to 1840 immigration increased greatly, to 599,000 total, as 207,000 Irish, even before the famine of 1845–1849, started to emigrate in large numbers as Britain eased travel restrictions. 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French formed the next largest immigrant groups in that decade. From 1841 to 1850 immigration exploded to 1,713,000 total immigrants and at least 781,000 Irish who fled their homeland to escape poverty or death during the famine of 1845–1849. In attempting to divert some of this traffic to help settle Canada, the British offered bargain fares of 15 shillings for transit to Canada, instead of the normal 5 pounds (100 shillings). Thousands of poor Irish took advantage of this offer and headed to Canada on what came to be called the "coffin ships" because of their high death rates. Once in Canada, many Irish walked across the border or caught an intercoastal freighter to the nearest major city in the United States – usually Boston or New York. Bad potato crops and failed revolutions struck the heart of Europe in 1848, contributing to the decade's total of 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British and 77,000 French immigrants to America. Bad times in Europe drove people out; land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in America lured them in. Population and foreign born 1790 to 1849 Census population, immigrants per decadeCensusPopulation Immigrants Foreign born %1790 3,918,000 60,000 1800 5,236,000 60,000 1810 7,036,000 60,000 1820 10,086,000 60,000 1830 12,785,000 143,000 200,000 1.6%1840 17,018,000 599,000 800,000 4.7%1850 23,054,000 1,713,000 2,244,000 9.7%
The number of immigrants from 1830 on are from immigration records. The census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked. It is probably a reasonable estimate that the foreign born population in the U. S. reached its minimum in about 1815 at something like 100,000, or 1.4% of the population. By 1815 most of the immigrants that arrived before the American Revolution had died, and there had been almost no new immigration. The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates. The number of foreign born in the 1830s and 1840s are extrapolations. Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase; about 98.5% of the population was native born. By 1850, this had shifted to about 90% native born. The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid 1840s.
Перепись населения, иммигранты за десятилетие
In the early years of the United States, immigration average about 6,000 people per year, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. The French Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Napoleonic Wars from 1792 to 1814 severely limited immigration from Europe. The War of 1812 (1812–1814) with Britain again prevented any significant immigration. By 1808 Congress had banned the transport of slaves, slowing that human traffic to a trickle. After 1820 immigration gradually increased. For the first time federal records, including ship passenger lists, were kept for immigration. Total immigration for the year 1820 was 8,385, gradually building to 23,322 by 1830, with 143,000 total immigrating during the decade. From 1831 to 1840 immigration increased greatly, to 599,000 total, as 207,000 Irish, even before the famine of 1845–1849, started to emigrate in large numbers as Britain eased travel restrictions. 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French formed the next largest immigrant groups in that decade. From 1841 to 1850 immigration exploded to 1,713,000 total immigrants and at least 781,000 Irish who fled their homeland to escape poverty or death during the famine of 1845–1849. In attempting to divert some of this traffic to help settle Canada, the British offered bargain fares of 15 shillings for transit to Canada, instead of the normal 5 pounds (100 shillings). Thousands of poor Irish took advantage of this offer and headed to Canada on what came to be called the "coffin ships" because of their high death rates. Once in Canada, many Irish walked across the border or caught an intercoastal freighter to the nearest major city in the United States – usually Boston or New York. Bad potato crops and failed revolutions struck the heart of Europe in 1848, contributing to the decade's total of 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British and 77,000 French immigrants to America. Bad times in Europe drove people out; land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in America lured them in. Population and foreign born 1790 to 1849 Census population, immigrants per decadeCensusPopulation Immigrants Foreign born %1790 3,918,000 60,000 1800 5,236,000 60,000 1810 7,036,000 60,000 1820 10,086,000 60,000 1830 12,785,000 143,000 200,000 1.6%1840 17,018,000 599,000 800,000 4.7%1850 23,054,000 1,713,000 2,244,000 9.7%
The number of immigrants from 1830 on are from immigration records. The census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked. It is probably a reasonable estimate that the foreign born population in the U. S. reached its minimum in about 1815 at something like 100,000, or 1.4% of the population. By 1815 most of the immigrants that arrived before the American Revolution had died, and there had been almost no new immigration. The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates. The number of foreign born in the 1830s and 1840s are extrapolations. Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase; about 98.5% of the population was native born. By 1850, this had shifted to about 90% native born. The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid 1840s.
In the early years of the United States, immigration average about 6,000 people per year, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. The French Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Napoleonic Wars from 1792 to 1814 severely limited immigration from Europe. The War of 1812 (1812–1814) with Britain again prevented any significant immigration. By 1808 Congress had banned the transport of slaves, slowing that human traffic to a trickle. After 1820 immigration gradually increased. For the first time federal records, including ship passenger lists, were kept for immigration. Total immigration for the year 1820 was 8,385, gradually building to 23,322 by 1830, with 143,000 total immigrating during the decade. From 1831 to 1840 immigration increased greatly, to 599,000 total, as 207,000 Irish, even before the famine of 1845–1849, started to emigrate in large numbers as Britain eased travel restrictions. 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French formed the next largest immigrant groups in that decade. From 1841 to 1850 immigration exploded to 1,713,000 total immigrants and at least 781,000 Irish who fled their homeland to escape poverty or death during the famine of 1845–1849. In attempting to divert some of this traffic to help settle Canada, the British offered bargain fares of 15 shillings for transit to Canada, instead of the normal 5 pounds (100 shillings). Thousands of poor Irish took advantage of this offer and headed to Canada on what came to be called the "coffin ships" because of their high death rates. Once in Canada, many Irish walked across the border or caught an intercoastal freighter to the nearest major city in the United States – usually Boston or New York. Bad potato crops and failed revolutions struck the heart of Europe in 1848, contributing to the decade's total of 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British and 77,000 French immigrants to America. Bad times in Europe drove people out; land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in America lured them in. Population and foreign born 1790 to 1849 Census population, immigrants per decadeCensusPopulation Immigrants Foreign born %1790 3,918,000 60,000 1800 5,236,000 60,000 1810 7,036,000 60,000 1820 10,086,000 60,000 1830 12,785,000 143,000 200,000 1.6%1840 17,018,000 599,000 800,000 4.7%1850 23,054,000 1,713,000 2,244,000 9.7%
The number of immigrants from 1830 on are from immigration records. The census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked. It is probably a reasonable estimate that the foreign born population in the U. S. reached its minimum in about 1815 at something like 100,000, or 1.4% of the population. By 1815 most of the immigrants that arrived before the American Revolution had died, and there had been almost no new immigration. The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates. The number of foreign born in the 1830s and 1840s are extrapolations. Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase; about 98.5% of the population was native born. By 1850, this had shifted to about 90% native born. The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid 1840s.
Данные об иммигрантах начиная с 1830 года взяты из иммиграционных записей. Перепись 1850 года впервые содержала вопрос о месте рождения. Вероятно, разумно предположить, что численность населения, родившегося за границей в США, достигла своего минимума примерно в 1815 году, составив около 100 000 человек, или 1,4% населения. К 1815 году большинство иммигрантов, прибывших до Американской революции, умерли, и почти не было новых иммигрантов. Общее число иммигрантов в каждом десятилетии с 1790 по 1820 год является оценочным. Данные о количестве иностранного происхождения в 1830-х и 1840-х годах являются экстраполяцией. Почти весь рост населения до 1830 года был обусловлен естественным приростом; около 98,5% населения родились в стране. К 1850 году эта цифра снизилась примерно до 90% уроженцев. Первая значительная католическая иммиграция началась в середине 1840-х годов.
In the early years of the United States, immigration average about 6,000 people per year, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. The French Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Napoleonic Wars from 1792 to 1814 severely limited immigration from Europe. The War of 1812 (1812–1814) with Britain again prevented any significant immigration. By 1808 Congress had banned the transport of slaves, slowing that human traffic to a trickle. After 1820 immigration gradually increased. For the first time federal records, including ship passenger lists, were kept for immigration. Total immigration for the year 1820 was 8,385, gradually building to 23,322 by 1830, with 143,000 total immigrating during the decade. From 1831 to 1840 immigration increased greatly, to 599,000 total, as 207,000 Irish, even before the famine of 1845–1849, started to emigrate in large numbers as Britain eased travel restrictions. 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French formed the next largest immigrant groups in that decade. From 1841 to 1850 immigration exploded to 1,713,000 total immigrants and at least 781,000 Irish who fled their homeland to escape poverty or death during the famine of 1845–1849. In attempting to divert some of this traffic to help settle Canada, the British offered bargain fares of 15 shillings for transit to Canada, instead of the normal 5 pounds (100 shillings). Thousands of poor Irish took advantage of this offer and headed to Canada on what came to be called the "coffin ships" because of their high death rates. Once in Canada, many Irish walked across the border or caught an intercoastal freighter to the nearest major city in the United States – usually Boston or New York. Bad potato crops and failed revolutions struck the heart of Europe in 1848, contributing to the decade's total of 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British and 77,000 French immigrants to America. Bad times in Europe drove people out; land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in America lured them in. Population and foreign born 1790 to 1849 Census population, immigrants per decadeCensusPopulation Immigrants Foreign born %1790 3,918,000 60,000 1800 5,236,000 60,000 1810 7,036,000 60,000 1820 10,086,000 60,000 1830 12,785,000 143,000 200,000 1.6%1840 17,018,000 599,000 800,000 4.7%1850 23,054,000 1,713,000 2,244,000 9.7%
The number of immigrants from 1830 on are from immigration records. The census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked. It is probably a reasonable estimate that the foreign born population in the U. S. reached its minimum in about 1815 at something like 100,000, or 1.4% of the population. By 1815 most of the immigrants that arrived before the American Revolution had died, and there had been almost no new immigration. The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates. The number of foreign born in the 1830s and 1840s are extrapolations. Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase; about 98.5% of the population was native born. By 1850, this had shifted to about 90% native born. The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid 1840s.
Иммиграция с 1965 года по настоящее время
В 1965 году изменения в иммиграционном законодательстве США снизили значимость национального происхождения. Предыдущая политика отдавала предпочтение иммигрантам из Европы. Закон 1965 года установил приоритет для тех, у кого есть родственники в США или предложение о работе от работодателя. К 1970-м годам большинство иммигрантов в США стали прибывать из Латинской Америки и Азии, а не из Европы. С 2000 года более трех четвертей всех иммигрантов в США прибывают из Азии и Латинской Америки.
In 1965, U. S. immigration law changes reduced the emphasis on national origin. Prior policy favored European immigrants. The 1965 law directed that those with relatives in the U. S. or employer sponsorship now had priority. By the 1970s, most immigrants to the U. S. came from Latin America or Asia, rather than Europe. Since 2000, over three quarters of all immigrants to the U. S. have come from Asia and Latin America.
Американский Запад
В 1848 году Договор Гваделупе-Идальго, завершивший Мексиканскую войну, распространил гражданство США примерно на 60 000 мексиканских жителей территории Нью-Мексико и 10 000 жителей Калифорнии. Однако, подобно Техасу, мексиканское правительство поощряло иммиграцию и заселение этих регионов группами из Соединенных Штатов и Европы. По оценкам, примерно половина этого населения имела американское происхождение. В 1849 году Калифорнийская золотая лихорадка вызвала значительную иммиграцию из Мексики, Южной Америки, Китая, Австралии и Европы, а также массовую внутреннюю миграцию в пределах США, что привело к тому, что Калифорния получила статус штата в 1850 году с населением около 90 000 человек.
In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluding the Mexican War, extended U. S. citizenship to approximately 60,000 Mexican residents of the New Mexico Territory and 10,000 living in California. However, much like Texas, the Mexican government had encouraged immigration and settlement of these regions from groups in the United States and Europe. Approximately half of this population is estimated to have been of American origin. In 1849, the California Gold Rush spurred significant immigration from Mexico, South America, China, Australia, Europe and caused a mass internal migration within the U. S., resulting in California gaining statehood in 1850, with a population of about 90,000.
Полет в сельскую местность
Уход из сельской местности – это отъезд избыточного населения (обычно молодых мужчин и женщин) из сельскохозяйственных районов. В некоторых случаях уезжали целые семьи, как, например, во время Пыльного котла в 1930-х годах. Значительная часть сельской Америки демонстрирует устойчивое сокращение численности населения с 1920 года.
Rural flight is the departure of excess populations (usually young men and women) from farm areas. In some cases whole families left, as in the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. Much of rural America has seen steady population decline since 1920.
Миграция чернокожих из Юга
Великая миграция – это перемещение миллионов афроамериканцев из сельской местности южных штатов США с 1914 по 1960 год. Большинство перебралось в крупные промышленные города, а также во многие небольшие промышленные центры. Афроамериканцы переезжали индивидуально или небольшими группами. Государственной поддержки не оказывалось. Они мигрировали под воздействием целого ряда отталкивающих и притягивающих факторов.
The Great Migration was the movement of millions of African Americans out of the rural Southern United States from 1914 to 1960. Most moved to large industrial cities, as well as to many smaller industrial cities. African Americans moved as individuals or small groups. There was no government assistance. They migrated because of a variety of push and pull factors:
Факторы давления
Многие афроамериканцы стремились избежать линчевания и расовой сегрегации в южных штатах, где действовали законы Джима Кроу, и искали убежища в так называемой "Земле обетованной" на Севере, где, как полагали, сегрегация была менее распространена. Распространение хлопкового долгоносика в хлопковых полях Юга в конце 1910-х годов привело к снижению спроса на батраков. Великое наводнение на Миссисипи в 1927 году и его последствия лишили работы сотни тысяч афроамериканских сельскохозяйственных рабочих.
Many African Americans wanted to avoid the lynching and racial segregation of the Jim Crow South and sought refuge in the supposed "Promised Land" of the North where there was thought to be less segregation. The boll weevil infestation of the cotton fields of the South in the late 1910s reduced the demand for sharecroppers. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and its aftermath displaced hundreds of thousands of African American farm workers.
Факторы тяги
Уровень доходов был намного выше на Севере, с гораздо более высокими зарплатами в секторе услуг. Огромный рост военной промышленности в Первой и Второй мировых войнах создал новые рабочие места для афроамериканцев. Первая мировая война фактически прекратила поток европейских иммигрантов в промышленные центры, что привело к нехватке рабочих на фабриках. В 1930-х годах Администрация общественных работ, Корпус охраны окружающей среды и другие программы помощи на Севере были более доступны для афроамериканцев. Администрация общественных работ платила больше на Севере. После 1940 года, когда США начали перевооружаться ко Второй мировой войне (см. Домашний фронт США во Второй мировой войне), промышленное производство быстро возросло. Законы о равных возможностях, принятые Комиссией по вопросам справедливой трудовой практики (FEPC), соблюдались более строго на Севере и Западе.
Income levels were much higher in the North, with far higher wages in the service sector. The enormous growth of war industries in WW1 and WW2 created new job openings for blacks. World War I effectively put a halt to the flow of European immigrants to the industrial centers, causing shortages of workers in the factories. In the 1930s Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps and other relief programs in the North were more receptive to blacks. The WPA paid more in the North. After 1940, as the U. S. rearmed for World War II (see Homefront United States World War II), industrial production increased rapidly. The FEPC equal opportunity laws were more enforced in the North and West.
С 1990 года
Доля американцев, переезжающих из одного штата в другой, снизилась на 50% с 1990 по 2018 год. За это время также усилились региональные различия в местной экономике, что привело к тому, что больше людей остались в экономически депрессивных регионах. К 2011 году уровень миграции достиг самой низкой отметки со времен Второй мировой войны и находился в самом продолжительном периоде непрерывного спада за весь двадцатый век.
The proportion of Americans who move across state lines fell by 50% from 1990 to 2018. Regional disparities in local economies have also grown during this time, meaning that more people remain in economically depressed areas. By 2011, migration levels were at the lowest level since World War II, and were in the longest period of continuous decline in the twentieth century.
Послевоенный бэби-бум
В годы после Второй мировой войны в Соединенных Штатах, а также в ряде других промышленно развитых стран, произошел неожиданный резкий скачок рождаемости. Во время Второй мировой войны рождаемость была низкой, поскольку миллионы мужчин находились в боевых действиях, что сдерживало женщин от создания семьи: женщины также вынуждены были занять место мужчин на работе, одновременно выполняя свои домашние обязанности. Возвращение миллионов мужчин в США после Второй мировой войны и стремление пар завести семьи привели к резкому росту рождаемости в США и всплеску строительства нового жилья в пригородах и отдаленных районах городов. Поскольку вернувшиеся мужчины вновь получили работу, замужние женщины оставались дома, чтобы заботиться о доме и детях, позволяя своим мужьям быть единственным кормильцем семьи. В годы "бэби-бума", с 1946 по 1964 год, рождаемость удвоилась для третьих детей и утроилась для четвертых. Общий коэффициент рождаемости в Соединенных Штатах вырос с 2,49 в 1945 году до 2,94 в 1946 году, увеличившись на 0,45 ребенка, что положило начало "бэби-буму". Он продолжал расти в течение 1940-х годов, достигнув 3,10 в 1950 году и пика в 3,77 в 1957 году. Затем последовало медленное снижение до 3,65 в 1960 году и, наконец, резкое падение после 1964 года, что ознаменовало окончание "бэби-бума".
In the years after WWII, the United States, as well as a number of other industrialized countries, experienced an unexpected sudden birth rate jump. During WWII birthrates had been low, as millions of men had been away fighting in WWII and this had deterred women from starting families: women also had to take the place of men in the workplace, while simultaneously fulfilling their household duties. The millions of men coming back to the US after WWII, and the couples eager to start families, led to a sharp rise in the US birth rate, and a surge in new housing construction in the suburbs and outlying areas of the cities. Since the men who came back got jobs in the workplace again, married women stayed home to take care of the house and children and let their husbands be the breadwinner of the household. During the baby boom years, between 1946 and 1964, the birth rate doubled for third children and tripled for fourth children. The total fertility rate of the United States jumped from 2.49 in 1945 to 2.94 in 1946, a rise of 0.45 children therefore beginning the baby boom. It continued to rise throughout the 1940s to reach 3.10 in 1950 with a peak of 3.77 in 1957. Declining slowly thereafter to 3.65 in 1960 and finally a steep from decline after 1964, therefore ending the baby boom. + Total fertility rates Year Fertility rate Change Whitenon Hispanic Blacknon Hispanic Hispanic Asian Native 1940 2.30 1941 2.40 1942 2.62 1943 2.72 1944 2.58 1945 2.49 1946 2.94 1947 3.27 1948 3.11 1949 3.11 1950 3.10 1951 3.27 1952 3.35 1953 3.42 1954 3.54 1955 3.58 1956 3.68 1957 3.77 1958 3.71 1959 3.69 1960 3.65 1961 3.62 1962 3.46 1963 3.31 1964 3.19 1965 2.91 1966 2.72 1967 2.55 1968 2.46 1969 2.46 1970 2.48 1971 2.27 1972 2.01 1973 1.87 1974 1.83 1975 1.77 1976 1.74 1977 1.79 1978 1.76 1979 1.79 1980 1.84 1981 1.81 1982 1.81 1983 1.80 1984 1.82 1985 1.86 1986 1.85 1987 1.90 1988 1.97 1989 2.03 1.77 2.42 2.90 1.95 2.25 1990 2.08 1.85 2.55 2.96 2.00 2.18 1991 2.06 1.82 2.53 2.96 1.93 2.14 1992 2.04 1.80 2.48 2.96 1.89 2.14 1993 2.01 1.79 2.41 2.89 1.84 2.05 1994 1.99 1.78 2.31 2.84 1.83 1.95 1995 1.97 1.78 2.19 2.80 1.80 1.88 1996 1.97 1.78 2.14 2.77 1.79 1.86 1997 1.97 1.79 2.14 2.68 1.76 1.83 1998 2.00 1.83 2.16 2.65 1.73 1.85 1999 2.01 1.84 2.13 2.65 1.75 1.78 2000 2.06 1.87 2.18 2.73 1.89 1.77 2001 2.03 1.84 2.10 2.75 1.84 1.75 2002 2.01 1.83 2.05 2.72 1.82 1.74 2003 2.03 1.86 2.03 2.79 1.87 1.73 2004 2.04 1.85 2.02 2.82 1.90 1.73 2005 2.05 1.84 2.02 2.89 1.89 1.75 2006 2.10 1.86 2.12 2.96 1.92 1.83 2007 2.12 1.87 2.13 3.00 2.04 1.87 2008 2.08 1.83 2.11 2.91 2.05 1.84 2009 2.01 1.78 2.03 2.73 1.96 1.78 2010 1.93 1.79 1.97 2.35 1.69 1.40 Sources 1970–2009, 2010
+ Общий коэффициент рождаемости
In the years after WWII, the United States, as well as a number of other industrialized countries, experienced an unexpected sudden birth rate jump. During WWII birthrates had been low, as millions of men had been away fighting in WWII and this had deterred women from starting families: women also had to take the place of men in the workplace, while simultaneously fulfilling their household duties. The millions of men coming back to the US after WWII, and the couples eager to start families, led to a sharp rise in the US birth rate, and a surge in new housing construction in the suburbs and outlying areas of the cities. Since the men who came back got jobs in the workplace again, married women stayed home to take care of the house and children and let their husbands be the breadwinner of the household. During the baby boom years, between 1946 and 1964, the birth rate doubled for third children and tripled for fourth children. The total fertility rate of the United States jumped from 2.49 in 1945 to 2.94 in 1946, a rise of 0.45 children therefore beginning the baby boom. It continued to rise throughout the 1940s to reach 3.10 in 1950 with a peak of 3.77 in 1957. Declining slowly thereafter to 3.65 in 1960 and finally a steep from decline after 1964, therefore ending the baby boom. + Total fertility rates Year Fertility rate Change Whitenon Hispanic Blacknon Hispanic Hispanic Asian Native 1940 2.30 1941 2.40 1942 2.62 1943 2.72 1944 2.58 1945 2.49 1946 2.94 1947 3.27 1948 3.11 1949 3.11 1950 3.10 1951 3.27 1952 3.35 1953 3.42 1954 3.54 1955 3.58 1956 3.68 1957 3.77 1958 3.71 1959 3.69 1960 3.65 1961 3.62 1962 3.46 1963 3.31 1964 3.19 1965 2.91 1966 2.72 1967 2.55 1968 2.46 1969 2.46 1970 2.48 1971 2.27 1972 2.01 1973 1.87 1974 1.83 1975 1.77 1976 1.74 1977 1.79 1978 1.76 1979 1.79 1980 1.84 1981 1.81 1982 1.81 1983 1.80 1984 1.82 1985 1.86 1986 1.85 1987 1.90 1988 1.97 1989 2.03 1.77 2.42 2.90 1.95 2.25 1990 2.08 1.85 2.55 2.96 2.00 2.18 1991 2.06 1.82 2.53 2.96 1.93 2.14 1992 2.04 1.80 2.48 2.96 1.89 2.14 1993 2.01 1.79 2.41 2.89 1.84 2.05 1994 1.99 1.78 2.31 2.84 1.83 1.95 1995 1.97 1.78 2.19 2.80 1.80 1.88 1996 1.97 1.78 2.14 2.77 1.79 1.86 1997 1.97 1.79 2.14 2.68 1.76 1.83 1998 2.00 1.83 2.16 2.65 1.73 1.85 1999 2.01 1.84 2.13 2.65 1.75 1.78 2000 2.06 1.87 2.18 2.73 1.89 1.77 2001 2.03 1.84 2.10 2.75 1.84 1.75 2002 2.01 1.83 2.05 2.72 1.82 1.74 2003 2.03 1.86 2.03 2.79 1.87 1.73 2004 2.04 1.85 2.02 2.82 1.90 1.73 2005 2.05 1.84 2.02 2.89 1.89 1.75 2006 2.10 1.86 2.12 2.96 1.92 1.83 2007 2.12 1.87 2.13 3.00 2.04 1.87 2008 2.08 1.83 2.11 2.91 2.05 1.84 2009 2.01 1.78 2.03 2.73 1.96 1.78 2010 1.93 1.79 1.97 2.35 1.69 1.40 Sources 1970–2009, 2010
In the years after WWII, the United States, as well as a number of other industrialized countries, experienced an unexpected sudden birth rate jump. During WWII birthrates had been low, as millions of men had been away fighting in WWII and this had deterred women from starting families: women also had to take the place of men in the workplace, while simultaneously fulfilling their household duties. The millions of men coming back to the US after WWII, and the couples eager to start families, led to a sharp rise in the US birth rate, and a surge in new housing construction in the suburbs and outlying areas of the cities. Since the men who came back got jobs in the workplace again, married women stayed home to take care of the house and children and let their husbands be the breadwinner of the household. During the baby boom years, between 1946 and 1964, the birth rate doubled for third children and tripled for fourth children. The total fertility rate of the United States jumped from 2.49 in 1945 to 2.94 in 1946, a rise of 0.45 children therefore beginning the baby boom. It continued to rise throughout the 1940s to reach 3.10 in 1950 with a peak of 3.77 in 1957. Declining slowly thereafter to 3.65 in 1960 and finally a steep from decline after 1964, therefore ending the baby boom. + Total fertility rates Year Fertility rate Change Whitenon Hispanic Blacknon Hispanic Hispanic Asian Native 1940 2.30 1941 2.40 1942 2.62 1943 2.72 1944 2.58 1945 2.49 1946 2.94 1947 3.27 1948 3.11 1949 3.11 1950 3.10 1951 3.27 1952 3.35 1953 3.42 1954 3.54 1955 3.58 1956 3.68 1957 3.77 1958 3.71 1959 3.69 1960 3.65 1961 3.62 1962 3.46 1963 3.31 1964 3.19 1965 2.91 1966 2.72 1967 2.55 1968 2.46 1969 2.46 1970 2.48 1971 2.27 1972 2.01 1973 1.87 1974 1.83 1975 1.77 1976 1.74 1977 1.79 1978 1.76 1979 1.79 1980 1.84 1981 1.81 1982 1.81 1983 1.80 1984 1.82 1985 1.86 1986 1.85 1987 1.90 1988 1.97 1989 2.03 1.77 2.42 2.90 1.95 2.25 1990 2.08 1.85 2.55 2.96 2.00 2.18 1991 2.06 1.82 2.53 2.96 1.93 2.14 1992 2.04 1.80 2.48 2.96 1.89 2.14 1993 2.01 1.79 2.41 2.89 1.84 2.05 1994 1.99 1.78 2.31 2.84 1.83 1.95 1995 1.97 1.78 2.19 2.80 1.80 1.88 1996 1.97 1.78 2.14 2.77 1.79 1.86 1997 1.97 1.79 2.14 2.68 1.76 1.83 1998 2.00 1.83 2.16 2.65 1.73 1.85 1999 2.01 1.84 2.13 2.65 1.75 1.78 2000 2.06 1.87 2.18 2.73 1.89 1.77 2001 2.03 1.84 2.10 2.75 1.84 1.75 2002 2.01 1.83 2.05 2.72 1.82 1.74 2003 2.03 1.86 2.03 2.79 1.87 1.73 2004 2.04 1.85 2.02 2.82 1.90 1.73 2005 2.05 1.84 2.02 2.89 1.89 1.75 2006 2.10 1.86 2.12 2.96 1.92 1.83 2007 2.12 1.87 2.13 3.00 2.04 1.87 2008 2.08 1.83 2.11 2.91 2.05 1.84 2009 2.01 1.78 2.03 2.73 1.96 1.78 2010 1.93 1.79 1.97 2.35 1.69 1.40 Sources 1970–2009, 2010
Источники: 1970–2009, 2010
In the years after WWII, the United States, as well as a number of other industrialized countries, experienced an unexpected sudden birth rate jump. During WWII birthrates had been low, as millions of men had been away fighting in WWII and this had deterred women from starting families: women also had to take the place of men in the workplace, while simultaneously fulfilling their household duties. The millions of men coming back to the US after WWII, and the couples eager to start families, led to a sharp rise in the US birth rate, and a surge in new housing construction in the suburbs and outlying areas of the cities. Since the men who came back got jobs in the workplace again, married women stayed home to take care of the house and children and let their husbands be the breadwinner of the household. During the baby boom years, between 1946 and 1964, the birth rate doubled for third children and tripled for fourth children. The total fertility rate of the United States jumped from 2.49 in 1945 to 2.94 in 1946, a rise of 0.45 children therefore beginning the baby boom. It continued to rise throughout the 1940s to reach 3.10 in 1950 with a peak of 3.77 in 1957. Declining slowly thereafter to 3.65 in 1960 and finally a steep from decline after 1964, therefore ending the baby boom. + Total fertility rates Year Fertility rate Change Whitenon Hispanic Blacknon Hispanic Hispanic Asian Native 1940 2.30 1941 2.40 1942 2.62 1943 2.72 1944 2.58 1945 2.49 1946 2.94 1947 3.27 1948 3.11 1949 3.11 1950 3.10 1951 3.27 1952 3.35 1953 3.42 1954 3.54 1955 3.58 1956 3.68 1957 3.77 1958 3.71 1959 3.69 1960 3.65 1961 3.62 1962 3.46 1963 3.31 1964 3.19 1965 2.91 1966 2.72 1967 2.55 1968 2.46 1969 2.46 1970 2.48 1971 2.27 1972 2.01 1973 1.87 1974 1.83 1975 1.77 1976 1.74 1977 1.79 1978 1.76 1979 1.79 1980 1.84 1981 1.81 1982 1.81 1983 1.80 1984 1.82 1985 1.86 1986 1.85 1987 1.90 1988 1.97 1989 2.03 1.77 2.42 2.90 1.95 2.25 1990 2.08 1.85 2.55 2.96 2.00 2.18 1991 2.06 1.82 2.53 2.96 1.93 2.14 1992 2.04 1.80 2.48 2.96 1.89 2.14 1993 2.01 1.79 2.41 2.89 1.84 2.05 1994 1.99 1.78 2.31 2.84 1.83 1.95 1995 1.97 1.78 2.19 2.80 1.80 1.88 1996 1.97 1.78 2.14 2.77 1.79 1.86 1997 1.97 1.79 2.14 2.68 1.76 1.83 1998 2.00 1.83 2.16 2.65 1.73 1.85 1999 2.01 1.84 2.13 2.65 1.75 1.78 2000 2.06 1.87 2.18 2.73 1.89 1.77 2001 2.03 1.84 2.10 2.75 1.84 1.75 2002 2.01 1.83 2.05 2.72 1.82 1.74 2003 2.03 1.86 2.03 2.79 1.87 1.73 2004 2.04 1.85 2.02 2.82 1.90 1.73 2005 2.05 1.84 2.02 2.89 1.89 1.75 2006 2.10 1.86 2.12 2.96 1.92 1.83 2007 2.12 1.87 2.13 3.00 2.04 1.87 2008 2.08 1.83 2.11 2.91 2.05 1.84 2009 2.01 1.78 2.03 2.73 1.96 1.78 2010 1.93 1.79 1.97 2.35 1.69 1.40 Sources 1970–2009, 2010
Браки
Согласно статистике, в настоящее время в Соединенных Штатах самый высокий уровень брачности в развитом мире, по состоянию на 2008 год, составляющий 7,1 брака на 1000 человек, или 2 162 000 браков. Средний возраст вступления в первый брак для мужчин – 27,4 года, для женщин – 25,6 года. В США также один из самых высоких показателей людей, состоящих в браке к 40 годам; примерно 85% американцев состоят в браке в возрасте 40 лет, по сравнению с 60% в Швеции. В 1930-х годах количество браков и уровень брачности резко снизились из-за Великой депрессии, но почти сразу же восстановились после ее окончания. Уровень брачности увеличился и оставался высоким с конца 1930-х по середину 1940-х годов. Количество браков возросло до более чем 2 миллионов в 1946 году, при уровне брачности 16,4 на 1000 человек, что было связано с окончанием Второй мировой войны. Средний возраст вступления в первый брак как для мужчин, так и для женщин начал снижаться после Второй мировой войны, опустившись до 22,8 года для мужчин и 20,3 года для женщин в 1950 году, и еще больше – до 22,5 и 20,1 года соответственно в 1956 году. В 1959 году Бюро переписи населения США оценило, что 47% всех невест, вступающих в первый брак, были подростками в возрасте 19 лет и младше. В 1955 году 51,2% женщин были замужем к 20 годам и 88% – к 25 годам; 40,3% мужчин и 28,5% женщин в возрасте 20–24 лет в 1955 году никогда не состояли в браке, по сравнению с 77,8% для мужчин и 57,4% для женщин в 1940 году. По данным на 2002 год, 4,3% мужчин и 18,1% женщин в возрасте 20 лет состояли в браке, что увеличилось до 37% мужчин и 52% женщин к 25 годам, а затем до 61% мужчин и 76% женщин к 30 годам.
According to statistics, the United States currently has the highest marriage rate in the developed world, as of 2008, with a marriage rate of 7.1 per 1,000 people or 2,162,000 marriages. The average age for first marriage for men is 27.4 and 25.6 years for women. The United States also has one of the highest proportions of people who do marry by age 40; approximately 85% Americans are married at 40, compared to only 60% in Sweden. During the 1930s, the number of marriages and the marriage rate dropped steeply due to the Great Depression, but rebounded almost immediately after the Depression ended. Marriage rates increased and remained at high levels in the late 1930 to the mid 1940s. The number of marriages shot up to reach over 2 million in 1946, with a marriage rate of 16.4 per 1,000 people as WWII had ended. The average age at first marriage for both men and women began to fall after WWII, dropping 22.8 for men and 20.3 for women in 1950 and dropping even more to 22.5 and 20.1 years in 1956. In 1959, the United States Census Bureau estimated that 47% of all brides marrying for their first time were teenagers aged 19 and under. In 1955, 51.2% of women were married by their 20th birthday and 88% by their 25th birthday; 40.3% of men and 28.5% of women aged 20–24 in 1955 had never married, down from 77.8% for men and 57.4% for women in 1940. As of 2002, 4.3% of men and 18.1% of women aged 20 are married, increasing to 37% of men and 52% of women by age 25, and then 61% of men and 76% of women by age 30.
Прогнозы роста населения
Население США в 1900 году составляло 76 миллионов человек. В 1950 году оно возросло до 152 миллионов, а к 2000 году – до 282 миллионов. К 2050 году, по прогнозам, оно достигнет 422–458 миллионов, в зависимости от уровня иммиграции.
The U. S. population in 1900 was 76 million. In 1950, it rose to 152 million; by 2000 it had reached 282 million. By 2050, it is expected to reach 422–458 million, depending on immigration.
Демографические модели в историографии
Ричард Истерлин, экономист, изучавший экономический рост в Соединенных Штатах, объясняет динамику роста американского населения в XX веке колебаниями коэффициента рождаемости и снижением смертности. Истерлин попытался объяснить причины "Бэби-бума" и "Бэби-баста" с помощью теории "относительного дохода". Теория "относительного дохода" утверждает, что пары принимают решение о рождении детей, основываясь на соотношении потенциального заработка пары и стремления к материальным благам. Это соотношение зависит от экономической стабильности страны проживания и от того, как людей воспитывают в отношении ценности материальных вещей. Теория "относительного дохода" объясняет "Бэби-бум" тем, что в конце 1940-х и 1950-х годах стремление к материальным благам было низким из-за последствий Великой депрессии и Второй мировой войны, а также благодаря широким возможностям трудоустройства в послевоенный период. Эти два фактора привели к высокому относительному доходу, что стимулировало высокую рождаемость. Последующее поколение испытывало большее желание обладать материальными благами, однако экономический спад в Соединенных Штатах затруднил поиск работы. Это привело к снижению рождаемости и, как следствие, к "Бэби-басту".
Richard Easterlin, an economist who has researched economic growth in the United States, explains the growth pattern of the American population in the 20th century through fertility rate fluctuations and the decreasing mortality rate. Easterlin has attempted to explain the cause of the Baby Boom and Baby Bust through the "relative income" theory. The "relative income" theory suggests that couples choose to have children based on a couple's ratio of potential earning power and the desire to obtain material objects. This ratio depends on the economic stability of the country in which they live and how people are raised to value material objects. The "relative income" theory explains the Baby Boom by suggesting that the late 1940s and 1950s brought low desires to have material objects, as a result of the Great Depression and WWII, as well as huge job opportunities, because of it being a post war period. These two factors gave rise to a high relative income, which encouraged high fertility. Following this period, the next generation had a greater desire for material objects; however, an economic slowdown in the United States made jobs harder to acquire. This resulted in lower fertility rates, causing the Baby Bust.
Тенденции в странах
Между 1880 и 1900 годами городское население Соединенных Штатов выросло с 28% до 40%, а к 1920 году достигло 50%, отчасти благодаря 9 000 000 европейских иммигрантов. После 1890 года сельское население США начало стремительно сокращаться, поскольку фермеры были вытеснены механизацией и вынуждены мигрировать в города на фабрики. После Второй мировой войны в США произошел отток населения из городов в пригороды, главным образом из-за стоимости земли, доступности недорогих государственных жилищных кредитов, политики справедливого жилья и строительства автомагистралей. Многие из первоначальных промышленных городов потеряли до половины своего населения в период с 1950 по 1980 год. Произошел сдвиг населения из плотных городских центров, застроенных квартирами, таунхаусами и доходными домами, в менее плотные пригородные районы за пределами городов, состоящие преимущественно из индивидуальных жилых домов.
Between 1880 and 1900, the urban population of the United States rose from 28% to 40%, and reached 50% by 1920, in part due to 9,000,000 European immigrants. After 1890 the US rural population began to plummet, as farmers were displaced by mechanization and forced to migrate to urban factory jobs. After World War II, the US experienced a shift away from the cities and into suburbs mostly due to the cost of land, the availability of low cost government home loans, fair housing policies, and the construction of highways. Many of the original manufacturing cities lost as much as half their populations between 1950 and 1980. There was a shift in the population from the dense city centers filled with apartments, row homes, and tenements; to less dense suburban neighborhoods outside the cities which were filled with single family homes.