Введение
Сокращения ISU 1Eu Euler jump T Toe loop F Flip Lz Lutz S Salchow Lo Loop A Axel
ISU abbreviations 1Eu Euler jump T Toe loop F Flip Lz Lutz S Salchow Lo Loop A Axel
Figure skating jumps are an element of three competitive figure skating disciplines: men's singles, women's singles, and pair skatingbut not ice dancing. Jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent". They were originally individual compulsory figures, and sometimes special figures; many jumps were named after the skaters who invented them or from the figures from which they were developed. It was not until the early part of the 20th century, well after the establishment of organized skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally categorized. In the 1920s Austrian skaters began to perform the first double jumps in practice. Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed. Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during international competitions until the 1930s. During the post war period and into the 1950s and early 1960s, triple jumps became more common for both male and female skaters, and a full repertoire of two revolution jumps had been fully developed. In the 1980s men were expected to complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform the easier triples. By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed from competitions, multi revolution jumps became more important in figure skating. The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the toe loop, the flip, and the Lutz) and edge jumps (the Salchow, the loop, and the Axel). The Euler jump, which was known as a half loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side by side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner. According to the International Skating Union (ISU), jumps must have the following characteristics to earn the most points: they must have "very good height and very good length"; they must be executed effortlessly, including the rhythm demonstrated during jump combinations; and they must have good takeoffs and landings. The following are not required, but also taken into consideration: there must be steps executed before the beginning of the jump, or it must have either a creative or unexpected entry; the jump must match the music; and the skater must have, from the jump's takeoff to its landing, a "very good body position". According to sports reporter Dvora Meyers, the "quad revolution in women's figure skating" of the early 21st century began in 2018, when Russian skater Alexandra Trusova began performing a quadruple Salchow when she was still competing as a junior. The Euler jump, which was known as a half loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Toe jumps tend to be higher than edge jumps because skaters press the toe pick of their skate into the ice on takeoff. Both feet are on the ice at the time of takeoff, and the toe pick in the ice at takeoff acts as a pole vault. It is impossible to add a half revolution to toe jumps. Skaters accomplish edge jumps by leaving the ice from any of their skates' four possible edges; lift is "achieved from the spring gained by straightening of a bent knee in combination with a swing of the free leg". They require precise rotational control of the skater's upper body, arms, and free leg, and of how well he or she leans into the takeoff edge. The preparation going into the jump and its takeoff, as well as controlling the rotation of the preparation and takeoff, must be precisely timed. When a skater executes an edge jump, they must extend their leg and use their arms more than when they execute toe jumps. Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. For example, all single jumps, except for the Axel, include one revolution, double jumps include two revolution, and so on. More revolutions earn skaters earn more points. Double and triple versions have increased in importance "as a measure of technical and athletic ability, with attention paid to clean takeoffs and landings". Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side by side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.
Прыжки в фигурном катании являются элементом трех соревновательных дисциплин: мужское одиночное катание, женское одиночное катание и парное катание, но не танцы на льду. Прыжки в фигурном катании – относительно недавнее явление. Изначально они представляли собой обязательные фигуры, а иногда и специальные фигуры; многие прыжки были названы в честь конькобежцев, которые их изобрели, или от фигур, из которых они были развиты. Лишь в начале XX века, после учреждения организованных соревнований по катанию на коньках, были изобретены прыжки с потенциалом выполнения с несколькими оборотами и формально категоризированы. В 1920-х годах австрийские конькобежцы начали выполнять первые двойные прыжки на тренировках. Конькобежцы экспериментировали с прыжками, и к концу этого периода был разработан современный репертуар прыжков. До 1930-х годов прыжки не играли существенной роли в произвольных программах на международных соревнованиях. В послевоенный период и в 1950-х – начале 1960-х годов тройные прыжки стали более распространены как среди мужчин, так и среди женщин, и был полностью разработан репертуар прыжков в два оборота. В 1980-х годах от мужчин ожидалось выполнение четырех или пяти сложных тройных прыжков, а женщины должны были выполнять более простые тройные. К 1990-м годам, после исключения обязательных фигур из соревнований, прыжки с несколькими оборотами стали более важными в фигурном катании. Шесть наиболее распространенных прыжков можно разделить на две группы: прыжки с толчком (тулуп, флип и лутц) и прыжки с ребра (сальхов, луп и аксель). Прыжок Эйлера, который до 2018 года назывался полулупом, является прыжком с ребра. Прыжки также классифицируются по количеству оборотов. В парном катании выполняются два типа прыжков: прыжки бок о бок, при которых прыжки выполняются одновременно и синхронно, и выбросы, при которых женщина выполняет прыжок с помощью и импульса, предоставленного партнером. Согласно Международному союзу конькобежцев (ISU), для получения максимального количества баллов прыжки должны обладать следующими характеристиками: "очень хорошая высота и очень хорошая длина"; они должны выполняться легко и непринужденно, включая ритм, демонстрируемый в комбинациях прыжков; и иметь качественные заходы и приземления. Также учитываются (хотя и не являются обязательными): выполнение шагов перед началом прыжка или творческий/неожиданный вход; соответствие прыжка музыке; и "очень хорошая позиция тела" от захода до приземления. По словам спортивного обозревателя Дворы Майерс, "квадрореволюция в женском фигурном катании" в начале XXI века началась в 2018 году, когда российская фигуристка Александра Трусова начала выполнять четверной сальхов, еще будучи юниоркой. Прыжок Эйлера, который до 2018 года назывался полулупом, является прыжком с ребра. Прыжки с толчка, как правило, выше, чем прыжки с ребра, поскольку конькобежцы при заходе вдавливают зуб конька в лед. Обе ноги находятся на льду в момент захода, а зуб конька, вдавливаясь в лед, действует как шест для прыжка. Невозможно добавить полуоборот к прыжкам с толчком. Прыжки с ребра выполняются отталкиванием от любого из четырех ребер конька; подъем достигается за счет пружинистого усилия, возникающего при разгибании согнутого колена в сочетании с махом свободной ноги. Они требуют точного вращательного контроля верхней части тела, рук и свободной ноги, а также правильного наклона к ребру захода. Подготовка к прыжку и сам заход, а также контроль вращения в процессе подготовки и захода, должны быть идеально синхронизированы. При выполнении прыжка с ребра фигурист должен больше вытягивать ногу и использовать руки, чем при выполнении прыжка с толчка. Прыжки также классифицируются по количеству оборотов. Например, все одинарные прыжки, за исключением акселя, включают один оборот, двойные прыжки – два оборота и так далее. Большее количество оборотов приносит фигуристам больше баллов. Двойные и тройные версии приобрели все большее значение "как мера технического и атлетического мастерства, с акцентом на чистоту заходов и приземлений". В парном катании выполняются два типа прыжков: прыжки бок о бок, при которых прыжки выполняются одновременно и синхронно, и выбросы, при которых женщина выполняет прыжок с помощью и импульса, предоставленного партнером.
ISU abbreviations 1Eu Euler jump T Toe loop F Flip Lz Lutz S Salchow Lo Loop A Axel
Figure skating jumps are an element of three competitive figure skating disciplines: men's singles, women's singles, and pair skatingbut not ice dancing. Jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent". They were originally individual compulsory figures, and sometimes special figures; many jumps were named after the skaters who invented them or from the figures from which they were developed. It was not until the early part of the 20th century, well after the establishment of organized skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally categorized. In the 1920s Austrian skaters began to perform the first double jumps in practice. Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed. Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during international competitions until the 1930s. During the post war period and into the 1950s and early 1960s, triple jumps became more common for both male and female skaters, and a full repertoire of two revolution jumps had been fully developed. In the 1980s men were expected to complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform the easier triples. By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed from competitions, multi revolution jumps became more important in figure skating. The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the toe loop, the flip, and the Lutz) and edge jumps (the Salchow, the loop, and the Axel). The Euler jump, which was known as a half loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side by side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner. According to the International Skating Union (ISU), jumps must have the following characteristics to earn the most points: they must have "very good height and very good length"; they must be executed effortlessly, including the rhythm demonstrated during jump combinations; and they must have good takeoffs and landings. The following are not required, but also taken into consideration: there must be steps executed before the beginning of the jump, or it must have either a creative or unexpected entry; the jump must match the music; and the skater must have, from the jump's takeoff to its landing, a "very good body position". According to sports reporter Dvora Meyers, the "quad revolution in women's figure skating" of the early 21st century began in 2018, when Russian skater Alexandra Trusova began performing a quadruple Salchow when she was still competing as a junior. The Euler jump, which was known as a half loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Toe jumps tend to be higher than edge jumps because skaters press the toe pick of their skate into the ice on takeoff. Both feet are on the ice at the time of takeoff, and the toe pick in the ice at takeoff acts as a pole vault. It is impossible to add a half revolution to toe jumps. Skaters accomplish edge jumps by leaving the ice from any of their skates' four possible edges; lift is "achieved from the spring gained by straightening of a bent knee in combination with a swing of the free leg". They require precise rotational control of the skater's upper body, arms, and free leg, and of how well he or she leans into the takeoff edge. The preparation going into the jump and its takeoff, as well as controlling the rotation of the preparation and takeoff, must be precisely timed. When a skater executes an edge jump, they must extend their leg and use their arms more than when they execute toe jumps. Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. For example, all single jumps, except for the Axel, include one revolution, double jumps include two revolution, and so on. More revolutions earn skaters earn more points. Double and triple versions have increased in importance "as a measure of technical and athletic ability, with attention paid to clean takeoffs and landings". Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side by side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.
Эйлер
Эйлер – это прыжок с опорой на внешнее ребро. Он был известен как прыжок с полупетлей в правилах Международного союза конькобежцев (ISU) до сезона 2018–2019, когда название было изменено.
Сюжетная линия
Скачок с петлей на пальце – самый простой прыжок в фигурном катании. Он был изобретен в 1920-х годах американским профессиональным фигуристом Брюсом Мэйпсом. В соревнованиях базовая стоимость одинарного тулупа составляет 0,40; двойного тулупа – 1,30; тройного тулупа – 4,20; а четверного тулупа – 9,50. Тулуп – наиболее простой прыжок для добавления нескольких оборотов, поскольку отталкивание пальцем ноги придает прыжку силу, а фигурист может развернуть тело к опорной ноге при отталкивании, что немного уменьшает необходимое количество оборотов в воздухе. Его часто добавляют к более сложным прыжкам в комбинациях, и он является самым распространенным вторым прыжком в комбинациях. Это также самый часто исполняемый прыжок, то есть прыжок, в котором первый оборот начинается на льду, а не в воздухе. Добавление тулупа в комбинацию прыжков не повышает сложность короткой или произвольной программ.