Греческая партийная система: история и трансформация

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From the restoration of democracy in 1974 to the 2012 elections, the characteristic Greek political system was predominantly a two party system. The historically dominant parties were New Democracy and the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). Under the electoral system, a party needs to surpass a 3% threshold in the popular vote in order to enter parliament. Until 2023, the largest party used to get a 50 seat bonus (out of 300 seats), ostensibly to ensure elections returned viable governing majorities. The 2023 Greek legislative election was the first and only that was held without the 50 seat bonus rule. Although New Democracy achieved a large percentage of 40.7% and beat the opposition party by 20%, they fell short of forming a majority by 5 seats. The Hellenic Republic had a caretaker prime minister until the June 2023 Greek legislative election was held.

This period was mainly ruled between the right wing and the centre. The major parties that emerged were the People’s Party and the Liberal Party. In 1926, the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), which would later define the left for years, entered the parliament. From 1950 to 1963, the predominant parties that won all elections in this period were the People’s Party (later Hellenic Rally) and the National Radical Union (ERE) (both from the right).

After the seven year dictatorship ended, the former leader of ERE, Konstantinos Karamanlis, was called back from exile to form a new government and then created the New Democracy (ND) party. Monarchy was abolished in 1974, making the political parties the sole determinants of politics in Greece. Further, 1974 saw the establishment of a new party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) under Andreas Papandreou, representing a socialist ideology. For the decades to come, PASOK and New Democracy were the two parties that dominated Greek politics, creating a formidable two party system, with the communist party KKE coming third. The party system during this period was characterised by strong bureaucratic clientelism.

The global economic crisis that heavily affected Greece had an impact in reshaping the party system that had been stagnant for decades. Confidence in the traditional parties declined; this led to the end of the continuous two party system and single party governments. There was new movement towards the creation of coalitions and an increase in the number of parties entering parliament. The party that rose through the crisis was the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). It finished second on the crucial May 2012 legislative elections and later won the 2015 elections. It was the first party from the left wing in Greece's history to win an election. A new split in the party system ideology (created during the economic crisis) which was evident in the 2012 elections was a pro or anti European stance. This resulted in an unprecedented coalition between the major traditional parties New Democracy and PASOK and the minor party DIMAR. Similarly, the coalition that was created after the 2015 elections between SYRIZA, a left wing party, and ANEL, a populist right party, was based on their common views regarding Europe. This period of turmoil also saw the rise of the controversial far right party Golden Dawn. It became a third party in parliament after the 2015 elections. In 2018, the past major party PASOK merged with other centrist parties and created the Movement of Change (KINAL) formation. The elections in 2019 saw a return to a single party government with the continuously dominant New Democracy claiming the majority in parliament.

Name Acronym Position Ideology Leader National affiliation European affiliation MPs MEPs Agricultural Livestock Party of GreeceΑγροτικό Κτηνοτροφικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος AKKEL Α.Κ.Κ.ΕΛ. Centre AgrarianismAgrarian reform Vakis Tsiompanidis Independent Greeks (2015) United Popular Front Agricultural Livestock Party of Greece (2019) European Alliance for Freedom and Democracy 0 0 Anticapitalist Left Cooperation for the OverthrowΑντικαπιταλιστική Αριστερή Συνεργασία για την Ανατροπή ANTARSYA ΑΝΤΑΡΣΥΑ Left wing to far left SocialismAnti capitalism 21 member committee None None 0 0 Assembly of Greeks Ελλήνων Συνέλευσις ESY Ε.ΣΥ. Far right UltranationalismGreek nationalism Artemis Sorras None None 0 0 Christian DemocracyΧριστιανική Δημοκρατία XDΧΔ Left wing Christian socialismDemocratic socialism Giannis Zervos Political Initiative (since 2023) None 0 0 Christian Democratic Party of the OverthrowΧριστιανοδημοκρατικό Κόμμα Ανατροπής XPIKAΧΡΙΚΑ Centre right Christian democracyConservatism Nikos Nikolopoulos Union for the Homeland and the People (2014) Independent Greeks (2015) Union of Centrists (2019) Greek Solution 0 0 Communist Organization of GreeceΚομμουνιστική Οργάνωση Ελλάδας KOE Κ.Ο.Ε. Left wing CommunismMaoism None None 0 0 Communist Party of Greece (Marxist–Leninist)Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας (Μαρξιστικό – Λενινιστικό) KKE(m–l) Κ.Κ.Ε. (μ λ) Far left Marxism–Leninism MaoismAnti revisionism Grigoris Konstantopoulos Marxist–Leninist Communist Parties of Greece None 0 0 Cynical Party of Greece DiogenisΚυνικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος Διογένης KKE D ΚΚΕ Δ Big tent Political satire Unknown None None 0 0 Democratic National Reform UnionΈνωση Δημοκρατικής Εθνικής Μεταρρύθμισης EDEM Ε.Δ.Ε.Μ. Centre Liberalism Apostolos Pontas PASOK KINAL (since 2018) None 0 0 Democratic RevivalΔημοκρατική Αναγέννηση DIMAN ΔΗΜ.ΑΝ. Centre Greek nationalismChristian democracy Stelios Papathemelis Political Initiative (since 2023) None 0 0 Democratic Social MovementΔημοκρατικό Κοινωνικό Κίνημα DΙΚΚΙ ΔH. K. KI. Left wing Social democracySocialism Giorgos Boutris Alliance of the Overthrow None 0 0 DemocratsΔημοκρατικοί Dem Δημ Centre Social liberalismEconomic liberalism Theodoros Polyzoidis New Democracy None 0 0 Ecologist GreensΟικολόγοι Πράσινοι OP Ο.Π. Left wing Green politics Konstantinos Ziavras, Alexandra Datseri Ecologist Greens – Pirate Party of Greece (2014)SYRIZA (2015–2020) Ecologist Greens – Green Unity (since 2023) EGP, G EFA 0 0 Ecologists of GreeceΟικολόγοι Ελλάδας Right wing Green conservatism Konstantinos Papanikolas None None 0 0 European Realistic Disobedience Front 25 MeRA25ΜέΡΑ25 Left wing Democratic socialismMarket socialism Gianis Varoufakis None DiEM25 0 0 Fighting Socialist Party of GreeceΑγωνιστικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας ASKE Α.Σ.Κ.Ε. Left wing Democratic socialismLeft wing nationalism None None 0 0 Free CitizensΕλεύθεροι Πολίτες Centre left Social democracy Michalis Nikitakis None None 0 0 Free People MovementΚίνημα Ελεύθερων Ανθρώπων KELANΚ.ΕΛ.ΑΝ. Centre right to far right National conservatismRight wing populism Paris Kourtzidis Greek Overthrow None 0 0Greece, Another Path Ελλάδα, ο άλλος δρόμος ANOTHER PATHΑΛΛΟΣ ΔΡΟΜΟΣCentre right to right wingNational conservatismNotis Marias NoneECR 0 0 Greek Ecologists Έλληνες Οικολόγοι EO E. O. Ecologism Social progressivism Dimosthenis Vergis None None 0 0 Greek UnityΕλληνική Ενότητα EL. EN ΕΛ.ΕΝ. Right wing to far right Greek nationalism Vasilis Protopapas None None 0 0 Greens SolidarityΠράσινοι Αλληλεγγύη Greens Πράσινοι Centre left Green politics Nikos Chrysogelos Prasino+Mov (since 2022) None 0 0 I Don't Pay MovementΚίνημα Δεν Πληρώνω Far left SocialismAnti capitalism Vasilis Papadopoulos Course of Freedom None 0 0 Independent GreeksΑνεξάρτητοι Έλληνες ANELΑΝ.ΕΛ. Centre right Conservatism Panos Kammenos None None 0 0 Marxist Leninist Communist Party of GreeceΜαρξιστικό Λενινιστικό Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας M L KKE Μ Λ Κ.Κ.Ε. Far left Marxism–Leninism MaoismAnti revisionism Antonis Papadopoulos Marxist–Leninist Communist Parties of Greece None 0 0 Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955Κίνηση για την Ανασύνταξη του ΚΚΕ 1918–55 Anasintaxi Ανασυνταξη Far left Marxism–LeninismStalinism Tasos Mpallos None None 0 0 Movement of Democratic SocialistsΚίνημα Δημοκρατών Σοσιαλιστών KIDISO ΚΙ.ΔΗ.ΣΟ. Centre left Social democracy George Papandreou PASOK KINAL None 1 0 National FrontΕθνικό Mέτωπο EM Ε.Μ. Far right UltranationalismGreek nationalism Emmanouil Konstas None None 0 0 National HopeΕθνική Ελπίδα EE E. E. Right wing to far right National conservatismMonarchism Giorgos Papadopoulos None None 0 0National Party GreeksΕθνικό Kόμμα Έλληνες GREEKS ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣFar rightNational conservatism Anti immigrationDimitris ChatziliadisNoneNone00 National Unity AssociationΣύνδεσμος Εθνικής Ενότητας SEE Σ.Ε.Ε. Right wing PatriotismNational conservatism Nikos Alikakos None None 0 0New Right Νέα Δεξιά ΝEDE ΝΕ.ΔΕ. Far rightNational conservatism Greek nationalismFailos Kranidiotis none ID 0 0 Organization for the Reconstruction of the Communist Party of GreeceΟργάνωση για την Ανασυγκρότηση του Κομουνιστικού Κόμματος Ελλάδας OAKKE Ο.Α.Κ.Κ.Ε. Far left Communism Elias Zafiropoulos None None 0 0 Organisation of Internationalist Communists of GreeceΟργάνωση Κομμουνιστών Διεθνιστών Ελλάδας OKDE Ο.Κ.Δ.Ε. Far left Communism Trotskyism None None 0 0 Panathinaikos MovementΠαναθηναικό Κίνημα PAN. KI.ΠΑN. KI. Centre Ioannis AlevizosNoneNone00 Panhellenic Citizen ChariotΠανελλήνιο Άρμα Πολιτών PARPΠ.ΑΡ.Π. Centre left Giannis DimarasIndependent Greeks (2012–2014)Union of Centrists (2019) None00 Party of Friendship, Equality and PeaceΚόμμα Ισότητας, Ειρήνης και ΦιλίαςDostluk Eşitlik Barış Partisi KIEFΚ.Ι.Ε.ΦDEBP Centre Turkish minority interestsCentrism Çiğdem AsafoğluNoneNone00 Party of Greek HuntersΚόμμα Ελλήνων Κυνηγών KEK Κ.Ε.Κ. Centre right Conservatism Giorgos Tsagkanelias None None 0 0PatriotsΠατριώτες PD PE Π.Δ. Π.Ε. Far rightNational conservatism Anti immigrationProdromos Emfietzoglou NoneNone00Patriotic Force for ChangeΠατριωτική Δύναμη Αλλαγής PATRIDA ΠΑΤΡΙ.Δ.Α. Far rightNational conservatism Anti immigrationKonstantinos Bogdanos NoneNone00 Pirate Party of GreeceΚόμμα Πειρατών Ελλάδας KPE Κ.Π.Ε. Freedom of informationDirect democracy Has no leader, but a management board. Ecologist Greens – Pirate Party of Greece (2014)
Prasino+Mov (since 2022) PPEU, supported G EFA 0 0 Popular Greek Patriotic UnionΛαϊκή Ελληνική Πατριωτική Ένωση L. E. P. EN. ΛΕ.Π.ΕΝ. [[Far right politics Greek nationalismAnti immigration Christos Rigas Greeks for the Fatherland APF 0 0 Popular Orthodox RallyΛαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός LA. O. S ΛΑ.Ο.Σ [[Far right politics Greek nationalismConservatism Filippos Kampouris None MELD 0 0 Popular Unions of Bipartisan Social GroupsΛαϊκές Ενώσεις Υπερκομματικών Κοινωνικών Ομάδων L. E. F. K. O. Λ.Ε.Υ.Κ.Ο. Konstantinos Dalios Independent Greeks (2015) None 0 0 Popular Unity Insubordinate LeftΛαϊκή Ενότητα Ανυπότακτη Αριστερά LAE AA ΛΑ.Ε. A. A. Left wing to far left Democratic socialism Left wing populism Dimitris Stratoulis, Marianna Tsixli MeRA25 Alliance for the Rupture None 0 0 RainbowΟυράνιο ΤόξοВиножито Centre Slavic Macedonian minority rightsRegionalism Collective leadershipNone European Free Alliance00 Recreate GreeceΔημιουργία Ξανά DIXAN ΔH.ΞAN. Right wing NeoliberalismAnti immigration Vaggelis Aktsalis None ALDE 0 0 Social AgreementΚοινωνική Συμφωνία KOISY ΚΟΙ.ΣΥ. Centre left Social democracyDemocratic socialism Louka Katseli SYRIZA None 0 0 Society FirstΗ Κοινωνία Πρώτα H. K. PΗ.Κ.Π Left wing Democratic socialismSocialism Stefanos Katsaras SYRIZA None 0 0 Society of ValuesΚοινωνία Αξιών Centre Liberalism Stelios Fenekos The River (2019) Society of Values – Liberal Alliance None 0 0 Smoking Groups for Art and Visual ArtΚαπνιστικές Ομάδες για την Τέχνη και την Εικαστική Συγκρότηση K. O. T. E. S.Κ.Ο.Τ.Ε.Σ Legalization of smoking Nikos Louvros SYRIZA (2019) , KKE None 0 0 Start – Socialist Internationalist Organisation Ξεκίνημα – Σοσιαλιστική Διεθνιστική Οργάνωση Χ Ξ Far left TrotskyismDemocratic socialism None None None 0 0 Union of Centrists Ένωση Κεντρώων E. K. Ε.Κ. Centre VenizelismNational liberalism Vasilis Leventis None European Democratic Party 0 0United Popular FrontΕνιαίο Παλλαϊκό Μέτωπο EPAMΕ.ΠΑ.Μ. None PatriotismGreek nationalism Dimitris Kazakis Alliance of the Overthrow None 0 0Voice of LogicΦωνή Λογικής FL Φ.Λ. Far rightNational conservatism Anti immigrationAfroditi Latinopoulou NoneNone00Volt GreeceΒολτ Ελλάδας VOLTΒΟΛΤCentreSocial liberalismProgressivismNikolas Fournarakis, Theodora FabriceziPrasino+Mov (2022–2023)Volt Europa00 Workers Revolutionary PartyΕργατικό Επαναστατικό Κόμμα EEK Ε.Ε.Κ. Far left CommunismTrotskyism Savas Matsas None None 0 0