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Юзеф Миндсенти (венг. József Mindszenty; 29 марта 1892 – 6 мая 1975) — венгерский кардинал католической церкви, архиепископ Эстергома и лидер католической церкви в Венгрии с 1945 по 1973 год. Согласно «Британской энциклопедии», на протяжении пяти десятилетий «он олицетворял бескомпромиссное противостояние фашизму и коммунизму в Венгрии». Во время Второй мировой войны он был заключен в тюрьму пронацистской партией «Стрелковый крест». После войны он выступал против коммунизма и коммунистических преследований в своей стране. В результате он был подвергнут пыткам и приговорен к пожизненному заключению в 1949 году в ходе показательного судебного процесса, вызвавшего всемирное осуждение, включая резолюцию Организации Объединенных Наций. После восьми лет тюрьмы Миндсенти был освобожден во время Венгерской революции 1956 года и получил политическое убежище в посольстве Соединенных Штатов в Будапеште, где прожил следующие пятнадцать лет. Он учился в Премонстратантской гимназии Святого Норберта в Шомбатхели, прежде чем поступить в Шомбатхельскую епархиальную семинарию в 1911 году. Миндсенти был рукоположен в священники епископом Яношем Микесом 12 июня 1915 года, в праздник Святого Сердца. В 1917 году была опубликована его первая книга — «Материнство». 9 февраля 1919 года он был арестован социалистическим правительством Михая Кароьи за критику его «социалистической политики», а затем повторно арестован коммунистическим правительством Белы Куна 31 июля того же года. В 1939 году Миндсенти призвал своих сторонников голосовать против партии «Стрелковый крест». В 1940 году он опубликовал памфлет «Зеленый коммунизм», в котором охарактеризовал венгерское нацистское движение «Ньилаши» как дьявольское и столь же злое, как коммунисты. Зеленый цвет был цветом униформы «Ньилашей». В 1941 году, во время кампании по мадьяризации немецкого населения Венгрии, он принял новое венгерское имя Миндсенти, часть названия своей родной деревни. 25 марта 1944 года он был посвящен епископом Веспрема. Миндсенти организовал письмо нацистским властям с призывом не вести боевые действия в Западной Венгрии; он также протестовал перед Миклошем Хорти в защиту обращенных в христианство евреев. После свержения Хорти, 27 ноября 1944 года Миндсенти был арестован за противодействие плану правительства «Стрелового креста» о размещении солдат в помещениях его официальной резиденции. В апреле 1945 года, с крахом марионеточного государства «Стрелового креста», Миндсенти был освобожден из-под домашнего ареста в церкви в Сопроне.
Hungarian cardinal (1892–1975)
József Mindszenty (; 29 March 18926 May 1975) was a Hungarian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Esztergom and leader of the Catholic Church in Hungary from 1945 to 1973. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, for five decades "he personified uncompromising opposition to fascism and communism in Hungary". During World War II, he was imprisoned by the pro Nazi Arrow Cross Party. After the war, he opposed communism and communist persecution in his country. As a result, he was tortured and given a life sentence in a 1949 show trial that generated worldwide condemnation, including a United Nations resolution. After eight years in prison, Mindszenty was freed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and granted political asylum by the United States embassy in Budapest. He lived there for the next fifteen years. He attended St Norbert's Premonstratensian High Grammar School in Szombathely, before entering the Szombathely Diocesan Seminary in 1911. Mindszenty was ordained a priest by Bishop János Mikes on 12 June 1915, the Feast of the Sacred Heart. In 1917, the first of his books, Motherhood, was published. He was arrested by Mihály Károlyi's socialist government on 9 February 1919 for speaking out against its 'socialist policies', then rearrested by the communist Béla Kun government on 31 July that year. In 1939, Mindszenty urged his followers to vote against the Arrow Cross Party. In 1940, he published a pamphlet, "The Green Communism", in which he characterised the Hungarian Nyilas Nazi Movement as diabolic and as evil as the communists. Green was the colour of the Nyilas uniform. In 1941, during a Magyarization campaign amongst Germans living in Hungary, he adopted his new Hungarian name of Mindszenty, part of his home village's name. On 25 March 1944, he was consecrated Bishop of Veszprém. Mindszenty organised a letter to the Nazi authorities urging them not to fight in Western Hungary; he also protested to Miklós Horthy in favour of converted Jews. After Horthy was overthrown, Mindszenty was arrested on 27 November 1944 for his opposition to the Arrow Cross government's plan to quarter soldiers in parts of his official palace. In April 1945, with the Arrow Cross puppet state collapsing, Mindszenty was released from house arrest at a church in Sopron.
Церковный лидер и оппозиция коммунизму
После падения Венгерского королевства Миндсенти был разочарован, поскольку "в глубине души он оставался монархистом до конца своей жизни". 15 сентября 1945 года Миндсенти был назначен Приматом Венгрии и Архиепископом Эстергома, резиденции главы Католической Церкви в Венгрии. 21 февраля 1946 года Папа Пий XII возвёл архиепископа Миндсенти в сан кардинала-священника церкви Санто-Стефано-Ротондо, который, по преданию, сказал ему: "Среди этих тридцати двух ты будешь первым, кто испытает мученичество, символизируемое этим цветом". Для правящей Венгерской Рабочей народной партии Миндсенти представлял собой архетипический образ "клерикальной реакции". Он продолжал использовать традиционный титул принца-примата (hercegprímás) даже после того, как использование дворянских и королевских титулов было запрещено марионеточным парламентом в 1946 году. Он обратился в посольство США с просьбой "предпринять действия, которые были просто недипломатичными и политически неосуществимыми", за что был подвергнут упрёкам со стороны посольства. Помимо этих контактов, партия обвинила его в "аристократических взглядах" и критиковала его требования о компенсации после государственной конфискации церковных земель в ходе кампании партии по ликвидации частной собственности на землю. Поскольку основным источником дохода Церкви были её земельные владения, конфискации, проведённые коммунистическим правительством, привели к разорению многих церковных учреждений. По этой причине он упорно боролся против государственной политики по освобождению венгерской системы образования от церковного контроля путём захвата приходских школ. В 1948 году правительство запретило религиозные ордена. Вскоре после этого коммунистический диктатор Венгрии Матьяш Ракоши (урождённый Матьяш Розенфельд) обвинил кардинала и Католическую Церковь в том, что они одновременно являются "крупнейшим землевладельцем в Венгрии" и "реакционной силой в нашей стране, поддерживающей монархию, а позднее фашистскую диктатуру адмирала Хорти". Ракоши утверждал, что это были единственные причины, по которым Миндсенти выступал против политики конфискации земель партией. 26 декабря 1948 года кардинал Миндсенти был арестован и обвинен в государственной измене, заговоре и других преступлениях против новой Венгерской Народной Республики. Незадолго до ареста он написал записку, в которой заявил, что не участвовал ни в каком заговоре и что любое его признание будет результатом принуждения. В тюрьме Миндсенти неоднократно избивали резиновыми дубинками и подвергали другим видам жестокого обращения, пока он не согласился дать показания. Принудительные признания Миндсенти включали следующие заявления: организацию кражи Святой Короны Венгрии с единственной целью короновать наследного принца Отто фон Габсбурга королём Венгрии, заговор с целью свержения партии и восстановления капитализма, планирование третьей мировой войны и, после победы американцев, заговор с целью захвата верховной политической власти. Почти единственным среди западных СМИ журналист Джордж Селдес, ранее изгнанный из Советского Союза и фашистской Италии за свои репортажи, поверил в обвинения, выдвинутые против кардинала Миндсенти. Селдес посвятил остаток своей жизни обвинению Миндсенти в сотрудничестве с нацистами, участии в Холокосте и яростной антисемитской деятельности. В своих мемуарах 1987 года Селдес писал: "В 1948 году вся американская секция иностранной прессы, аккредитованной в Венгрии, умоляла меня сообщить факты о сотрудничестве кардинала Миндсенти с нацистами, его роли в депортации еврейского населения в лагеря смерти Гитлера, а также разоблачить множество фальшивых новостей, поступающих из-за пределов Венгрии, из Вены, Лондона, Праги и особенно Рима, утверждающих о применении наркотиков и пытках в отношении кардинала". Селдес был единственным, кто оспаривал, что Миндсенти подвергался пыткам со стороны коммунистов. Папа Римский и международное сообщество в то время верили, что Миндсенти подвергся пыткам. Даже на его показательном суде обвинение не выдвинуло обвинений или не предоставило доказательств антисемитизма или сотрудничества с нацистами. 3 февраля 1949 года начался показательный суд над Миндсенти. Кардинал признался в участии в реставрационной организации Габсбургов, которая планировала сформировать правительство после американского вторжения, однако он отрицал, что надеялся на развязывание войны. Он сказал: "Мы молились о мире". Он признал обвинения в контрабанде десятков тысяч долларов в Венгрию и признал свои контакты с Отто фон Габсбургом и американскими политиками, но не признал преднамеренного шпионажа в пользу иностранных держав. В суде Миндсенти сказал об обвинениях: "Я не отрицаю ту или иную их часть, но я не согласен с выводами". Следя за судом, плачущий Папа Пий XII сказал сестре Паскалине Лехнерт: "Мои слова сбылись, и всё, что я могу сделать, — это молиться; я не могу помочь ему иным способом". 8 февраля Миндсенти был приговорён к пожизненному заключению за спекуляцию, государственную измену и шпионаж. Правительство опубликовало белую книгу "Документы по делу Миндсенти", содержащую его предполагаемые признания и материалы дела. 12 февраля 1949 года Папа Пий XII объявил об отлучении от церкви всех лиц, причастных к суду и осуждению Миндсенти. 20 февраля 1949 года Папа обратился с серией вопросов к толпе, собравшейся на площади Святого Петра, чтобы выразить протест против показательного суда над кардиналом, спросив:
Following the fall of the Kingdom of Hungary, Mindszenty was disappointed, as "deep down in his soul he remained a monarchist to the end of his life." On 15 September 1945, Mindszenty was appointed Primate of Hungary and Archbishop of Esztergom, the seat of the head of the Catholic Church in Hungary. On 21 February 1946, Archbishop Mindszenty was elevated to Cardinal Priest of Santo Stefano Rotondo by Pope Pius XII, who reportedly told him, "Among these thirty two you will be the first to suffer the martyrdom symbolized by this red color." To the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party, Mindszenty was regarded as the archetypal figure of "clerical reaction". He continued to use the traditional title of prince primate (hercegprímás) even after the use of noble and royal titles was outlawed by the 1946 puppet parliament. He contacted the US embassy, asking it to "engage in activities which were simply not diplomatically proper or politically feasible", for which he was rebuked by the embassy. In addition to such contacts, the Party accused him of having "aristocratic attitudes" and attacked his demands for compensation following the state seizure of church owned farmlands during the Party's campaign to abolish private farm ownership. Because the main source of income for the Church was its agricultural lands, confiscations by the communist government left many Church run institutions destitute. For this reason, he fought fiercely against the state policy to emancipate the Hungarian educational system from Church control by seizing parochial schools. In 1948, religious orders were banned by the government. Soon after, the communist dictator in Hungary, Mátyás Rákosi (born Mátyás Rosenfeld) accused the Cardinal and the Catholic Church of being both "the largest landowner in Hungary" and "a reactionary force in our country, supporting the monarchy and later the fascist dictatorship of Admiral Horthy". These, Rákosi claimed, were the only reasons for Mindszenty's opposition to the Party's policy of land confiscation. On 26 December 1948, Cardinal Mindszenty was arrested and accused of treason, conspiracy, and other offences against the new Hungarian People's Republic. Shortly before his arrest, he wrote a note to the effect that he had not been involved in any conspiracy and that any confession he might make would be the result of duress. While imprisoned, Mindszenty was repeatedly hit with rubber truncheons and subjected to other forms of abuse, until he agreed to confess. Mindszenty's forced confession included the following "admissions": orchestrating the theft of the Crown of Saint Stephen for the sole purpose of crowning Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg as King of Hungary, scheming to overthrow the Party and reestablish capitalism, planning a third World War, and, once it had been won by the Americans, plotting to assume supreme political power himself. Almost alone among the Western news media, reporter George Seldes, who had previously been expelled from the Soviet Union and fascist Italy for his reporting, believed the allegations against Cardinal Mindszenty. Seldes spent the rest of his life accusing Mindszenty of being a Nazi collaborator, a Holocaust perpetrator, and a virulent antisemite. In his 1987 memoirs, Seldes wrote, "In 1948 the entire American section of the resident foreign press corps in Hungary implored me to report the facts about Cardinal Mindszenty's collaboration with the Nazis, his part in the deportation of the Jewish population to Hitler's death camps, and also to expose the scores of fraudulent news items coming from outside Hungary, from Vienna, London, Prague, and Rome especially, alleging drugging and torturing of the Cardinal." Seldes was the only one to dispute that Mindszenty was tortured by the Communists. The Pope and the international community at the time believed that Mindszenty had been tortured. Even at his show trial, the prosecution did not make the charge or provide evidence of antisemitism or Nazi collaboration. On 3 February 1949, Mindszenty's show trial began. The Cardinal admitted to being involved in a Habsburg restorationist organization which planned to form a government after an American invasion, however he denied hoping for the outbreak of war. He said "we prayed for peace". He accepted the charges of smuggling tens of thousands of dollars into Hungary, and admitted his contacts with Otto von Habsburg and American politicians, but did not admit to willful espionage on behalf of foreign powers. In court, Mindszenty said about the charges: "I do not deny one or another part of it, but I do not subscribe to the conclusion". As he followed the trial, a weeping Pope Pius XII told Sister Pascalina Lehnert, "My words have come true and all I can do is pray; I cannot help him any other way." On 8 February, Mindszenty was sentenced to life imprisonment for black marketeering, treason and espionage. The government released a white book, Documents on the Mindszenty Case, containing his alleged confessions and case materials. On 12 February 1949, Pope Pius XII announced the excommunication of all persons involved in the trial and conviction of Mindszenty. On 20 February 1949, the Pope addressed a series of questions to a crowd which had gathered in St. Peter's Square to protest the Cardinal's show trial, asking:<blockquote>Do you want a Church that remains silent when She should speak; that diminishes the law of God where She is called to proclaim it loudly, wanting to accommodate it to the will of man? Do you want a Church that departs from the unshakable foundations upon which Christ founded Her, taking the easy way of adapting Herself to the opinion of the day; a Church that is a prey to current trends; a Church that does not condemn the suppression of conscience and does not stand up for the just liberty of the people; a Church that locks Herself up within the four walls of Her temple in unseemly sycophancy, forgetting the divine mission received from Christ: 'Go out the crossroads and preach the people'? Beloved sons and daughters! Spiritual heirs of numberless confessors and martyrs! Is this the Church you venerate and love? Would you recognize in such a Church the features of your Mother? Would you be able to imagine a Successor of St. Peter submitting to such demands? and described his tortures
Over seven years later, on 30 October 1956, in the midst of the Hungarian Revolution, Mindszenty was released from prison. He returned to Budapest the next day, and on 2 November, praised the insurgents. The following day, he made a radio broadcast in favour of recent anti communist developments.
"Вы хотите Церковь, которая молчит, когда должна говорить; которая принижает закон Божий там, где она призвана провозглашать его громко, стремясь приспособить его к воле человека? Вы хотите Церковь, которая отходит от непоколебимых основ, на которых Христос её основал, выбирая лёгкий путь адаптации к мнению дня; Церковь, которая является жертвой текущих тенденций; Церковь, которая не осуждает подавление совести и не выступает за справедливую свободу народа; Церковь, которая запирается в четырёх стенах своего храма в непристойном раболепстве, забывая о божественной миссии, полученной от Христа: 'Выйдите на перекрёстки и проповедуйте людям'? Возлюбленные сыновья и дочери! Духовные наследники бесчисленных исповедников и мучеников! Это та Церковь, которую вы почитаете и любите? Смогли бы вы узнать в такой Церкви черты своей Матери? Могли бы вы представить себе преемника Святого Петра, подчиняющегося таким требованиям?" и описал его пытки.
Following the fall of the Kingdom of Hungary, Mindszenty was disappointed, as "deep down in his soul he remained a monarchist to the end of his life." On 15 September 1945, Mindszenty was appointed Primate of Hungary and Archbishop of Esztergom, the seat of the head of the Catholic Church in Hungary. On 21 February 1946, Archbishop Mindszenty was elevated to Cardinal Priest of Santo Stefano Rotondo by Pope Pius XII, who reportedly told him, "Among these thirty two you will be the first to suffer the martyrdom symbolized by this red color." To the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party, Mindszenty was regarded as the archetypal figure of "clerical reaction". He continued to use the traditional title of prince primate (hercegprímás) even after the use of noble and royal titles was outlawed by the 1946 puppet parliament. He contacted the US embassy, asking it to "engage in activities which were simply not diplomatically proper or politically feasible", for which he was rebuked by the embassy. In addition to such contacts, the Party accused him of having "aristocratic attitudes" and attacked his demands for compensation following the state seizure of church owned farmlands during the Party's campaign to abolish private farm ownership. Because the main source of income for the Church was its agricultural lands, confiscations by the communist government left many Church run institutions destitute. For this reason, he fought fiercely against the state policy to emancipate the Hungarian educational system from Church control by seizing parochial schools. In 1948, religious orders were banned by the government. Soon after, the communist dictator in Hungary, Mátyás Rákosi (born Mátyás Rosenfeld) accused the Cardinal and the Catholic Church of being both "the largest landowner in Hungary" and "a reactionary force in our country, supporting the monarchy and later the fascist dictatorship of Admiral Horthy". These, Rákosi claimed, were the only reasons for Mindszenty's opposition to the Party's policy of land confiscation. On 26 December 1948, Cardinal Mindszenty was arrested and accused of treason, conspiracy, and other offences against the new Hungarian People's Republic. Shortly before his arrest, he wrote a note to the effect that he had not been involved in any conspiracy and that any confession he might make would be the result of duress. While imprisoned, Mindszenty was repeatedly hit with rubber truncheons and subjected to other forms of abuse, until he agreed to confess. Mindszenty's forced confession included the following "admissions": orchestrating the theft of the Crown of Saint Stephen for the sole purpose of crowning Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg as King of Hungary, scheming to overthrow the Party and reestablish capitalism, planning a third World War, and, once it had been won by the Americans, plotting to assume supreme political power himself. Almost alone among the Western news media, reporter George Seldes, who had previously been expelled from the Soviet Union and fascist Italy for his reporting, believed the allegations against Cardinal Mindszenty. Seldes spent the rest of his life accusing Mindszenty of being a Nazi collaborator, a Holocaust perpetrator, and a virulent antisemite. In his 1987 memoirs, Seldes wrote, "In 1948 the entire American section of the resident foreign press corps in Hungary implored me to report the facts about Cardinal Mindszenty's collaboration with the Nazis, his part in the deportation of the Jewish population to Hitler's death camps, and also to expose the scores of fraudulent news items coming from outside Hungary, from Vienna, London, Prague, and Rome especially, alleging drugging and torturing of the Cardinal." Seldes was the only one to dispute that Mindszenty was tortured by the Communists. The Pope and the international community at the time believed that Mindszenty had been tortured. Even at his show trial, the prosecution did not make the charge or provide evidence of antisemitism or Nazi collaboration. On 3 February 1949, Mindszenty's show trial began. The Cardinal admitted to being involved in a Habsburg restorationist organization which planned to form a government after an American invasion, however he denied hoping for the outbreak of war. He said "we prayed for peace". He accepted the charges of smuggling tens of thousands of dollars into Hungary, and admitted his contacts with Otto von Habsburg and American politicians, but did not admit to willful espionage on behalf of foreign powers. In court, Mindszenty said about the charges: "I do not deny one or another part of it, but I do not subscribe to the conclusion". As he followed the trial, a weeping Pope Pius XII told Sister Pascalina Lehnert, "My words have come true and all I can do is pray; I cannot help him any other way." On 8 February, Mindszenty was sentenced to life imprisonment for black marketeering, treason and espionage. The government released a white book, Documents on the Mindszenty Case, containing his alleged confessions and case materials. On 12 February 1949, Pope Pius XII announced the excommunication of all persons involved in the trial and conviction of Mindszenty. On 20 February 1949, the Pope addressed a series of questions to a crowd which had gathered in St. Peter's Square to protest the Cardinal's show trial, asking:<blockquote>Do you want a Church that remains silent when She should speak; that diminishes the law of God where She is called to proclaim it loudly, wanting to accommodate it to the will of man? Do you want a Church that departs from the unshakable foundations upon which Christ founded Her, taking the easy way of adapting Herself to the opinion of the day; a Church that is a prey to current trends; a Church that does not condemn the suppression of conscience and does not stand up for the just liberty of the people; a Church that locks Herself up within the four walls of Her temple in unseemly sycophancy, forgetting the divine mission received from Christ: 'Go out the crossroads and preach the people'? Beloved sons and daughters! Spiritual heirs of numberless confessors and martyrs! Is this the Church you venerate and love? Would you recognize in such a Church the features of your Mother? Would you be able to imagine a Successor of St. Peter submitting to such demands? and described his tortures
Over seven years later, on 30 October 1956, in the midst of the Hungarian Revolution, Mindszenty was released from prison. He returned to Budapest the next day, and on 2 November, praised the insurgents. The following day, he made a radio broadcast in favour of recent anti communist developments.
Более чем через семь лет, 30 октября 1956 года, в разгар Венгерской революции, Миндсенти был освобождён из тюрьмы. На следующий день он вернулся в Будапешт, а 2 ноября похвалил повстанцев. На следующий день он выступил по радио в поддержку недавних антикоммунистических событий.
Following the fall of the Kingdom of Hungary, Mindszenty was disappointed, as "deep down in his soul he remained a monarchist to the end of his life." On 15 September 1945, Mindszenty was appointed Primate of Hungary and Archbishop of Esztergom, the seat of the head of the Catholic Church in Hungary. On 21 February 1946, Archbishop Mindszenty was elevated to Cardinal Priest of Santo Stefano Rotondo by Pope Pius XII, who reportedly told him, "Among these thirty two you will be the first to suffer the martyrdom symbolized by this red color." To the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party, Mindszenty was regarded as the archetypal figure of "clerical reaction". He continued to use the traditional title of prince primate (hercegprímás) even after the use of noble and royal titles was outlawed by the 1946 puppet parliament. He contacted the US embassy, asking it to "engage in activities which were simply not diplomatically proper or politically feasible", for which he was rebuked by the embassy. In addition to such contacts, the Party accused him of having "aristocratic attitudes" and attacked his demands for compensation following the state seizure of church owned farmlands during the Party's campaign to abolish private farm ownership. Because the main source of income for the Church was its agricultural lands, confiscations by the communist government left many Church run institutions destitute. For this reason, he fought fiercely against the state policy to emancipate the Hungarian educational system from Church control by seizing parochial schools. In 1948, religious orders were banned by the government. Soon after, the communist dictator in Hungary, Mátyás Rákosi (born Mátyás Rosenfeld) accused the Cardinal and the Catholic Church of being both "the largest landowner in Hungary" and "a reactionary force in our country, supporting the monarchy and later the fascist dictatorship of Admiral Horthy". These, Rákosi claimed, were the only reasons for Mindszenty's opposition to the Party's policy of land confiscation. On 26 December 1948, Cardinal Mindszenty was arrested and accused of treason, conspiracy, and other offences against the new Hungarian People's Republic. Shortly before his arrest, he wrote a note to the effect that he had not been involved in any conspiracy and that any confession he might make would be the result of duress. While imprisoned, Mindszenty was repeatedly hit with rubber truncheons and subjected to other forms of abuse, until he agreed to confess. Mindszenty's forced confession included the following "admissions": orchestrating the theft of the Crown of Saint Stephen for the sole purpose of crowning Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg as King of Hungary, scheming to overthrow the Party and reestablish capitalism, planning a third World War, and, once it had been won by the Americans, plotting to assume supreme political power himself. Almost alone among the Western news media, reporter George Seldes, who had previously been expelled from the Soviet Union and fascist Italy for his reporting, believed the allegations against Cardinal Mindszenty. Seldes spent the rest of his life accusing Mindszenty of being a Nazi collaborator, a Holocaust perpetrator, and a virulent antisemite. In his 1987 memoirs, Seldes wrote, "In 1948 the entire American section of the resident foreign press corps in Hungary implored me to report the facts about Cardinal Mindszenty's collaboration with the Nazis, his part in the deportation of the Jewish population to Hitler's death camps, and also to expose the scores of fraudulent news items coming from outside Hungary, from Vienna, London, Prague, and Rome especially, alleging drugging and torturing of the Cardinal." Seldes was the only one to dispute that Mindszenty was tortured by the Communists. The Pope and the international community at the time believed that Mindszenty had been tortured. Even at his show trial, the prosecution did not make the charge or provide evidence of antisemitism or Nazi collaboration. On 3 February 1949, Mindszenty's show trial began. The Cardinal admitted to being involved in a Habsburg restorationist organization which planned to form a government after an American invasion, however he denied hoping for the outbreak of war. He said "we prayed for peace". He accepted the charges of smuggling tens of thousands of dollars into Hungary, and admitted his contacts with Otto von Habsburg and American politicians, but did not admit to willful espionage on behalf of foreign powers. In court, Mindszenty said about the charges: "I do not deny one or another part of it, but I do not subscribe to the conclusion". As he followed the trial, a weeping Pope Pius XII told Sister Pascalina Lehnert, "My words have come true and all I can do is pray; I cannot help him any other way." On 8 February, Mindszenty was sentenced to life imprisonment for black marketeering, treason and espionage. The government released a white book, Documents on the Mindszenty Case, containing his alleged confessions and case materials. On 12 February 1949, Pope Pius XII announced the excommunication of all persons involved in the trial and conviction of Mindszenty. On 20 February 1949, the Pope addressed a series of questions to a crowd which had gathered in St. Peter's Square to protest the Cardinal's show trial, asking:<blockquote>Do you want a Church that remains silent when She should speak; that diminishes the law of God where She is called to proclaim it loudly, wanting to accommodate it to the will of man? Do you want a Church that departs from the unshakable foundations upon which Christ founded Her, taking the easy way of adapting Herself to the opinion of the day; a Church that is a prey to current trends; a Church that does not condemn the suppression of conscience and does not stand up for the just liberty of the people; a Church that locks Herself up within the four walls of Her temple in unseemly sycophancy, forgetting the divine mission received from Christ: 'Go out the crossroads and preach the people'? Beloved sons and daughters! Spiritual heirs of numberless confessors and martyrs! Is this the Church you venerate and love? Would you recognize in such a Church the features of your Mother? Would you be able to imagine a Successor of St. Peter submitting to such demands? and described his tortures
Over seven years later, on 30 October 1956, in the midst of the Hungarian Revolution, Mindszenty was released from prison. He returned to Budapest the next day, and on 2 November, praised the insurgents. The following day, he made a radio broadcast in favour of recent anti communist developments.
Заключение в посольстве США
4 ноября 1956 года, когда Советский Союз вторгся в Венгрию с целью восстановления коммунистического правительства, кардинал Миндсенти обратился за советом к Имре Нагю и получил политическое убежище в посольстве США в Будапеште. Миндсенти прожил там следующие 15 лет, не имея возможности покинуть территорию посольства, и не принимал участия в папских конклавах 1958 и 1963 годов. Дьёрдь Ачель, коммунистический чиновник, курировавший все вопросы культуры и религии в Венгрии, все больше беспокоился о положении Миндсенти в конце 1960-х годов, когда тот тяжело заболел и распространились слухи о его скорой смерти. Однако Ачелю не удалось убедить лидера партии Яноша Кадара в том, что смягчение приговора Миндсенти вызовет полезную неразбериху в Ватикане и позволит государству лучше контролировать оставшееся духовенство.
On 4 November 1956, when the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to restore the communist government, Cardinal Mindszenty sought Imre Nagy's advice, and was granted political asylum at the United States embassy in Budapest. Mindszenty lived there for the next 15 years, unable to leave the grounds, and did not participate in the papal conclaves of 1958 and 1963. György Aczél, the communist official in charge of all cultural and religious matters in Hungary, felt increasingly uncomfortable about Mindszenty's plight in the late 1960s when the latter fell seriously ill and rumors spread of his impending death. Yet Aczél failed to convince party leader János Kádár that commuting Mindszenty's sentence would create valuable confusion in the Holy See and allow the state to better control the remaining clergy.
Изгнание
В конце концов папа Павел VI предложил компромисс: объявив Миндсенти «жертвой истории» (вместо коммунизма) и отменив отлучение от церкви, наложенное на лиц, причастных к его суду. Венгерское правительство разрешило Миндсенти покинуть страну 28 сентября 1971 года. С 23 октября 1971 года он жил в Вене, Австрия, обидевшись на совет Рима о том, что он должен отказаться от примата католической церкви в Венгрии в обмен на бесцензурную публикацию его мемуаров при поддержке Святого Престола. Хотя большинство епископов выходят на пенсию в возрасте 75 лет или около того, Миндсенти постоянно отрицал слухи о своей отставке и не был обязан по каноническому праву покинуть свой пост в то время. В декабре 1973 года, в возрасте 81 года, Папа лишил Миндсенти его титулов, объявив Эстергомскую архиепископию официально вакантной, но отказался назначать нового архиепископа, пока Миндсенти был жив. В 1975 году Миндсенти посетил венгерских эмигрантов в Каракасе, Венесуэла, а затем в Боготе, Колумбия. Сразу после этого визита он вернулся в Европу, чувствуя себя крайне нездоровым. Миндсенти умер 6 мая 1975 года в возрасте 83 лет в изгнании в Вене. В начале 1976 года Папа назначил епископа Ласло Лекая приматом Венгрии, положив конец долгой борьбе с коммунистическим правительством.
Eventually, Pope Paul VI offered a compromise: declaring Mindszenty a "victim of history" (instead of communism) and annulling the excommunication imposed on the people involved in his trial. The Hungarian government allowed Mindszenty to leave the country on 28 September 1971. Beginning on 23 October 1971, he lived in Vienna, Austria, as he took offence at Rome's advice that he should resign from the primacy of the Catholic Church in Hungary in exchange for uncensored publication of his memoirs backed by the Holy See. Although most bishops retire at or near age 75, Mindszenty continually denied rumors of his resignation and was not required by canon law to step down at the time. In December 1973, at the age of 81, Mindszenty was stripped of his titles by the Pope, who declared the Archdiocese of Esztergom officially vacated, but who refused to fill the seat while Mindszenty was still alive. Mindszenty visited Hungarian emigrants in 1975 in Caracas, Venezuela, and then Bogotá, Colombia. Just after this visit, he traveled back to Europe feeling quite ill. Mindszenty died on 6 May 1975, at the age of 83, in exile in Vienna. In early 1976, the Pope made Bishop László Lékai the primate of Hungary, ending a long struggle with the communist government.
Наследие
В 1991 году останки Миндсенти были репатриированы в Эстергом вновь избранным правительством и захоронены в базилике. Миндсенти широко почитается в современной Венгрии за его мужество и стойкость в противостоянии партии "Ньилаши", во время коммунистического заключения и в изгнании. Музей Миндсенти в Эстергоме посвящен жизни кардинала. Памятная статуя кардинала Миндсенти установлена в церкви Святого Ладислава в Нью-Брансуике, штат Нью-Джерси, США. Памятник был подарен венгерской общиной Большого Кливленда в 1977 году и находится на площади Кардинала Миндсенти в центре Кливленда. В Сантьяго, Чили, в парке Бустаманте, где также установлен памятник мученикам Венгерской революции 1956 года, воздвигнут мемориал в память о Миндсенти. В июне 1974 года кардинал Миндсенти посетил школу Вудсайд Приори в Портола-Вэлли, Калифорния. Школа была основана семью венгерскими монахами-бенедиктинцами, связанными с аббатством Святого Мартина в Паннонхальме, которые бежали из Венгрии после подавления революции 1956 года. На территории школы был установлен бронзовый мемориал в ознаменование его визита. Визит кардинала в район залива Сан-Франциско включал в себя служение мессы в декабре 1974 года в церкви Святого Раймонда в Менло-Парке, штат Калифорния; на территории прихода был установлен памятник в память об этом служении.
In 1991, Mindszenty's remains were repatriated to Esztergom by the newly elected government and buried in the basilica there. Mindszenty is widely admired in modern day Hungary for his courage and resolve while opposing the Arrow Cross Party, during Communist imprisonment, and in exile. The Mindszenty Museum in Esztergom is dedicated to the life of the Cardinal. A commemorative statue of Cardinal Mindszenty stands at St. Ladislaus Church in New Brunswick, New Jersey, US. A monument was donated by the Hungarian community of Greater Cleveland in 1977 and stands at Cardinal Mindszenty Plaza in downtown Cleveland. Mindszenty is remembered in Santiago, Chile with a memorial in Parque Bustamante, the same park where a monument to the martyrs of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution stands. In June 1974, Cardinal Mindszenty visited the Woodside Priory School in Portola Valley, California. The school was founded by seven Hungarian Benedictine monks, associated with Saint Martin's Archabbey in Pannonhalma, who fled the repression in Hungary following the 1956 revolution. A bronze memorial was placed on the school's campus noting his visit. The Cardinal's visit to the San Francisco Bay Area included Mass in December 1974 at St. Raymond Church in Menlo Park, California; a monument commemorating the service was placed on parish grounds.
Процесс беатификации
Блаженствование и последующая канонизация кардинала Миндсенти находятся в повестке дня венгерской католической церкви с момента падения коммунизма в 1989 году, и понтификат папы Бенедикта XVI в 2005–2013 годах многие аналитики считали прекрасной возможностью для достижения обеих целей, поскольку папа положительно отзывался о призвании и наследии Миндсенти. Дело о беатификации кардинала было открыто 15 июня 1993 года; Миндсенти был провозглашен Слугой Божьим после того, как Конгрегация по делам святых (CCS) дала согласие на начало дела, выдав декрет *nihil obstat* («нет препятствий»). Епархиальный процесс (сбор его духовных сочинений и показаний свидетелей для подтверждения его репутации святости) начался в Эстергоме 19 марта 1994 года и завершился 17 октября 1996 года; CCS подтвердила соответствие процесса своим требованиям в Риме 8 ноября 1999 года. В 2012 году Венгерская епископская конференция вновь подтвердила свою поддержку продолжения дела о беатификации покойного кардинала. Богословы выразили свое одобрение делу 14 июня 2018 года. Папа Франциск признал Миндсенти достойным почитания 12 февраля 2019 года.
The beatification and eventual canonization of Cardinal Mindszenty has been on the Hungarian Catholic Church's agenda ever since communism fell in 1989, and the 2005–2013 pontificate of Pope Benedict XVI was seen by many analysts as an excellent opportunity to achieve both, as the Pope had commented favourably on Mindszenty's calling and legacy. The cause for the cardinal's beatification opened on 15 June 1993; Mindszenty became titled as a Servant of God after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) assented to introducing the cause in a decree nihil obstat ("no objection"). The diocesan process (collecting his spiritual writings and collecting witness interrogatories to attest to his reputation for holiness) opened in Esztergom on 19 March 1994 and closed 17 October 1996; the CCS validated the process as having complied with their regulations in Rome on 8 November 1999. In 2012, the Hungarian Bishops' Conference reaffirmed its support for continuing the late cardinal's cause for beatification. Theologians voiced their approval for the cause on 14 June 2018. Pope Francis declared Mindszenty venerable on 12 February 2019.
В популярной культуре
Жизнь Миндсенти и его борьба против советского господства в Венгрии и коммунизма стали темой американского фильма 1950 года «Виновный в измене», частично основанного на его личных документах, где роль кардинала исполнил Чарльз Бикфорд. Британский триллер 1955 года «Пленник» лишь отдалённо основан на тюремном заключении Миндсенти, а Алек Гиннесс сыграл вымышленный образ кардинала. Сообщается, что Миндсенти не понравилась хотя бы одна из его киноэкранизаций. Двухсерийный эпизод 1966 года «Старик» телесериала «Миссия: Невыполнима» был свободно основан на истории Миндсенти. В основе сюжета эпизода лежала идея о католическом кардинале, политическом заключённом и герое для своего народа, приговорённом к казни в тюрьме Восточной Европы. Главным героям сериала было поручено тайно вывезти его из тюрьмы и страны до исполнения приговора.
Mindszenty's life and battle against the Soviet domination of Hungary and communism were the subject of the 1950 American film Guilty of Treason, partly based on his personal papers and starring Charles Bickford as the cardinal. The 1955 British thriller The Prisoner is loosely based on Mindszenty's imprisonment, with Alec Guinness playing a fictionalized version of the cardinal. Mindszenty is reported to have disliked at least one of his film portrayals. The two part 1966 episode "Old Man Out" of television's Mission: Impossible was loosely based on Mindszenty. The episode's premise was that a Catholic cardinal, a political prisoner and hero to his people, was slated for execution in an Eastern European prison. The series' protagonists were tasked with smuggling him out of the prison and country before his execution.