Аплодисменты: история и формы выражения одобрения.

Form of appreciation or praise expressed by clapping

Applause (Latin applaudere, to strike upon, clap) is primarily a form of ovation or praise expressed by the act of clapping, or striking the palms of the hands together, in order to create noise. Audiences usually applaud after a performance, such as a musical concert, speech, or play, as a sign of enjoyment and approval.

The age of the custom of applauding is uncertain, but it is widespread among human cultures. Varieties of applause typically serve as the means to show appreciation as an audience participant and fulfills the need to be included. The variety of its forms is limited only by the capacity for devising means of making a noise (e. g., stomping of feet or rapping of fists or hands on a table). Within each culture, however, it is usually subject to conventions. The ancient Romans had set rituals at public performances to express degrees of approval in 1901: snapping the finger and thumb, clapping with the flat or hollow palm, and waving the flap of the toga. Upper class spectators expressed approval by waving their togas, while lower class spectators, who were not allowed to wear togas, they just waved a piece of cloth, which may have been a precursor to the handkerchief. Emperor Aurelian substituted the waving of napkins ([[Stole (vestment)) that he had distributed to the Roman people for the toga flapping. In Roman theatre, at the close of the play, the chief actor called out "Valete et plaudite!" (farewell and applaud), and the audience, guided by an unofficial choregos, chanted their approval antiphonally. Similarly, a claque /klak/ (French for "slapping") was an organized body of professional applauders in French theatres and opera houses who were paid by the performer(s) to create the illusion of an increased level of approval by the audience. Alternatively, if they were not paid they would boo and perhaps throw things at the stage. By the 1830s, it was pretty common to hire a group known as a claque to cheer at shows. Theatre and opera bosses could get a bunch of these professional clappers whenever they needed a boost. They had a leader who'd decide when and where to kick off their cheering. The claque was made up of different folks with special jobs: some would memorize the show to point out the cool bits, laughers would make sure the jokes landed well, criers faked tears, and some were there just to keep the mood up, often yelling "Encore! Encore! "—that's French for "one more time." The emergence of claques made composers like Mahler, Schumann, and Mendelssohn begin to request in their scores that their works be performed with no break between movements as to avoid applause, becoming a catalyst to the well known applause etiquette upheld in many classical performance settings. In Christianity, customs of the theatre were adopted by the churches. Eusebius says that Paul of Samosata encouraged the congregation to indicate approval of his preaching by waving linen cloths (οθοναις), and in the 4th and 5th centuries applause of the rhetoric of popular preachers had become an established custom. Applause in church eventually fell out of fashion, however. Partly due to the influence of the quasi religious atmosphere of the performances of Richard Wagner's operas at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, the reverential spirit that inspired this soon extended back to the theatre and the concert hall. Instead, members of parliament and lords generally will shout "hear, hear! ".

In various countries, airplane passengers often tend to applaud the landing upon completion of a flight and when they have felt the plane's wheels touch down and have run a short but satisfactory course down the runway. The purpose of this custom is unclear.

A golf clap is a form of quiet clapping, so named because it is the preferred form of applause for golfers; louder forms of applause are discouraged at golf tournaments so as not to disturb other golfers, who may be in the process of attempting a shot. Golf claps are sometimes used at other events to heckle or to show sarcasm. Similarly, in the game of snooker, a good cue shot, a difficult pot, a 'snooker' which is difficult from which to escape, will be rewarded by the opponent tapping their cue several times on the table edge. Likewise, string musicians of an orchestra use bobbing their bows in the air or gently tapping them on their instruments' strings as a substitute for applause. Wind section members will generally lightly stamp their feet or pat one hand on their leg to show approval to a conductor or soloist, while percussionists often rap drumsticks together. An even more subtle form of approval may be exhibited by a member of an orchestra during a formal rehearsal or performance when a colleague performs particularly well, usually a slight shuffle of the foot on the floor or hand on the knee. These subtle forms of applause may not be recognized as such by the audience. Outright applause by performers for other performers, although increasingly common, is traditionally regarded as gauche, self congratulatory, and usurping of the audience's prerogative (and sole task in this respect) to provide accolades when they feel that the performance merits it. In skateboarding culture, when a fellow skater performs and lands a maneuver exceptionally well the observers will bang their own boards against the ground to express approval or encouragement. In Deaf culture, Deaf audiences will use a more visually expressive variant of clapping. Instead of clapping their palms together, they raise their hands straight up with outstretched fingers and twist their wrists. However, in a situation more specific to hearing culture, the traditional clap is used. In poetry performances, applause often takes the form of finger snapping in order to express approval to the performer without being loud and disruptive. In some countries, applause may be used to indicate respect for a recently deceased person in some instances, such as at a funeral procession. A recent phenomenon in Britain and Israel, is the use of a minute's applause, which has come to replace the traditional minute's silence. In the United Kingdom, it is especially at football matches, and in Israel also at basketball matches and other sports. However, in most countries, applause for a deceased person is still widely frowned upon and not recommended because it may be misinterpreted as rudeness or joy. In German speaking countries, it is customary for university students to rap their knuckles on the desks after each lecture. The same technique is used in German speaking countries to express approval at meetings. In Jamaica people may bang lids and pot covers together during celebratory events such as a victory at the Olympic Games or the Miss World competitions.

Another type of "slow handclap" is used as a dramatic device, often forming the conclusion of dramatic turning points in films. After some dramatic speech, one audience member claps slowly, then another, and then a few more, until the trickle of clapping gives way to roaring applause, often ending in a standing ovation. This is also referred to as a crescendo applause, named for the increasing level of volume it produces.