Музыка Лаоса: Традиции и Современность

none
The music of Laos includes the music of the Lao people, a Tai ethnic group, and other ethnic groups living in Laos. The traditional music of Laos has similarities with the traditional music of Thailand and Cambodia, including the names of the instruments and influences and developments. To categorize Lao music, it seems helpful to distinguish between the nonclassical folk traditions (which are presented through the ensembles and instruments used within), the classical music traditions and its basic ensembles, and vocal traditions. The most popular form of music in Laos is the indigenous mor lam.

The Lao term ເພງລາວເດີມ "peng Lao deum" (traditional Lao songs) describes the Royal Court music of Laos. Historical records indicate that an indigenous classical tradition existed, which was mainly influenced by ancient Khmer traditions and mountainous ethnic groups. King Fa Ngum was raised and educated in Angkor Wat, so the Khmer traditions were the first center for the court music, which evolved and changed as the Lao kingdom grew and prospered in the golden age. Today, the court music has mostly vanished. It was considered as "elitist, bourgeoisie" and forbidden by the communist government, and the last performers in Tennessee, USA tried to rebuild the court music in diaspora but failed due to a lack of members. The classical ensemble and its instruments still get used in many Lao traditions today, are only used for the "lam" traditions and the only "theater" like traditions "li ke" (or "lam poem", from 1940) which immigrated from northern Siam, gets performed with acting, storytelling in "lam" singing styles and a Khene mouth organ, thus remaining the only theater tradition in Laos today.

Laotian mor lam (also spelled maw lam), though usually called simply lam in Laos is considered purer and more traditional than the forms found in Thailand. It often features the khaen (bamboo and reed mouth organ) and jousting pairs of singers, backed by colorful troupes, who improvise stories and courting duels. The material is often topical, colloquial, sexual and bawdy and is tolerated by the government even when sometimes it is the object of some of the jokes. Ensembles typically include two singers (mor lam, the same term referring to the genre of music)— one male and one female—, a khene player (mor khaen), and other instruments including fiddles, flutes and bells. Music varies widely across Laos, with the lam saravane style being most popular, while the city of Luang Prabang is known for a slow form called khaplam wai. An extremely popular form of Lao lam that developed in Thailand is called mor lam sing, and is faster and electrified.

Each of these traditions is influenced by regional playing styles, which can be separated in three different areas: Luang Prabang in the north, Vientiane in the center, and Champassak in the south.

In Luang Prabang, classical Lao court music developed to high estate and vanished. Unfortunately, most of the instruments are collecting dust in the royal museum, but showpieces like bronze drums of the Dong Son age show the influence of ethnic minorities which were often from the mountainous areas.

In Vientiane the governmental school "Natasin" which was closed 1975 was reopened 1990 and educates and provides some ensembles for festivals, marriages and other purposes.

The southern region of Champassak is not only influenced by Khmer traditions, but is typically a mixture of Khmer, Thai and indigenous Lao traditions.

In the 1960s, lam nu and lam ploen contributed to the development of lam luang, which is a form of song (and dance) which often has narrative lyrics.

The most distinctive Lao musical instrument is a bamboo mouth organ called a khene. The instrument was supposedly invented by a woman trying to imitate the calls of the garawek bird. The woman took the new instrument to her king, and he told her it was fair, but that he wanted more. She modified the instrument and he replied "Tia nee khaen dee" (this time it was better).