Theodore Abu Qurrah

Theodore Abū Qurrah (; تواضروس أبو قرة; c. 750, – c. 825) was a 9th century Melkite bishop and theologian although this is unlikely. While it has been suggested that Theodore was a monk at the monastery of Mar Saba, there is little evidence for that. It is known for certain, however, that between 813 and 817 he debated with the Monophysites of Armenia at the court of Ashot Msakeri. Around 814 Theodore visited Alexandria. On his way, he sojourned at Sinai where, for one Abū 'l Tufayl, he wrote the Book of Master and Disciple (now ascribed to "Thaddeus of Edessa"). He wrote thirty treatises in Syriac, but none of these have yet been identified. His writings provide an important witness to Christian thought in the early Islamic world. A number of them were edited with German translations by Georg Graf and have now been translated into English by John C. Lamoreaux. Abū Qurrah argued for the rightness of his faith against the habitual challenges of Islam, Judaism and those Christians who did not accept the doctrinal formulations of the Council of Chalcedon, and in doing so re articulated traditional Christian teachings at times using the language and concepts of Islamic theologians: he has been described by Sidney H. Griffith as a Christian mutakallim. He attracted the attention of at least one Muslim Mu'tazilite mutakallim, Isa ibn Sabih al Murdar (died 840), who is recorded (by the biobibliographical writer, Ibn al Nadim, who died in 995) as having written a refutation of Abū Qurrah. The subjects covered were, in the main, the doctrine of the Trinity, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments, as well as the practices of facing east in prayer (rather than towards Jerusalem or Mecca), and the veneration of the cross and other images. In Abū Qurrah's Questions of Priest Musa, in the course of its first two discourses ("On the Existence of God and the True Religion")

Some works in J. P. Migne, Patrologia graeca, 97
I. Arendzen, Theodori Abu Kurra De cultu imaginum libellus e codice arabico (Bonn, 1897)
C. Bacha, Les oeuvres arabes de Théodore Aboucara (Beyrout, 1904)
C. Bacha, Un traité des oeuvres arabes de Théodore Abou Kurra (Tripoli [Syria] – Rome, 1905)
G. Graf, Die arabischen Schriften des Theodor Abu Qurra, Bischofs von Harran (c. 740–820), in Forschungen zur christlichen Literatur und Dogmengeschichte, X Band, 3/4 Heft (Paderborn, 1910)
L. Cheikho, 'Mimar li Tadurus Abi Qurrah fi Wugud al Haliq wa d Din al Qawim', al Machriq, 15 (1912), pp. 757–74, 825–842
G. Graf, Des Theodor Abu Kurra Traktat uber den Schopfer und die wahre Religion (Munster, 1913)
I. Dick, 'Deux écrits inédits de Théodore Abuqurra', Le Muséon, 72 (1959), pp. 53–67
S. H. Griffith, 'Some Unpublished Arabic Sayings Attributed to Theodore Abu Qurrah', Le Muséon, 92 (1979), pp. 29–35
I. Dick, Théodore Abuqurra. Traité de l'existence du Créateur et de la vraie religion / Maymar fi wujud al Kaliq qa l din al qawim li Thawudhurus Abi Qurra (Jounieh, 1982)
S. K. Samir, 'Kitab "Jami' wujuh al iman" wa mujadalat Abi Qurra 'an salb al Masih', Al masarra, 70 )1984), 411–27
I. Dick, Théodore Abuqurra. Traité du culte des icônes / Maymar fi ikram al ayqunat li Thawudhurus Abi Qurra (Jounieh, 1986)
S. H. Griffith, 'Theodore Abû Qurrah's Arabic tract on the Christian practice of venerating images', Journal of the American Oriental Society, 105 (1985)
R. Glei and A. Khoury, Johannaes Damaskenos und Theodor Abu Qurra. Schriften zum Islam (Wurzburg, 1995), pp. 86–127, 148–49, 150–53
Teodoro Abū Qurrah, La difesa delle icone. Trattato sulla venerazione delle immagini, introduzione, traduzione, note ed indici a cura di Paola Pizzo (1995), 192p. Yuliyan Velikov, The Word about the Image. Theodore Abū Qurrah and St Cyril the Philosopher and the Defence of the Holy Icons in the Ninth Century, Veliko Turnovo University Press (2009) (in Bulgarian)
David Bertaina, "An Arabic account of Theodore Abu Qurra in debate at the court of Caliph al Ma'mun: A study in early Christian and Muslim literary dialogues", Ph. D. diss., Catholic University of America, 2007. John C. Lamoreaux, Theodore Abu Qurrah. "English translation of nearly the complete corpus of Theodore Abu Qurrah’s works, with extensive notes on the Arabic and Greek texts. ", Brigham Young University, 2006.

C. Bacha, Un Traité des oeuvres arabes de Théodore Abou Kurra

Greek works with Latin Translation, from Migne, Patrologia graeca, vol. 97 (and 94) (Paris, 1865)