Андерс Ярвик: Исследования лопастепёрых рыб и эволюция позвоночных.

Swedish paleontologist

Anders Erik Vilhelm Jarvik (30 November 1907 – 11 January 1998) was a Swedish paleontologist who worked extensively on the sarcopterygian (or lobe finned) fish Eusthenopteron. In a career that spanned some 60 years, Jarvik produced some of the most detailed anatomical work on this fish, making it arguably the best known fossil vertebrate. Jarvik was born at a farm in Utby Parish near Mariestad in northern Västergötland. He studied botany, zoology, geology, and paleontology at Uppsala University, where he took his licentiate's degree in 1937. In 1942, he completed his PhD with the dissertation On the structure of the snout of Crossopterygians and lower Gnathostomes in general. He participated in the Greenland expedition of Gunnar Säve Söderbergh in 1932 and was appointed assistant in the Department of Palaeozoology of the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm in 1937; he eventually succeeded Erik Stensiö as professor and head of the department in 1960, retiring in 1972.

Jarvik's research concerned mainly the sarcopterygian fishes. His main interests were in the so called "rhipidistian" sarcopterygian fishes, which he held to be divided into two groups: the Osteolepiformes and the Porolepiformes. He published several solidly descriptive works on Devonian sarcopterygians. After the death of Säve Söderbergh, Jarvik was tasked with investigating and fully describing the anatomy of Ichthyostega. His work resulted in a 1996 monograph with an extensive photographic documentation of the material collected in 1929–1955.

In particular, he conducted detailed anatomical studies of the cranium of Eusthenopteron foordi using a serial section technique introduced by William Johnson Sollas and applied to fossil fishes by Erik Stensiö. A fossil of limited external quality was sectioned by grinding off a thin section, photographing the grind off end and repeat the process until the whole fossil was worked through. The internal structures would then show up on long series of photographs. Working in the day before computer simulations, models were made by projecting reversal film on a board, and cut thin wax plates to match. The sticky wax plates could then be assembled to a three dimensional scaled up model of the skull, complete with internal structures such as nerve channels and other internal hollows rarely seen in fossils. Further section to the cranium could easily be made by cutting the wax model at the desired angle. Due to the sticky nature of the wax used, a sectioned skull was put back together by simply pressing the two sections back together. This technique was also applied to the cranium of the porolepiform Glyptolepis groenlandica.

Jarvik was deeply involved in the debate over the principal structure and homology of the vertebrate head, and he was responsible for a controversial proposal regarding the origin of the tetrapods. He proposed, on the basis of detailed analyses of the snout and nasal capsule structures as well as the intermandibular, neuroepiphysial, and occipital regions, that Tetrapoda was biphyletic. In his view, the anatomical details of the Caudata (salamanders) bound them to the primitive "porolepiform" fishes, while all other tetrapods (“eutetrapods”) – apodans possibly excepted – were descended from primitive osteolepiforms. Thus, in his view Amphibia had arisen twice. On the basis of his findings, he argued that Amphibia should be split, with salamanders (and possibly caecilians) in one class (the Urodelomorpha), and the frogs as a separate class, the Batrachomorpha. The Lepospondyli were considered to be possible urodelomorphans, while the "labyrinthodonts" were thought to be batrachomorphs. Jarvik's ideas was never widely accepted, though Friedrich von Huene did include his system in systematic treatment of tetrapods. Few other supported his ideas, and today it has been abandoned by vertebrate paleontologists. The term "Batrachomorpha" is still occasionally used in a cladistic sense to denote labyrinthodonts more closely related to modern amphibians than to amniotes.

Jarvik also studied the anatomy and relationships of lungfish which he held to be relatively primitive gnathostomes, possibly related to holocephalans, and of acanthodians, which he considered to be elasmobranchs rather than osteichthyans. He made contributions to a number of classical problems in comparative anatomy, including the origin of the vertebrates the origin of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and paired fins, and the homologies of the frontal and parietal bones in fishes and tetrapods

Some of Jarvik's views did not accord with general opinion in vertebrate paleontology. However, his anatomical studies of Eusthenopteron foordi laid the foundations for modern studies of the transition from fishes to tetrapods. Jarvik was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and French Academy of Sciences and Knight of the Order of Vasa. The lungfish Jarvikia and the osteolepiform Jarvikina are named after him.