Введение
39-е четырехлетние президентские выборы в США
Президентские выборы в США 1940 года были 39-ми по счету четырехлетними президентскими выборами. Они состоялись во вторник, 5 ноября 1940 года. Действующий президент-демократ Франклин Делано Рузвельт одержал победу над республиканским бизнесменом Венделлом Уилки и был переизбран на беспрецедентный третий срок. До 1988 года это был последний случай, когда партия действующего президента выиграла три президентских выборы подряд. Это также были четвертые президентские выборы, на которых оба основных кандидата были зарегистрированы в одном и том же штате; ранее это происходило в 1860, 1904, 1920, 1944 и 2016 годах. Выборы проходили в тени Второй мировой войны в Европе, в то время как Соединенные Штаты постепенно выходили из Великой депрессии. Рузвельт изначально не стремился к баллотированию на третий срок, но ухудшающаяся ситуация в Европе побудила его к этому. Он и его сторонники стремились нейтрализовать вызовы со стороны других лидеров партии, таких как Джеймс Фарли и вице-президент Джон Нэнс Гарнер. На Национальном съезде Демократической партии в 1940 году Рузвельт был переизбран на первом туре голосования, а Гарнер был заменен на позиции вице-президента министром сельского хозяйства Генри А. Уоллесом. Уилки, считавшийся кандидатом-аутсайдером, победил консервативного сенатора Роберта А. Тафта и прокурора Томаса Э. Дьюи на шестом туре голосования на Национальном съезде Республиканской партии в 1940 году. Рузвельт, хорошо осознавая сильные изоляционистские и неинтервенционистские настроения, пообещал не вмешиваться в иностранные войны в случае своего переизбрания. Уилки, ранее не участвовавший в выборах на государственные должности, провел энергичную кампанию, сумев восстановить позиции республиканцев в Среднем Западе и на Северо-Востоке. Он критиковал предполагаемую некомпетентность и расточительность в рамках «Нового курса», предупреждал об опасности нарушения традиции двух сроков и обвинил Рузвельта в тайных планах втянуть страну во Вторую мировую войну. Однако связи Уилки с крупным бизнесом нанесли ущерб его кампании, поскольку многие избиратели рабочего класса винили корпорации и бизнес-лидеров в Великой депрессии. Рузвельт лидировал во всех предвыборных опросах и одержал убедительную победу, хотя его отрыв от соперника был менее значительным, чем в 1932 и 1936 годах.
Демократическая партия
1940 год – выдвижение кандидатов от Демократической партии на пост президента и вице-президента. 32-й президент США (1933–1945), 11-й министр сельского хозяйства США (1933–1940).
In order of delegates and votes wonFranklin D. RooseveltJohn Nance GarnerCharles W. SawyerJames FarleyWilliam B. BankheadO. John RoggeMillard TydingsBurton K. WheelerJoseph C. O'MahoneyEllis E. PattersonCordell HullPaul V. McNuttU. S. President from New York (1933–1945)U. S. Vice President from Texas (1933–1941)Lt. Governor of Ohio (1933–1935)U. S. Postmaster Generalfrom New York(1933–1940)U. S. House Speakerfrom Alabama(1936–1940)U. S. Assistant Attorney Generalfrom New York(1939–1940)U. S. Senatorfrom Maryland(1927–1951)U. S. Senatorfrom Montana(1923–1947)U. S. Senatorfrom Wyoming(1934–1953)Lt. Governorof California(1939–1943)U. S. Secretary of Statefrom Tennessee(1933–1944)Administrator of the Federal Security Agencyfrom Indiana(1934–1945)3,214,555 votes691.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)426,641 votes69.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)283,952 votes52 PD (Pledged Delegates)76,919 votes38.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)196,508 votes22 PD (Pledged Delegates)20 PD (Pledged Delegates)16 PD (Pledged Delegates)8 PD (Pledged Delegates)6 PD (Pledged Delegates)48,337 votes0 PD (Pledged Delegates)0 PD (Pledged Delegates)
+ Convention vote President Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt 946 Henry A. Wallace 626 James Farley 72 William B. Bankhead 329 John Nance Garner 61 Paul V. McNutt 68 Millard Tydings 9 Alva B. Adams 11 Cordell Hull 5 James Farley 7 Jesse H. Jones 5 Joseph C. O'Mahoney 3 Alben W. Barkley 2 Prentiss M. Brown 1 Louis A. Johnson 1 Scott W. Lucas 1 Bascom N. Timmons 1 David I. Walsh 0.5
Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to state definitely whether he would run for a third term. He even indicated to some ambitious Democrats that he would not run. Two of them thus decided to seek the Democratic nomination. These were James Farley, his former campaign manager, and Vice President John Nance Garner. Garner was a Texas conservative who had come to disagree with Roosevelt's liberal economic and social policies, and declined to run for a third term as vice president. However, as Nazi Germany swept through western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie. At the July 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Garner. Roosevelt picked Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace of Iowa to replace Garner on the ticket. An outspoken liberal who had been a Republican till joining Roosevelt's cabinet, he met strong opposition from conservatives and party traditionalists. Wallace was also known as "eccentric" in his private life: some years earlier, he had been a follower of Theosophist mystic Nicholas Roerich. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace he would not run. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, and he won the vice presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.
В порядке количества делегатов и полученных голосов: Франклин Д. Рузвельт, Джон Нэнс Гарнер, Чарльз У. Сойер, Джеймс Фарли, Уильям Б. Банкхед, О. Джон Родж, Миллард Тайдингс, Бёртон К. Уилер, Джозеф К. О’Махони, Эллис Э. Паттерсон, Корделл Халл, Пол В. МакНатт.
In order of delegates and votes wonFranklin D. RooseveltJohn Nance GarnerCharles W. SawyerJames FarleyWilliam B. BankheadO. John RoggeMillard TydingsBurton K. WheelerJoseph C. O'MahoneyEllis E. PattersonCordell HullPaul V. McNuttU. S. President from New York (1933–1945)U. S. Vice President from Texas (1933–1941)Lt. Governor of Ohio (1933–1935)U. S. Postmaster Generalfrom New York(1933–1940)U. S. House Speakerfrom Alabama(1936–1940)U. S. Assistant Attorney Generalfrom New York(1939–1940)U. S. Senatorfrom Maryland(1927–1951)U. S. Senatorfrom Montana(1923–1947)U. S. Senatorfrom Wyoming(1934–1953)Lt. Governorof California(1939–1943)U. S. Secretary of Statefrom Tennessee(1933–1944)Administrator of the Federal Security Agencyfrom Indiana(1934–1945)3,214,555 votes691.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)426,641 votes69.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)283,952 votes52 PD (Pledged Delegates)76,919 votes38.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)196,508 votes22 PD (Pledged Delegates)20 PD (Pledged Delegates)16 PD (Pledged Delegates)8 PD (Pledged Delegates)6 PD (Pledged Delegates)48,337 votes0 PD (Pledged Delegates)0 PD (Pledged Delegates)
+ Convention vote President Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt 946 Henry A. Wallace 626 James Farley 72 William B. Bankhead 329 John Nance Garner 61 Paul V. McNutt 68 Millard Tydings 9 Alva B. Adams 11 Cordell Hull 5 James Farley 7 Jesse H. Jones 5 Joseph C. O'Mahoney 3 Alben W. Barkley 2 Prentiss M. Brown 1 Louis A. Johnson 1 Scott W. Lucas 1 Bascom N. Timmons 1 David I. Walsh 0.5
Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to state definitely whether he would run for a third term. He even indicated to some ambitious Democrats that he would not run. Two of them thus decided to seek the Democratic nomination. These were James Farley, his former campaign manager, and Vice President John Nance Garner. Garner was a Texas conservative who had come to disagree with Roosevelt's liberal economic and social policies, and declined to run for a third term as vice president. However, as Nazi Germany swept through western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie. At the July 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Garner. Roosevelt picked Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace of Iowa to replace Garner on the ticket. An outspoken liberal who had been a Republican till joining Roosevelt's cabinet, he met strong opposition from conservatives and party traditionalists. Wallace was also known as "eccentric" in his private life: some years earlier, he had been a follower of Theosophist mystic Nicholas Roerich. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace he would not run. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, and he won the vice presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.
Президент США от штата Нью-Йорк (1933–1945). Вице-президент США от штата Техас (1933–1941). Губернатор штата Огайо (1933–1935). Генеральный почтмейстер США от штата Нью-Йорк (1933–1940). Спикер Палаты представителей США от штата Алабама (1936–1940). Помощник генерального прокурора США от штата Нью-Йорк (1939–1940). Сенатор США от штата Мэриленд (1927–1951). Сенатор США от штата Монтана (1923–1947). Сенатор США от штата Вайоминг (1934–1953). Лейтенант-губернатор штата Калифорния (1939–1943). Государственный секретарь США от штата Теннесси (1933–1944). Администратор Федерального агентства по безопасности и социальному обеспечению от штата Индиана (1934–1945).
In order of delegates and votes wonFranklin D. RooseveltJohn Nance GarnerCharles W. SawyerJames FarleyWilliam B. BankheadO. John RoggeMillard TydingsBurton K. WheelerJoseph C. O'MahoneyEllis E. PattersonCordell HullPaul V. McNuttU. S. President from New York (1933–1945)U. S. Vice President from Texas (1933–1941)Lt. Governor of Ohio (1933–1935)U. S. Postmaster Generalfrom New York(1933–1940)U. S. House Speakerfrom Alabama(1936–1940)U. S. Assistant Attorney Generalfrom New York(1939–1940)U. S. Senatorfrom Maryland(1927–1951)U. S. Senatorfrom Montana(1923–1947)U. S. Senatorfrom Wyoming(1934–1953)Lt. Governorof California(1939–1943)U. S. Secretary of Statefrom Tennessee(1933–1944)Administrator of the Federal Security Agencyfrom Indiana(1934–1945)3,214,555 votes691.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)426,641 votes69.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)283,952 votes52 PD (Pledged Delegates)76,919 votes38.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)196,508 votes22 PD (Pledged Delegates)20 PD (Pledged Delegates)16 PD (Pledged Delegates)8 PD (Pledged Delegates)6 PD (Pledged Delegates)48,337 votes0 PD (Pledged Delegates)0 PD (Pledged Delegates)
+ Convention vote President Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt 946 Henry A. Wallace 626 James Farley 72 William B. Bankhead 329 John Nance Garner 61 Paul V. McNutt 68 Millard Tydings 9 Alva B. Adams 11 Cordell Hull 5 James Farley 7 Jesse H. Jones 5 Joseph C. O'Mahoney 3 Alben W. Barkley 2 Prentiss M. Brown 1 Louis A. Johnson 1 Scott W. Lucas 1 Bascom N. Timmons 1 David I. Walsh 0.5
Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to state definitely whether he would run for a third term. He even indicated to some ambitious Democrats that he would not run. Two of them thus decided to seek the Democratic nomination. These were James Farley, his former campaign manager, and Vice President John Nance Garner. Garner was a Texas conservative who had come to disagree with Roosevelt's liberal economic and social policies, and declined to run for a third term as vice president. However, as Nazi Germany swept through western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie. At the July 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Garner. Roosevelt picked Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace of Iowa to replace Garner on the ticket. An outspoken liberal who had been a Republican till joining Roosevelt's cabinet, he met strong opposition from conservatives and party traditionalists. Wallace was also known as "eccentric" in his private life: some years earlier, he had been a follower of Theosophist mystic Nicholas Roerich. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace he would not run. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, and he won the vice presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.
3 250 555 голосов, 707.5 делегатов (подтвержденных).
3 214 555 голосов, 691.5 делегатов (подтвержденных).
426 641 голос, 69.5 делегатов (подтвержденных).
283 952 голоса, 52 делегата (подтвержденных).
76 919 голосов, 38.5 делегатов (подтвержденных).
196 508 голосов, 22 делегата (подтвержденных).
20 делегатов (подтвержденных).
16 делегатов (подтвержденных).
8 делегатов (подтвержденных).
6 делегатов (подтвержденных).
48 337 голосов, 0 делегатов (подтвержденных).
0 делегатов (подтвержденных).
In order of delegates and votes wonFranklin D. RooseveltJohn Nance GarnerCharles W. SawyerJames FarleyWilliam B. BankheadO. John RoggeMillard TydingsBurton K. WheelerJoseph C. O'MahoneyEllis E. PattersonCordell HullPaul V. McNuttU. S. President from New York (1933–1945)U. S. Vice President from Texas (1933–1941)Lt. Governor of Ohio (1933–1935)U. S. Postmaster Generalfrom New York(1933–1940)U. S. House Speakerfrom Alabama(1936–1940)U. S. Assistant Attorney Generalfrom New York(1939–1940)U. S. Senatorfrom Maryland(1927–1951)U. S. Senatorfrom Montana(1923–1947)U. S. Senatorfrom Wyoming(1934–1953)Lt. Governorof California(1939–1943)U. S. Secretary of Statefrom Tennessee(1933–1944)Administrator of the Federal Security Agencyfrom Indiana(1934–1945)3,214,555 votes691.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)426,641 votes69.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)283,952 votes52 PD (Pledged Delegates)76,919 votes38.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)196,508 votes22 PD (Pledged Delegates)20 PD (Pledged Delegates)16 PD (Pledged Delegates)8 PD (Pledged Delegates)6 PD (Pledged Delegates)48,337 votes0 PD (Pledged Delegates)0 PD (Pledged Delegates)
+ Convention vote President Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt 946 Henry A. Wallace 626 James Farley 72 William B. Bankhead 329 John Nance Garner 61 Paul V. McNutt 68 Millard Tydings 9 Alva B. Adams 11 Cordell Hull 5 James Farley 7 Jesse H. Jones 5 Joseph C. O'Mahoney 3 Alben W. Barkley 2 Prentiss M. Brown 1 Louis A. Johnson 1 Scott W. Lucas 1 Bascom N. Timmons 1 David I. Walsh 0.5
Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to state definitely whether he would run for a third term. He even indicated to some ambitious Democrats that he would not run. Two of them thus decided to seek the Democratic nomination. These were James Farley, his former campaign manager, and Vice President John Nance Garner. Garner was a Texas conservative who had come to disagree with Roosevelt's liberal economic and social policies, and declined to run for a third term as vice president. However, as Nazi Germany swept through western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie. At the July 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Garner. Roosevelt picked Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace of Iowa to replace Garner on the ticket. An outspoken liberal who had been a Republican till joining Roosevelt's cabinet, he met strong opposition from conservatives and party traditionalists. Wallace was also known as "eccentric" in his private life: some years earlier, he had been a follower of Theosophist mystic Nicholas Roerich. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace he would not run. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, and he won the vice presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.
+ Результаты голосования на съезде: Президент – Вице-президент. Франклин Д. Рузвельт – 946, Генри А. Уоллес – 626, Джеймс Фарли – 72, Уильям Б. Банкхед – 329, Джон Нэнс Гарнер – 61, Пол В. МакНатт – 68, Миллард Тайдингс – 9, Алва Б. Адамс – 11, Корделл Халл – 5, Джеймс Фарли – 7, Джесси Х. Джонс – 5, Джозеф К. О’Махони – 3, Албен В. Баркли – 2, Прентисс М. Браун – 1, Луис А. Джонсон – 1, Скотт В. Лукас – 1, Баском Н. Тиммонс – 1, Дэвид И. Уолш – 0.5.
In order of delegates and votes wonFranklin D. RooseveltJohn Nance GarnerCharles W. SawyerJames FarleyWilliam B. BankheadO. John RoggeMillard TydingsBurton K. WheelerJoseph C. O'MahoneyEllis E. PattersonCordell HullPaul V. McNuttU. S. President from New York (1933–1945)U. S. Vice President from Texas (1933–1941)Lt. Governor of Ohio (1933–1935)U. S. Postmaster Generalfrom New York(1933–1940)U. S. House Speakerfrom Alabama(1936–1940)U. S. Assistant Attorney Generalfrom New York(1939–1940)U. S. Senatorfrom Maryland(1927–1951)U. S. Senatorfrom Montana(1923–1947)U. S. Senatorfrom Wyoming(1934–1953)Lt. Governorof California(1939–1943)U. S. Secretary of Statefrom Tennessee(1933–1944)Administrator of the Federal Security Agencyfrom Indiana(1934–1945)3,214,555 votes691.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)426,641 votes69.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)283,952 votes52 PD (Pledged Delegates)76,919 votes38.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)196,508 votes22 PD (Pledged Delegates)20 PD (Pledged Delegates)16 PD (Pledged Delegates)8 PD (Pledged Delegates)6 PD (Pledged Delegates)48,337 votes0 PD (Pledged Delegates)0 PD (Pledged Delegates)
+ Convention vote President Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt 946 Henry A. Wallace 626 James Farley 72 William B. Bankhead 329 John Nance Garner 61 Paul V. McNutt 68 Millard Tydings 9 Alva B. Adams 11 Cordell Hull 5 James Farley 7 Jesse H. Jones 5 Joseph C. O'Mahoney 3 Alben W. Barkley 2 Prentiss M. Brown 1 Louis A. Johnson 1 Scott W. Lucas 1 Bascom N. Timmons 1 David I. Walsh 0.5
Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to state definitely whether he would run for a third term. He even indicated to some ambitious Democrats that he would not run. Two of them thus decided to seek the Democratic nomination. These were James Farley, his former campaign manager, and Vice President John Nance Garner. Garner was a Texas conservative who had come to disagree with Roosevelt's liberal economic and social policies, and declined to run for a third term as vice president. However, as Nazi Germany swept through western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie. At the July 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Garner. Roosevelt picked Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace of Iowa to replace Garner on the ticket. An outspoken liberal who had been a Republican till joining Roosevelt's cabinet, he met strong opposition from conservatives and party traditionalists. Wallace was also known as "eccentric" in his private life: some years earlier, he had been a follower of Theosophist mystic Nicholas Roerich. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace he would not run. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, and he won the vice presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.
В течение зимы, весны и лета 1940 года широко обсуждалось, нарушит ли Рузвельт давнюю традицию и будет ли баллотироваться на беспрецедентный третий срок. Традиция двух сроков, хотя и не закрепленная в Конституции, была установлена Джорджем Вашингтоном, когда он отказался баллотироваться на третий срок в 1796 году. Другие бывшие президенты, такие как Улисс С. Грант в 1880 году и Теодор Рузвельт в 1912 году, предприняли серьезные попытки баллотироваться на третий срок, но первый не был выдвинут, а второй, вынужденный баллотироваться от третьей партии, проиграл Вудро Вильсону из-за раскола в голосовании республиканцев. Президент Рузвельт отказывался однозначно заявлять, будет ли он баллотироваться на третий срок. Он даже намекнул некоторым честолюбивым демократам, что не будет баллотироваться. Двое из них решили попытаться получить выдвижение от Демократической партии. Это были Джеймс Фарли, его бывший руководитель избирательной кампании, и вице-президент Джон Нэнс Гарнер. Гарнер был консерватором из Техаса, который не соглашался с либеральной экономической и социальной политикой Рузвельта и отказался баллотироваться на третий срок в качестве вице-президента. Однако, когда нацистская Германия вторглась в Западную Европу и угрожала Соединенному Королевству летом 1940 года, Рузвельт решил, что только он обладает необходимым опытом и навыками, чтобы безопасно провести страну через нацистскую угрозу. Ему помогли партийные боссы, которые опасались, что никто, кроме Рузвельта, не сможет победить популярного Уилки. На Национальном съезде Демократической партии в июле 1940 года в Чикаго Рузвельт легко обошел вызовы Фарли и Гарнера. Рузвельт выбрал министра сельского хозяйства Генри А. Уоллеса из Айовы, чтобы заменить Гарнера в списке кандидатов. Ярый либерал, который до вступления в кабинет Рузвельта был республиканцем, он столкнулся с сильной оппозицией со стороны консерваторов и партийных традиционалистов. Уоллес также был известен своей "эксцентричностью" в личной жизни: несколько лет назад он был последователем теософского мистика Николаса Рериха. Но Рузвельт настаивал, что без Уоллеса он не будет баллотироваться. Первая леди Элеонора Рузвельт приехала в Чикаго, чтобы поручиться за Уоллеса, и он выиграл выдвижение на пост вице-президента, получив 626 голосов против 329 голосов за спикера Палаты представителей Уильяма Б. Банкхеда из Алабамы.
In order of delegates and votes wonFranklin D. RooseveltJohn Nance GarnerCharles W. SawyerJames FarleyWilliam B. BankheadO. John RoggeMillard TydingsBurton K. WheelerJoseph C. O'MahoneyEllis E. PattersonCordell HullPaul V. McNuttU. S. President from New York (1933–1945)U. S. Vice President from Texas (1933–1941)Lt. Governor of Ohio (1933–1935)U. S. Postmaster Generalfrom New York(1933–1940)U. S. House Speakerfrom Alabama(1936–1940)U. S. Assistant Attorney Generalfrom New York(1939–1940)U. S. Senatorfrom Maryland(1927–1951)U. S. Senatorfrom Montana(1923–1947)U. S. Senatorfrom Wyoming(1934–1953)Lt. Governorof California(1939–1943)U. S. Secretary of Statefrom Tennessee(1933–1944)Administrator of the Federal Security Agencyfrom Indiana(1934–1945)3,214,555 votes691.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)426,641 votes69.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)283,952 votes52 PD (Pledged Delegates)76,919 votes38.5 PD (Pledged Delegates)196,508 votes22 PD (Pledged Delegates)20 PD (Pledged Delegates)16 PD (Pledged Delegates)8 PD (Pledged Delegates)6 PD (Pledged Delegates)48,337 votes0 PD (Pledged Delegates)0 PD (Pledged Delegates)
+ Convention vote President Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt 946 Henry A. Wallace 626 James Farley 72 William B. Bankhead 329 John Nance Garner 61 Paul V. McNutt 68 Millard Tydings 9 Alva B. Adams 11 Cordell Hull 5 James Farley 7 Jesse H. Jones 5 Joseph C. O'Mahoney 3 Alben W. Barkley 2 Prentiss M. Brown 1 Louis A. Johnson 1 Scott W. Lucas 1 Bascom N. Timmons 1 David I. Walsh 0.5
Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to state definitely whether he would run for a third term. He even indicated to some ambitious Democrats that he would not run. Two of them thus decided to seek the Democratic nomination. These were James Farley, his former campaign manager, and Vice President John Nance Garner. Garner was a Texas conservative who had come to disagree with Roosevelt's liberal economic and social policies, and declined to run for a third term as vice president. However, as Nazi Germany swept through western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie. At the July 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Garner. Roosevelt picked Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace of Iowa to replace Garner on the ticket. An outspoken liberal who had been a Republican till joining Roosevelt's cabinet, he met strong opposition from conservatives and party traditionalists. Wallace was also known as "eccentric" in his private life: some years earlier, he had been a follower of Theosophist mystic Nicholas Roerich. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace he would not run. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, and he won the vice presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.
Республиканская партия
1940 Республиканская партия: список кандидатов в президенты и вице-президенты. Президент Commonwealth & Southern (1933–1940). Сенатор США от штата Орегон (1917–1918, 1918–1944). Кампания.
In order of delegates and votes wonWendell WillkieRobert A. TaftJerrold L. SeawellThomas E. DeweyArthur VanderbergHerbert HooverHanford MacNiderFrank GannettArthur H. JamesBusinessman from New York (1919–1939)U. S. Senatorfrom Ohio(1939–1953)President pro temporeof California(1939–1941)Manhattan District Attorneyfrom New York(1938–1941)U. S. Senatorfrom Michigan(1928–1951)Former U. S. Presidentfrom CaliforniaAssistant Secretary of War(1925–1928)Businessman from New York (1906–1957)Governorof Pennsylvania(1939–1943)21,140 votes633 PD (Pledged Delegates)516,428 votes310 PD (Pledged Delegates)538,112 votes44 PD (Pledged Delegates)1,605,754 votes11 PD (Pledged Delegates)100,651 votes69 votes9 PD (Pledged Delegates)2 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)
Convention vote (6th Ballot before Shifts) President Vice President Wendell L. Willkie 633 Charles L. McNary 626 Robert A. Taft 310 Dewey Jackson Short 108 Thomas E. Dewey 11 Styles Bridges 2 Herbert Hoover 9 Hanford MacNider 2Frank Gannett1Arthur H. James1
In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Republican Party was deeply divided between the party's isolationists, who wanted to stay out of World War II at all costs, and the party's interventionists, who felt that the United Kingdom needed to be given all aid short of war to prevent Nazi Germany from conquering all of Europe. The three leading candidates for the Republican nomination Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey from New York were all isolationists to varying degrees. Taft was the leader of the conservative, isolationist wing of the Republican Party, and his main strength was in his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the "Gangbuster" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous Mafia figures to prison, most notably Lucky Luciano, the organized crime boss of New York City. Dewey had won most of the presidential primaries in the spring of 1940, and he came into the Republican Convention in June with the largest number of delegate votes, although he was still well below the number needed to win. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the "favorite son" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate if Taft or Dewey faltered. Former President Herbert Hoover was also spoken of as a compromise candidate. However, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken isolationism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as France fell to the Nazis in June 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth—he was only 38 in 1940—and lack of any foreign policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Wehrmacht emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940, Vandenberg was also an isolationist (he would change his foreign policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters' attention. Hoover still bore the stigma of having presided over the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge. A Wall Street based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a native of Indiana and a former Democrat who had supported Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 United States presidential election, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies. Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which provided electrical power to customers in eleven states. In 1933, President Roosevelt had created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which promised to provide flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished people of the Tennessee Valley. However, the government run TVA would compete with Willkie's Commonwealth & Southern, and this led Willkie to criticize and oppose the TVA's attempt to compete with private power companies. Willkie argued that the government had unfair advantages over private corporations, and should thus avoid competing directly against them. However, Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, indeed supporting those he believed could not be managed any better by the free enterprise system. Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies of World War II, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British "short of declaring war" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast of the United States, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress. Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune, Roy Howard of the Scripps Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles Jr. publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune, as well as The Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%. The German Army's rapid Blitzkrieg campaign into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Nazi Germany. Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped five more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively. Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from "Willkie Clubs" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere. At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. Most of the delegations were selected not by primaries, but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey. As the pro Willkie galleries chanted "We Want Willkie!" the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot, but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot. Willkie's nomination was one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention. Having given little thought to whom he would select as his vice presidential nominee, Willkie left the decision to convention chairman and Massachusetts Representative Joseph Martin, the House Minority Leader, who suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary from Oregon. Despite the fact that McNary had spearheaded a "Stop Willkie" campaign late in the balloting, the convention picked him to be Willkie's running mate.
В порядке количества делегатов и полученных голосов:
Уэнделл Уилки
Роберт А. Тафт
Джерольд Л. Сиуэлл
Томас Э. Дьюи
Артур Вандерберг
Герберт Гувер
Ханфорд МакНайдер
Фрэнк Ганнетт
Артур Х. Джеймс
Предприниматель из Нью-Йорка (1919–1939).
Сенатор США от штата Огайо (1939–1953).
Временный председатель Сената штата Калифорния (1939–1941).
Окружной прокурор Манхэттена (Нью-Йорк) (1938–1941).
Сенатор США от штата Мичиган (1928–1951).
Бывший президент США из Калифорнии.
Помощник военного секретаря (1925–1928).
21 140 голосов, 633 обязавшихся делегата.
516 428 голосов, 310 обязавшихся делегата.
538 112 голосов, 44 обязавшихся делегата.
1 605 754 голоса, 11 обязавшихся делегата.
100 651 голос, 69 голосов, 9 обязавшихся делегата.
2 обязавшихся делегата.
1 обязавшийся делегат.
1 обязавшийся делегат.
In order of delegates and votes wonWendell WillkieRobert A. TaftJerrold L. SeawellThomas E. DeweyArthur VanderbergHerbert HooverHanford MacNiderFrank GannettArthur H. JamesBusinessman from New York (1919–1939)U. S. Senatorfrom Ohio(1939–1953)President pro temporeof California(1939–1941)Manhattan District Attorneyfrom New York(1938–1941)U. S. Senatorfrom Michigan(1928–1951)Former U. S. Presidentfrom CaliforniaAssistant Secretary of War(1925–1928)Businessman from New York (1906–1957)Governorof Pennsylvania(1939–1943)21,140 votes633 PD (Pledged Delegates)516,428 votes310 PD (Pledged Delegates)538,112 votes44 PD (Pledged Delegates)1,605,754 votes11 PD (Pledged Delegates)100,651 votes69 votes9 PD (Pledged Delegates)2 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)
Convention vote (6th Ballot before Shifts) President Vice President Wendell L. Willkie 633 Charles L. McNary 626 Robert A. Taft 310 Dewey Jackson Short 108 Thomas E. Dewey 11 Styles Bridges 2 Herbert Hoover 9 Hanford MacNider 2Frank Gannett1Arthur H. James1
In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Republican Party was deeply divided between the party's isolationists, who wanted to stay out of World War II at all costs, and the party's interventionists, who felt that the United Kingdom needed to be given all aid short of war to prevent Nazi Germany from conquering all of Europe. The three leading candidates for the Republican nomination Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey from New York were all isolationists to varying degrees. Taft was the leader of the conservative, isolationist wing of the Republican Party, and his main strength was in his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the "Gangbuster" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous Mafia figures to prison, most notably Lucky Luciano, the organized crime boss of New York City. Dewey had won most of the presidential primaries in the spring of 1940, and he came into the Republican Convention in June with the largest number of delegate votes, although he was still well below the number needed to win. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the "favorite son" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate if Taft or Dewey faltered. Former President Herbert Hoover was also spoken of as a compromise candidate. However, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken isolationism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as France fell to the Nazis in June 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth—he was only 38 in 1940—and lack of any foreign policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Wehrmacht emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940, Vandenberg was also an isolationist (he would change his foreign policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters' attention. Hoover still bore the stigma of having presided over the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge. A Wall Street based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a native of Indiana and a former Democrat who had supported Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 United States presidential election, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies. Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which provided electrical power to customers in eleven states. In 1933, President Roosevelt had created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which promised to provide flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished people of the Tennessee Valley. However, the government run TVA would compete with Willkie's Commonwealth & Southern, and this led Willkie to criticize and oppose the TVA's attempt to compete with private power companies. Willkie argued that the government had unfair advantages over private corporations, and should thus avoid competing directly against them. However, Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, indeed supporting those he believed could not be managed any better by the free enterprise system. Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies of World War II, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British "short of declaring war" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast of the United States, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress. Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune, Roy Howard of the Scripps Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles Jr. publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune, as well as The Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%. The German Army's rapid Blitzkrieg campaign into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Nazi Germany. Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped five more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively. Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from "Willkie Clubs" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere. At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. Most of the delegations were selected not by primaries, but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey. As the pro Willkie galleries chanted "We Want Willkie!" the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot, but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot. Willkie's nomination was one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention. Having given little thought to whom he would select as his vice presidential nominee, Willkie left the decision to convention chairman and Massachusetts Representative Joseph Martin, the House Minority Leader, who suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary from Oregon. Despite the fact that McNary had spearheaded a "Stop Willkie" campaign late in the balloting, the convention picked him to be Willkie's running mate.
Результаты голосования на съезде (6-й тур до перераспределения):
Президент: Вице-президент:
Уэнделл Л. Уилки: 633, Чарльз Л. МакНэри: 626
Роберт А. Тафт: 310, Дьюи/Джексон/Шорт: 108
Томас Э. Дьюи: 11, Стайлз Бриджес: 2
Герберт Гувер: 9, Ханфорд МакНайдер: 2
Фрэнк Ганнетт: 1, Артур Х. Джеймс: 1
In order of delegates and votes wonWendell WillkieRobert A. TaftJerrold L. SeawellThomas E. DeweyArthur VanderbergHerbert HooverHanford MacNiderFrank GannettArthur H. JamesBusinessman from New York (1919–1939)U. S. Senatorfrom Ohio(1939–1953)President pro temporeof California(1939–1941)Manhattan District Attorneyfrom New York(1938–1941)U. S. Senatorfrom Michigan(1928–1951)Former U. S. Presidentfrom CaliforniaAssistant Secretary of War(1925–1928)Businessman from New York (1906–1957)Governorof Pennsylvania(1939–1943)21,140 votes633 PD (Pledged Delegates)516,428 votes310 PD (Pledged Delegates)538,112 votes44 PD (Pledged Delegates)1,605,754 votes11 PD (Pledged Delegates)100,651 votes69 votes9 PD (Pledged Delegates)2 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)
Convention vote (6th Ballot before Shifts) President Vice President Wendell L. Willkie 633 Charles L. McNary 626 Robert A. Taft 310 Dewey Jackson Short 108 Thomas E. Dewey 11 Styles Bridges 2 Herbert Hoover 9 Hanford MacNider 2Frank Gannett1Arthur H. James1
In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Republican Party was deeply divided between the party's isolationists, who wanted to stay out of World War II at all costs, and the party's interventionists, who felt that the United Kingdom needed to be given all aid short of war to prevent Nazi Germany from conquering all of Europe. The three leading candidates for the Republican nomination Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey from New York were all isolationists to varying degrees. Taft was the leader of the conservative, isolationist wing of the Republican Party, and his main strength was in his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the "Gangbuster" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous Mafia figures to prison, most notably Lucky Luciano, the organized crime boss of New York City. Dewey had won most of the presidential primaries in the spring of 1940, and he came into the Republican Convention in June with the largest number of delegate votes, although he was still well below the number needed to win. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the "favorite son" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate if Taft or Dewey faltered. Former President Herbert Hoover was also spoken of as a compromise candidate. However, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken isolationism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as France fell to the Nazis in June 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth—he was only 38 in 1940—and lack of any foreign policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Wehrmacht emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940, Vandenberg was also an isolationist (he would change his foreign policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters' attention. Hoover still bore the stigma of having presided over the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge. A Wall Street based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a native of Indiana and a former Democrat who had supported Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 United States presidential election, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies. Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which provided electrical power to customers in eleven states. In 1933, President Roosevelt had created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which promised to provide flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished people of the Tennessee Valley. However, the government run TVA would compete with Willkie's Commonwealth & Southern, and this led Willkie to criticize and oppose the TVA's attempt to compete with private power companies. Willkie argued that the government had unfair advantages over private corporations, and should thus avoid competing directly against them. However, Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, indeed supporting those he believed could not be managed any better by the free enterprise system. Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies of World War II, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British "short of declaring war" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast of the United States, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress. Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune, Roy Howard of the Scripps Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles Jr. publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune, as well as The Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%. The German Army's rapid Blitzkrieg campaign into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Nazi Germany. Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped five more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively. Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from "Willkie Clubs" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere. At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. Most of the delegations were selected not by primaries, but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey. As the pro Willkie galleries chanted "We Want Willkie!" the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot, but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot. Willkie's nomination was one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention. Having given little thought to whom he would select as his vice presidential nominee, Willkie left the decision to convention chairman and Massachusetts Representative Joseph Martin, the House Minority Leader, who suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary from Oregon. Despite the fact that McNary had spearheaded a "Stop Willkie" campaign late in the balloting, the convention picked him to be Willkie's running mate.
В месяцы, предшествовавшие открытию Республиканского национального съезда в Филадельфии, штат Пенсильвания, Республиканская партия была глубоко разделена между изоляционистами, которые хотели остаться в стороне от Второй мировой войны любой ценой, и интервенционистами, которые считали, что Соединенному Королевству необходимо оказать всю возможную помощь, кроме военной, чтобы предотвратить завоевание всей Европы нацистской Германией. Три ведущих кандидата на выдвижение от Республиканской партии – сенатор Роберт А. Тафт из Огайо, сенатор Артур Х. Ванденберг из Мичигана и окружной прокурор Томас Э. Дьюи из Нью-Йорка – были изоляционистами в разной степени. Тафт был лидером консервативного изоляционистского крыла Республиканской партии, и его основная сила заключалась в его родном Среднем Западе Соединенных Штатов и некоторых частях Южных Соединенных Штатов. Дьюи, окружной прокурор Манхэттена, прославился на национальном уровне как прокурор, борец с бандами, отправивший в тюрьму множество печально известных мафиози, в частности, Лакки Лучано, босса организованной преступности Нью-Йорка. Дьюи выиграл большинство президентских праймериз весной 1940 года и прибыл на Республиканский съезд в июне с наибольшим количеством голосов делегатов, хотя ему все еще не хватало необходимого для победы. Ванденберг, старший республиканец в Сенате, был кандидатом-фаворитом делегации Мичигана и рассматривался как возможный компромиссный кандидат, если Тафт или Дьюи потерпят неудачу. Бывший президент Герберт Гувер также рассматривался как компромиссный кандидат. Однако у каждого из этих кандидатов были слабости, которые можно было использовать. Открытый изоляционизм Тафта и его оппозиция любому участию Америки в европейской войне убедили многих республиканских лидеров в том, что он не сможет выиграть всеобщие выборы, особенно после падения Франции под натиском нацистов в июне 1940 года и угрозы Германии Соединенному Королевству. Относительная молодость Дьюи – ему было всего 38 лет в 1940 году – и отсутствие опыта во внешней политике ослабили его кандидатуру, поскольку Вермахт стал грозной угрозой. В 1940 году Ванденберг также был изоляционистом (он изменил свою позицию во внешней политике во время Второй мировой войны), и его вялая, апатичная кампания не привлекла внимания избирателей. Гувер по-прежнему нес клеймо того, что руководил крахом Уолл-стрит 1929 года и последовавшей за ним Великой депрессией. Это открыло путь для появления кандидата-аутсайдера. Уэнделл Уилки, промышленник с Уолл-стрит, который никогда раньше не баллотировался на государственную должность, стал неожиданным кандидатом. Уилки, уроженец Индианы и бывший демократ, поддержавший Франклина Рузвельта на президентских выборах в США в 1932 году, считался маловероятным выбором. Уилки впервые привлек внимание общественности как убежденный критик попытки Рузвельта разбить монополии на электроэнергию. Уилки был генеральным директором корпорации Commonwealth & Southern, которая поставляла электроэнергию клиентам в одиннадцати штатах. В 1933 году президент Рузвельт создал Управление долины Теннесси (TVA), которое обещало обеспечить контроль над наводнениями и дешевую электроэнергию для бедного населения долины Теннесси. Однако государственное TVA будет конкурировать с Commonwealth & Southern Уилки, и это привело Уилки к критике и противодействию попытке TVA конкурировать с частными энергетическими компаниями. Уилки утверждал, что правительство имеет несправедливые преимущества перед частными корпорациями и, следовательно, должно избегать прямой конкуренции с ними. Однако Уилки не отвергал все программы социального обеспечения Рузвельта, поддерживая те, которые, по его мнению, не могли быть лучше управляемы системой свободного предпринимательства. Кроме того, в отличие от ведущих республиканских кандидатов, Уилки был решительным и откровенным сторонником помощи союзникам во Второй мировой войне, особенно Соединенному Королевству. Его поддержка оказания всей возможной помощи британцам "за исключением объявления войны" завоевала ему поддержку многих республиканцев на восточном побережье Соединенных Штатов, которые не соглашались со своими изоляционистскими лидерами в Конгрессе. Убедительные аргументы Уилки произвели впечатление на этих республиканцев, которые считали, что он будет привлекательным кандидатом в президенты. Многие ведущие издатели того времени, такие как Огден Рейд из New York Herald Tribune, Рой Ховард из газетной сети Scripps Howard и Джон и Гарднер Коулз-младшие, издатели Minneapolis Star и Minneapolis Tribune, а также The Des Moines Register и Look magazine, поддерживали Уилки в своих газетах и журналах. Тем не менее, Уилки оставался кандидатом с небольшими шансами; опрос Gallup от 8 мая показал, что Дьюи пользуется поддержкой 67% республиканцев, за ним следуют Ванденберг и Тафт, а Уилки – всего 3%. Быстрая блицкриг-кампания немецкой армии во Франции в мае 1940 года потрясла американское общественное мнение, даже когда Тафт говорил аудитории в Канзасе о том, что Америка должна сосредоточиться на внутренних проблемах, чтобы не дать Рузвельту использовать военный кризис для распространения социализма внутри страны. И Дьюи, и Ванденберг также продолжали выступать против любой помощи Соединенному Королевству, которая могла бы привести к войне с нацистской Германией. Тем не менее, сочувствие к осажденным британцам росло с каждым днем, и это способствовало успеху кандидатуры Уилки. К середине июня, менее чем за неделю до открытия Республиканского съезда, опрос Gallup сообщил, что Уилки поднялся на второе место с 17%, а поддержка Дьюи снижается. Благодаря благоприятному освещению в прессе пробританские заявления Уилки завоевали поддержку многих делегатов. Когда делегаты прибывали в Филадельфию, Gallup сообщил, что поддержка Уилки выросла до 29%, поддержка Дьюи снизилась еще на пять пунктов до 47%, а Тафт, Ванденберг и Гувер отставали с 8%, 8% и 6% соответственно. Сотни тысяч, возможно, до миллиона телеграмм с призывами поддержать Уилки хлынули потоком, многие из "клубов Уилки", которые возникли по всей стране. Миллионы других подписали петиции, распространяемые повсюду. На самом Республиканском национальном съезде в 1940 году ключевой докладчик Гарольд Стассен, губернатор Миннесоты, объявил о своей поддержке Уилки и стал его официальным менеджером на съезде. Сотни восторженных сторонников Уилки заполнили верхние галереи зала съезда. Неопытность и свежее лицо Уилки понравились делегатам и избирателям. Большинство делегаций выбирались не на праймериз, а лидерами партий в каждом штате, и они остро чувствовали быстро меняющийся пульс общественного мнения. Gallup обнаружил то же самое в данных опросов, опубликованных после съезда: Уилки обошел Дьюи среди республиканских избирателей, набрав 44% голосов против 29% у теряющего поддержку Дьюи. Под восторженные крики "Мы хотим Уилки!" делегаты на съезде начали голосование.
In order of delegates and votes wonWendell WillkieRobert A. TaftJerrold L. SeawellThomas E. DeweyArthur VanderbergHerbert HooverHanford MacNiderFrank GannettArthur H. JamesBusinessman from New York (1919–1939)U. S. Senatorfrom Ohio(1939–1953)President pro temporeof California(1939–1941)Manhattan District Attorneyfrom New York(1938–1941)U. S. Senatorfrom Michigan(1928–1951)Former U. S. Presidentfrom CaliforniaAssistant Secretary of War(1925–1928)Businessman from New York (1906–1957)Governorof Pennsylvania(1939–1943)21,140 votes633 PD (Pledged Delegates)516,428 votes310 PD (Pledged Delegates)538,112 votes44 PD (Pledged Delegates)1,605,754 votes11 PD (Pledged Delegates)100,651 votes69 votes9 PD (Pledged Delegates)2 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)1 PD (Pledged Delegates)
Convention vote (6th Ballot before Shifts) President Vice President Wendell L. Willkie 633 Charles L. McNary 626 Robert A. Taft 310 Dewey Jackson Short 108 Thomas E. Dewey 11 Styles Bridges 2 Herbert Hoover 9 Hanford MacNider 2Frank Gannett1Arthur H. James1
In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Republican Party was deeply divided between the party's isolationists, who wanted to stay out of World War II at all costs, and the party's interventionists, who felt that the United Kingdom needed to be given all aid short of war to prevent Nazi Germany from conquering all of Europe. The three leading candidates for the Republican nomination Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey from New York were all isolationists to varying degrees. Taft was the leader of the conservative, isolationist wing of the Republican Party, and his main strength was in his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the "Gangbuster" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous Mafia figures to prison, most notably Lucky Luciano, the organized crime boss of New York City. Dewey had won most of the presidential primaries in the spring of 1940, and he came into the Republican Convention in June with the largest number of delegate votes, although he was still well below the number needed to win. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the "favorite son" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate if Taft or Dewey faltered. Former President Herbert Hoover was also spoken of as a compromise candidate. However, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken isolationism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as France fell to the Nazis in June 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth—he was only 38 in 1940—and lack of any foreign policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Wehrmacht emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940, Vandenberg was also an isolationist (he would change his foreign policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters' attention. Hoover still bore the stigma of having presided over the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge. A Wall Street based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a native of Indiana and a former Democrat who had supported Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 United States presidential election, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies. Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which provided electrical power to customers in eleven states. In 1933, President Roosevelt had created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which promised to provide flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished people of the Tennessee Valley. However, the government run TVA would compete with Willkie's Commonwealth & Southern, and this led Willkie to criticize and oppose the TVA's attempt to compete with private power companies. Willkie argued that the government had unfair advantages over private corporations, and should thus avoid competing directly against them. However, Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, indeed supporting those he believed could not be managed any better by the free enterprise system. Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies of World War II, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British "short of declaring war" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast of the United States, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress. Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune, Roy Howard of the Scripps Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles Jr. publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune, as well as The Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%. The German Army's rapid Blitzkrieg campaign into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Nazi Germany. Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped five more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively. Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from "Willkie Clubs" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere. At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. Most of the delegations were selected not by primaries, but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey. As the pro Willkie galleries chanted "We Want Willkie!" the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot, but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot. Willkie's nomination was one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention. Having given little thought to whom he would select as his vice presidential nominee, Willkie left the decision to convention chairman and Massachusetts Representative Joseph Martin, the House Minority Leader, who suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary from Oregon. Despite the fact that McNary had spearheaded a "Stop Willkie" campaign late in the balloting, the convention picked him to be Willkie's running mate.
Результаты
Рузвельт лидировал во всех предвыборных опросах общественного мнения с различным отрывом. В день выборов, 5 ноября 1940 года, он получил 27,3 миллиона голосов против 22,3 миллиона, набравшихся у Уилки, а в Коллегии выборщиков победил Уилки с перевесом 449 голосов против 82. Уилки получил более чем на шесть миллионов голосов больше, чем республиканский кандидат 1936 года, Альф Лэндон, и показал хорошие результаты в сельских районах Среднего Запада, набрав более 57% голосов фермеров. Многие округа Среднего Запада с тех пор не голосовали за демократов. Рузвельт, тем временем, победил во всех американских городах с населением более 400 000 человек, за исключением Цинциннати, штат Огайо. Из 106 городов с населением более 100 000 человек он выиграл 61% голосов; в целом по Южным Соединенным Штатам он набрал 73% от общего числа голосов. В остальной стране (в сельской местности и небольших городах Северных Соединенных Штатов) Уилки имел большинство в 53%. В городах наблюдалась классовая дифференциация: избиратели с высшим образованием и среднего класса поддерживали кандидата от Республиканской партии, а рабочие голосовали за Рузвельта. На Севере Рузвельт получил 87% голосов еврейских избирателей, 73% голосов католиков и 61% голосов не приписанных к религиозным организациям, в то время как все основные протестантские деноминации продемонстрировали большинство голосов за Уилки. Чистый прирост голосов Рузвельта в двенадцати крупнейших городах снизился с 3 479 000 на выборах 1936 года до 2 112 000, но все же превысил его результат на выборах 1932 года, когда он победил с перевесом в 1 791 000 голосов. Из 3094 округов и городов с особым статусом Рузвельт победил в 1947 (62,93%), а Уилки – в 1147 (37,07%).
Иностранное вмешательство
Британское правительство проводило тайные разведывательные операции в поддержку Рузвельта, включая распространение ложных новостей, прослушивание телефонных разговоров, организацию "октябрьских сюрпризов" и другие разведывательные мероприятия. Немецкое правительство выделило 5 миллионов долларов в качестве фонда для ведения кампании через немецкое посольство с целью подкупа делегатов Демократической партии на съезде 1940 года, используя американского бизнесмена Уильяма Родса Дэвиса в качестве посредника. Дэвис проникся симпатиями к немецкой стороне после встречи с Германом Герингом и был привлечен к этой цели. Позже он направил часть этих средств на поддержку антирузвельтовских радиопередач, организованных лидером изоляционистского рабочего движения Джоном Л. Льюисом, с целью воспрепятствовать переизбранию Рузвельта. Изначально поддерживавший Рузвельта в 1936 году, Дэвис разочаровался к 1940 году, и их взгляды на внешнюю политику разошлись. Немецкий посланник в Мексике также запросил 160 000 долларов для подкупа неназванного сотрудника Демократической партии в Пенсильвании с целью смещения сенатора-демократа Джозефа Гаффея, сторонника интервенционизма и известного критика нацистской Германии. После смерти Дэвиса в августе 1941 года он был опознан как агент Abwehr под кодовым именем C 80.