Форд Лазер: История и Разновидности Компактного Автомобиля

The Ford Laser is a compact car, originally a subcompact car in the first three generations, which was sold by Ford in Asia, Oceania, and parts of South America and Africa. It has generally been available as a sedan or hatchback, although convertible, wagon and pick up versions have also been available in different markets. The sedan, and briefly station wagon, versions were badged Ford Meteor in Australia between 1981 and 1987. The Ford Meteor name was also used in South Africa. The Ford Laser was a restyled version of the Familia/323 models produced by Mazda in Japan from 1980 onwards. Ford had acquired a 25% stake in Mazda in 1979. Platform and assembly line sharing with the locally produced Mazda Familia in Japan allowed the Laser in that market to be offered with a plethora of engine, paint and trim configurations not available anywhere else in the world. This was most notably evident during the 1980s with multiple turbocharged variants, unique bodyshells such as the cabriolet, and full time 4WD models all available years before their debuts in other markets (and in some cases, never making it offshore at all). Along with the Japanese produced Ford Telstar and Ford Festiva, the Laser was sold at special Autorama dealerships. In Australia and New Zealand, where Ford was seen as a local brand, the locally assembled Laser outsold its Mazda twin, the 323, especially in Australia, where the 323 was imported. According to research carried out by Ford Australia in 1984, a third of Laser buyers were unaware that the Ford model was based on the Mazda 323. However, in neighbouring Asian markets, such as Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Hong Kong, as well as Japan itself, the reverse was the case, although pooling resources with Mazda allowed Ford to maintain a foothold in the region. This was also the case in South America, South Africa, and the Caribbean, where the Laser was also sold, in many cases being locally assembled. TOC

The KA Laser (Australian model code), built under license from Mazda, was introduced in March 1981, replacing the rear wheel drive Escort in Australia. The range was available as a hatchback, in both three and five door varieties, as well as a four door sedan badged Ford Meteor. Originally sold only with the 1.3 litre engine, the smaller 1.1 litre engine was never available in Australia. Later, 1.5 litre versions were added, eventually even a turbocharged version. In January 1983, the Laser underwent a facelift to become the KB. Light changes were made to the rear, while the front was redesigned in a more modern style, aligning it with Ford's corporate look of the era. In Japan this is referred to as the "BE" Laser, which was identical to the Australian KB series. The BE model code relates to the BD model code used for the corresponding Familia/323. The first Lasers went on sale in Japan in late 1982. Fuel injection and a 115 PS turbocharged model were added in July 1983; these variants were never offered for sale outside Japan. Aside from being built in Australia and Japan, Lasers were also assembled in New Zealand at Ford's Wiri plant in Auckland, replacing the Mk2 Escort. In New Zealand, the Laser was sold as both a hatchback and sedan, the Meteor name not being used in that market, and was later joined by the Mazda 323 at the renamed Vehicle Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) plant in Wiri, Auckland in a joint venture between Ford New Zealand and Mazda. 323s initially had been assembled at the Motor Industries International plant in Otahuhu, subsequently taken over by Mazda New Zealand. New Zealand built Ford Laser hatchbacks were available with the 1.1 litre (base and Ritz), 1.3 litre (GL), and 1.5 litre (Sport) engines, while the Laser sedan (base, L, Ghia) was available with the 1.1 , 1.3 and 1.5 litre engines respectively, with the Ghia having an automatic transmission option. The Laser was also sold in some countries in Latin America, including Argentina. This was identical to the KA version sold in Australia. In Mexico, however, the first generation Laser had a front end similar to the North American Mazda GLC. In addition, it was sold in right hand drive markets in the Caribbean such as Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, where it was locally assembled. Assembly of the Laser also occurred in Malaysia and Indonesia (in right hand drive) and in left hand drive for markets like Taiwan and the Philippines. In Taiwan, it was assembled using complete knock down kits from 1981 via the local joint venture Ford Lio Ho. The Laser was also introduced in Zimbabwe in 1981, the first Ford model to be sold in the country for fourteen years, after the imposition of sanctions on the then Rhodesia after its Unilateral Declaration of Independence. It was assembled at the state owned Willowvale Motor Industries plant, in Harare, alongside the Mazda 323. Mazda E1, 1.1 litre, carburettor, 8 valve, SOHC (Base/Ritz, trim levels in New Zealand)
Mazda E3, 1.3 litre carburettor, 8 valve, SOHC (L and GL in NZ)
Mazda E5, 1.5 litre carburettor, 8 valve, SOHC (L & GL [Australia] and Ghia [NZ and Australia])
Mazda E5, 1.5 litre twin carburettor, 8 valve, SOHC (Sport)
Mazda E5T, 1.5 litre carburettor, 8 valve, SOHC, turbocharged (limited edition Turbo trim level, 300 produced)
Mazda E5T, 1.5 litre, electronic fuel injection, 8 valve SOHC, turbocharged (Turbo trim level in Japan)

Introduced in April 1982, Ford Meteor was the name given to the sedan version of the Laser. Designated as the GA series, the Meteor featured conventional three box styling with a 60/40 folding rear seat to increase luggage capacity that was already considered "very large for the class". However, the Meteor's pitch as the Cortina replacement was merely a temporary measure prior to the introduction of the Telstar mid sized sedan and hatchback in May 1983. In Australia, the Meteor directly competed against the Holden Camira. Lighting changes included the replacement of the Laser's amber front turn signals with clear lenses, plus the fitment of larger, flush headlamps over the Laser's smaller lights that were "sunken" into an enclosure. a 1.6 litre DOHC 16 valve Sport version, and a potent 140 PS DOHC turbo model with full time 4WD drivetrain (identical to the contemporary Mazda Familia BFMR). AWD models for sedan and wagon/van were also available for sale. This added up to an extremely convoluted Japanese product line, which was later streamlined in 1987 with a mid life model refresh (KE series in other markets). This refresh dropped E series engines in favour of all new B series equivalents, poorer selling variants were discontinued, and minor changes were made to exterior styling and interior trim. The commercial van model was available until 1994, sold together with next generation Laser.

The Laser was also sold in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and other markets. Trim and specifications vary somewhat between the countries. In Indonesia, this Laser was assembled at Mazda's plant in Bekasi together with its Mazda 323 twin. It was available in GL and Ghia trims from late 1985 with the 1.3 litre E3 engine or 1.5 litre E5 engine , a five speed manual transmission, and five door hatchback or four door saloon bodywork. Later, a non emissions scrubbed Laser TX 3 three door hatchback with the fuel injected B6 1.6 litre engine became available. This produced a claimed at 6000 rpm. The production for general buyers was stopped in 1989, but the GL sedan with 1.3 litre E3 engine was continued to available for taxi fleet until 1997. In Taiwan, the second generation Laser was assembled by Ford Lio Ho Motor. Unique for this market, it was offered with slightly different exterior styling. The pre facelift hatchback (only available as five door) was offered with different headlights (similar styling to KA Laser) and the facelift model received KE TX3 headlights. Second facelift occurred for sedan and wagon, with massive makeover borrowed from the Mazda 323 (BF) facelift styling. A performance five door hatchback TX3 Turbo was also available in Taiwan with a 1.6 liter DOHC turbo engine.

A version of the KC Laser, the Mercury Tracer, was marketed in the US and Canada, available as a hatchback and wagon only. The Tracer hatchback shared its bodyshell with its Laser counterpart, but the wagon was a distinct design based on the Laser hatchback, rather than the sedan, as was the case with the Meteor wagon. US versions of the Tracer were built in Mexico at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly plant, whereas for the Canadian market, Ford opted to import the Mercury Tracer from Taiwan's Ford Lio Ho Motor instead. In Bermuda, however, the KE Laser was sold locally in right hand drive badged as a Ford.

The Laser was introduced in South Africa in 1986, as a hatchback, with the sedan version being sold as the Meteor. Replacing the Ford Escort, it was produced alongside the Mazda 323 by Samcor. Originally the Laser and Meteor were available with Mazda E series 1.3 litre carb and 1.5 litre carb engines and also a high compression 1.6 litre B6 EFi engine for the 1600i Sport model. From 1989, Ford's CVH engines (1.4 and 1.6) were used, replacing the earlier E engines. These were later in turn replaced by Mazda's B3 1.3 litre and F6 1.6 litre engines. South African models of the Laser and Meteor also gained the 2.0 litre FE SOHC 8 valve and FE DOHC EFi 16 valve engine from 1991 to 1993, the later was available for the flagship 20i RS. The KC/KE Laser and Meteor remained in production in South Africa until 1995, when the Escort was reintroduced. However, Ford introduced an entry level model called the Tonic and Tracer, a rebadged version of the locally manufactured BF series Mazda 323 hatchback, which was sold until 2003. There was also a coupe utility version with facelifted Mazda 323 BF styling, sold as Ford Bantam and Mazda Rustler.

The third generation BG series of 1989 to 1994 went on to be the most popular Laser sold in Japan, with the new "coupé" (liftback) version an instant success. Again, a DOHC turbo model with full time 4WD was offered as a companion car to the Mazda Familia GT X, now producing from an increased displacement of 1.8 litres.

In Australia, this model was released in March 1990 as the KF series and updated in October 1991 with the KH facelift. Local production of the Laser in Australia ceased on 4 September 1994 when Ford closed its plant in Flemington, and imported the new KJ model from Japan;

In New Zealand, the KH Laser continued in production at Ford's assembly plant in Wiri, Auckland, until the end of 1996 when the factory closed. The extended production model in New Zealand was sold only in five door hatchback form as either the Laser Encore or Laser Esprit, as a cheaper alternative to the newer KJ Laser imported from Japan. The Encore was the cheaper of the two, available only with a five speed manual transmission, while the Esprit was slightly higher specification and was available with both the five speed and also a four speed automatic. Both featured red pinstriping around the body and many received dealer fit accessories such as alloy wheels to boost appeal.

The fourth generation Laser was known as the BHA series in Japan. All sporting models were discontinued with the release of this model in the wake of poor sales and financial returns as Mazda scaled back operations and sought to rearrange market focus. Only the sedan and three door hatchback were sold in Japan, the hatch being based on the Mazda Familia Neo.

The Japanese built KJ Laser in Australia went on sale in October 1994 represented a major change in design; looking very different from the previous KH model. The three door hatchback was known as the Laser Lynx and the five door as the Laser Liata. The new KJ Laser was introduced in 1994 with variants, facelifts (KL of December 1996 and KM of December 1997) and engine driveline improvements continuing up until the last of the KM series were released in 1999. The KJ Laser was the first Laser manufactured wholly in Japan, following Ford Australia's decision to close their Flemington plant. However, the KJ was disappointing in sales numbers mainly because of the smaller Festiva and other cheaper South Korean cars from Hyundai, Kia and Daewoo to which many conservative buyers flocked.

With the introduction of the KJ Laser in 1994, Ford New Zealand found itself in a unique position, offering three different generations of the Laser as new vehicles at once at its dealerships—the new KJ Laser, the previous generation KH Laser as a five door hatchback, and the older shape KE Laser station wagon. These were assembled at the VANZ factory in Wiri, Auckland until 1997 when Ford NZ discontinued local assembly. The second update KM Laser was not sold in New Zealand. The KL Laser, now replaced in Australia, continued to be sold alongside the European Ford Escort in New Zealand during 1997 but was discontinued locally at the end of the year, the Escort hatchback and sedan replacing it for just 16 months between January 1998 and May 1999 when the new KN Laser was introduced.

For 1995 in Taiwan, Ford Lio Ho Motor assembled the Laser sedan branded as the Ford Liata; the Lynx three door version was rebranded as the Ford Aztec. However, the Liata five door version was not available in Taiwan, although the Mazda 323 was sold as a rebadged version of the Laser sedan only.

In Taiwan, Ford Lio Ho Motor renamed the KN/KQ Laser sedan as Ford Tierra while the Laser hatchback was renamed Ford Life, and both was sold as rebadged versions of the pre facelift Mazda 323 BJ generation without any exterior redesigns. The KQ facelift design was directed by Ford Lio Ho Motor and was based on the Australian KN Laser as the rear fenders are different from the Mazda derived Ford Tierras. A facelift of the Tierra arrived in the early to mid 2000s, distinguished by its completely new front fenders, new hood, a new grille with chrome moulding, new headlights, revised tail lights, new trunk lid, different exterior colours, and slightly revised interiors. When the facelift for the Tierra was introduced, the pre facelift model sold alongside it, renamed as Ford Activa and acting as a cheaper alternative. The Activa was sold in both sedan and hatchback forms and a wider variety of colour choices was also available while the Tierra facelift was only offered in sedan form and was offered in a variety of trim levels. The KQ Tierra was sold originally as the Tierra LS and the Tierra RS with a slight performance tuning and body kit. In 2005, the RS was replaced by the Tierra Aero which was a slightly tuned down version of the RS, and later in 2007, the Tierra GT was introduced and later the Tierra XT with a redesigned body kit before the model was replaced by the European second generation Ford Focus.

The fifth generation Laser was marketed in the Philippines and Malaysia as the Lynx. In the Philippines, two trim levels were offered; GSi and Ghia. Both were powered with a 1.6 litre petrol engines. Transmission choices were a 5 speed manual or 4 speed automatic, available in both trims. In 2002, the Lynx received its first facelift, featuring new front fenders, hood, a new grille with chrome moulding, new headlights, tail lights, trunk lid, wheel designs, different exterior colours, and slightly revised interiors. The Ghia grade had an electronic sun visor and beige color tone interior. The LSi was added into the lineup as a base model. It was offered with a 1.3 litre engine, no power features, steel wheels with hubcaps and 2 DIN head unit, and was sold until June 2004. In June 2003, a second facelift took place, featuring new taillights, front grille, redesigned trunk garnish and bumpers. A new addition was a trim level called the RS. It had a 2.0 litre engine making 143 hp, RS body kit and interior, smoked black headlights and 7 spoke RS wheels. Available colors were Red Metallic and Black Metallic and the only transmission choice was a 5 speed manual. In Malaysia, only one trim level was originally offered; the 1.6 litre Ghia. It had front discs and rear drum brakes. Transmission choices were a 5 speed manual or 4 speed automatic. In 2002, the Lynx received its first facelift. The RS trim was released in mid 2003 along with a second facelift. The Laser was replaced in most markets around the world by the European sourced Focus, designated as one of Ford's "world cars". The Mazda 323's replacement, the first generation Mazda3, was also based on the same platform as the Focus, continuing the tradition of both companies having products in this market segment around the world sharing common componentry.