Экологическая зеленая партия Мексики: история и политические альянсы

Mexican political party

The Ecological Green Party of Mexico (lang es, paɾˈtiðo ˈβeɾðe ekoloˈxista ðe ˈmexiko, PVEM or PVE) is a green political party in Mexico.

The party was founded in 1986 under the name Mexican Green Party (Lang es) and its first leader was Jorge González Torres. It participated in the 1991 federal elections for the first time as an independent bloc, under the name Ecologist Party of Mexico (Lang es). It did not obtain a sufficient percentage of the vote to obtain official registration at the national level. It obtained its registration in 1993 and in the same year the party changed its name to the current one. From when it obtained its first subnational registration as a political party on 28 February 1991 until 2011, it was controlled by a single family: its first president was founder Jorge González Torres (a public official and former member of the PRI), who was succeeded in the presidency of the party by his son, Jorge Emilio González Martínez (who served as a senator from 2000–2006 and was nicknamed "the Green Child") in 2001. The party slowly increased its vote share through the 1990s, finishing in 5th place in the 1994 legislative elections and 4th place in 1997, obtaining its first seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and Senate in the latter. It participated in the 2000 Mexican general election in the Alliance for Change with the National Action Party (PAN), resulting in the successful election of joint presidential candidate Vicente Fox and the obtaining of the most seats in the Chamber of Deputies and the senate between the two parties (although they lacked a majority). The PVEM eventually distanced itself from the PAN and Fox the following year after stating their belief that they were not complying with established agreements on environmental matters. In the 2003 Mexican legislative election, the party allied with the PRI in 100 of the 300 constituency seats as the Alianza para Todos, with the PVEM winning 17 constituency seats and 14 proportional representation seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and 1 constituency seat and 4 proportional representation seats in the Senate. Initially intending to run its own candidate, Bernardo de la Garza, in the 2006 presidential election, the party eventually withdrew in support of the PRI's candidate Roberto Madrazo, who finished in 3rd place. From this point, the PVEM continued to ally with the PRI for most elections until 2019. In the 2009 Mexican legislative election, the party campaigned in favor of the death penalty for murderers and kidnappers, the extension of school hours to relieve childcare concerns for working parents, and free medicines. Later, in the 2012 general election, the PRI PVEM alliance's presidential candidate, Enrique Peña Nieto, was victorious, with the PVEM improving its results in the legislature (taking 34 seats in the Chamber of Deputies out of 500 and nine seats in the Senate out of 128) and entering into a state government for the first time as part of a coalition with the PRI and PANAL in Chiapas, also winning the governorship for the first time under candidate Manuel Velasco Coello. It remained a part of the Chiapas state government until 2018. In 2018, PVEM supported the Todos por México coalition, along with PRI and PANAL. José Antonio Meade, the coalition's candidate, came in third in a four way race, with 16.43% of the vote. PVEM later withdrew from Todos por Mexico and gradually came close to the Andrés Manuel López Obrador government, formally entering the Juntos Haremos Historia coalition in 2019. In December 2020 it founded the successor Juntos Hacemos Historia coalition, together with the National Regeneration Movement and the Labor Party and contested the 2021 Mexican legislative elections with them. The PVEM also won its second gubernatorial election the same year, with Ricardo Gallardo Cardona finishing in first place in San Luis Potosí.

Originally portraying itself as a green conservative party, the PVEM has sought to shift toward the progressive centre left in the 2020s, although a conservative faction remains. The party has been criticized on a few occasions for a perceived lack of true commitment to environmental causes, with the now defunct Mexico City newspaper El Independiente reporting that during a meeting he held in London with Mexican graduate students, party leader Jorge González Martínez responded to the question of PVEM's programs in defense of the Mexican environment with "Ecology is the least important thing to me. I represent interests," and González Martínez being accused of accepting bribes to overlook construction occurring in protected areas. The party came out in support of remote work, the creation of special economic zones, and a transition to a semi presidential system of government in its 2018 manifesto.

In 2008, the PVEM initiated an advertising campaign in favor of reintroducing the death penalty in Mexico. This led to the European Green Party's withdrawal of recognition of the PVEM as a legitimate green party.

During an interview, PVEM candidate Gamaliel Ramirez verbally attacked an openly gay candidate for Guadalajara mayor and called for criminal laws against homosexuality to be established. In the following days, Ramirez issued a written apology after the party expressed disappointment at his remarks. While the party has pledged to support LGBT rights issues, its three representatives abstained from a vote on Mexico City granting legal recognition to same sex couples and opposed the legalization of same sex marriage in the city.

The PVEM is also widely criticized because its leader from 2001 to 2011, Jorge Emilio González Martínez, was appointed for being the son of former leader Jorge González Torres, and for supporting the political and business agenda of Mexican businessman Víctor González Torres, owner of the Farmacias Similares drugstore franchise and González Martínez's uncle. González Martínez was also accused of accepting bribes in exchange for allowing construction in protected areas. The Quintana Roo state branch of PVEM removed its leader, José de la Peña Ruiz de Chávez, for his relationship with the Romanian mafia on 10 February 2021. He kept his position as a member of the Congress of Quintana Roo. José Luis Jonathan Yong, former Public Security director in Cancun (2016–2018) has been implicated. De la Peña Ruiz de Chávez is said to also have ties to Leticia Rodríguez Lara "Doña Lety", leader of the Cancun drug cartel.

In January 2015, the National Electoral Institute (INE) ordered the PVEM and theater chains Cinemex and Cinépolis to cease airing PVEM advertisements on the grounds of fairness in electoral contests. When the PVEM and the theaters did not comply, the INE imposed a fine of MXN$35 million on the PVEM and MXN$7 million on both theater chains. The fine on the PVEM was later increased to MXN$67.1 million.

In 2015, various media personalities alleged that they had been offered more than MXN$200,000 if they disseminated messages in favor of the PVEM through social networks in the middle of election day, despite a ban on campaigning on that day. In 2021, a similar incident occurred, and several Internet celebrities were fined for illegal posts in favor of PVEM on social media after the period of campaigning had ended. Fer Moreno admitted she had been paid MXN$10,000 (US$) and apologized.

Election year Candidate # votes % vote Result Note 1994 Jorge González Torres 327,313 0.93 Defeated 2000 support PAN Candidate; Coalition: Alianza por el Cambio (won) 2006 support PRI Candidate; Coalition: Alianza por México (defeated) 2012 support PRI Candidate; Coalition: Compromiso por México (won) 2018 support PRI Candidate; Coalition: Todos por México (defeated) 2024 support MORENA Candidate; Coalition: Juntos Hacemos Historia (won)

Election year Constituency PR # of seats PositionPresidency Note votes % votes % 1994 470,951 1.4 479,594 1.4 Minority Ernesto Zedillo 1997 1,105,688 3.8 1,116,137 3.8 Minority 2000 see: National Action Party Minority Vicente Fox Coalition: Alliance for Change 2003 1,063,741 4.1 1,068,721 4.1 Minority 2006 see: Institutional Revolutionary Party Minority Felipe Calderón Coalition: Alliance for Mexico 2009 2,318,138 6.7 2,326,016 6.7 Minority 2012 3,045,385 6.44 3,054,718 6.43 Minority Enrique Peña Nieto Coalition: Commitment to Mexico 2015 2,740,208 7.57 2,757,170 7.54 Minority Coalition: PRI PVEM 2018 1,429,802 2.55 2,695,405 4.79 Minority Andrés Manuel López Obrador Coalition: Todos por México 2021 992,320 2.03 2,670,997 5.43 Minority Coalition: Juntos Hacemos Historia

Election year Constituency PR # of seats PositionPresidency Note votes % votes % 1994 438,941 1.3 Minority Ernesto Zedillo 1997 1,180,04 4.0 Minority 2000 see: National Action Party Minority Vicente Fox Coalition: Alliance for Change 2006 see: Institutional Revolutionary Party Minority Felipe Calderón Coalition: Alliance for Mexico 2012 867,056 1.9 2,881,923 6.1 Minority Enrique Peña Nieto Coalition: Commitment to Mexico 2018 1,198,011 2.13 2,528,175 4.46 Minority Andrés Manuel López Obrador Coalition: Todos por México