Ливерпуль крейсерінің тарихы

Town class cruiser

HMS Liverpool, named after the port city of Liverpool in north west England, was a Town class light cruiser of the Royal Navy in service from 1938 to 1952. During the Second World War, Liverpool gained four battle honours and was seriously damaged in two attacks by Italian torpedo bombers. The cruiser operated variously with the naval stations in the East Indies and China and with the Mediterranean and Home fleets. While assigned as flagship to the China Station in January 1940, the cruiser instigated a diplomatic incident with Japan when she intercepted the liner Asama Maru off the coast of Japan. Liverpool took part in the battles of the Espero Convoy and Calabria, the Arctic Convoys, and Operation Harpoon during the Malta Convoys. On 14 June 1942, during Operation Harpoon, Liverpool suffered an air attack and had to undergo repairs and refitting at Rosyth, Scotland for the remainder of the war. Liverpool returned to service in 1945 and was assigned as flagship to the Mediterranean Fleet. In the early 1950s, the cruiser harboured in Port Said to support the British Administration of the Suez Canal Zone, when Egyptian guerrillas campaigned against it. The cruiser was decommissioned in 1952 at a time when the Royal Navy was rapidly contracting in strength. Liverpool was broken up in 1958, at Rosyth.

The Town class light cruisers were designed as counters to the Japanese s built during the early 1930s and the second batch of three ships was enlarged, with the most powerful engines and widest beam of any post 1927 Royal Navy cruisers, to maintain speed and stability with the weight of, a second low angle main director (2) T284 LADCT, to give two channel fire control of the six inch turrets enabling, simultaneous engagement with surface targets fore and aft of the cruisers and to give a second level of deck armour over the top of the armour box around the four main magazines (In HMS Gloucester and the third 'Belfast' group, the extra deck armour belt also extended further over the engines). Liverpool displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ship had an overall length of 591 feet (180 m), a beam of 64 feet (20 m) and a draught of 20 feet (6 m). She was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbine sets, each driving one shaft, which developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of Liverpool also mounted a catapult with three Supermarine Walrus. Steam for the turbines was provided by four Admiralty 3 drum boilers. The ship carried a maximum of of fuel oil which gave her a range of at The ship's complement was 800–850 officers and ratings. The turrets were designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear. Their secondary armament consisted of eight QF Mk XVI dual purpose guns in twin mounts. Their light anti aircraft armament consisted of a pair of quadruple mounts for the two pounder (40 mm) AA gun ("pom pom") and two quadruple mounts for Vickers AA machine guns. These ships were intended for fleet duties rather than trade protection, which their predecessors had been designed for. Liverpool became one of the three Town class cruisers—with and —ordered to a slightly revised design referred to as the Liverpool,

Ordered under the 1935 estimates, Liverpool became the first cruiser launched at the Fairfield shipyard since the Before the deployment, the cruiser visited her namesake port in January 1939. The Liverpool Woman's Service Bureau presented the cruiser with a Union flag and White Ensign, while the city's Corporation gave the crew "three pairs of candlesticks, a silver cup, and two bugles". Liverpools crew had already received a silver bell and plate originally in the possession of her predecessor. At the beginning of the Second World War, Liverpool formed part of the 4th Cruiser Squadron, which she left in November to transfer to the 5th Cruiser Squadron, China Station. While part of the station, the cruiser became involved in a diplomatic incident when she intercepted the Japanese passenger liner Asama Maru on 21 January 1940. Alerted to reports that German sailors in the United States had arranged transport to Germany, the British Government authorised the station's commander in chief to direct a warship to board Asama Maru and detain suspected passengers, provided the procedure did not occur within sight of the coast of Japan. Just 35 mile (56 km) east of Niijima, off Honshū, Liverpool located the liner and removed 21 of the ship's passengers, believed by the British to be survivors of the scuttled German liner Asama Maru had been late and had deviated from her expected course, necessitating an operation much closer to Japan's coast. Four days after the incident, the NYK Line dismissed Captain Watanabe, under the pretense of retirement, accusing him of "misconduct". The Government of Japan condemned the operation as an abuse of belligerent rights and formally protested the action, which further escalated tensions between the two countries. In April, Liverpool became the flagship of Rear Admiral Arthur Murray's Red Sea Force, which was formed with the Australian cruiser The Red Sea Force was intended to help execute naval strategy in the area by performing a variety of duties, such as patrols and blockade enforcement in the event of war with Italy. While in the area, Liverpool escorted a convoy transporting contingents from the Australian military to Suez. When ordered to the Mediterranean in June, Liverpool relinquished her status as flagship with the transfer of Admiral Murray to the New Zealand cruiser at Port Sudan. To accommodate the admiral and his staff, Leander transferred three officers and seven ratings to Liverpool. She first encountered Italian vessels off the coast of Libya on 12 June 1940 while shelling positions near Tobruk with Gloucester and four destroyers. The cruisers attacked five vessels, including the obsolete armoured cruiser Italian cruiser San Giorgio, and sank the minesweeper Italian minesweeper Giovanni Berta. On 28 June, a British Short Sunderland patrol aircraft detected three Italian destroyers west of Zante. The 7th Cruiser Squadron was at sea in support of convoy Operation MA.3 when it altered course to engage the destroyers. Liverpool sighted them 60 mile (97 km) south west of Cape Matapan at 18:30 and opened fire three minutes later. Liverpool took light damage in the engagement. Ammunition had been rapidly depleted by the cruiser squadron. By the close of the action, Liverpools crew had almost expended the contents of her shellrooms, reporting that each gun had 40 shells remaining. The Admiralty criticised the squadron's expenditure of some 5,000 rounds, which Admiral Andrew Cunningham, commander in chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, attributed to its inexperience and his insistence on confronting the Italian warships before nightfall. On 9 July, the fleets encountered each other off Calabria, in the first major battle between the Allied and Italian navies in the Mediterranean theatre. Liverpool and fellow cruiser commenced firing at 15:22, eight minutes after Italian cruisers started their barrage at a range of After a continuous exchange of fire, the battleship struck the Italian battleship Giulio Cesare at 16:00, inducing the Italian fleet to disengage from the battle. Italian aircraft attacked Liverpool with bombs on 12 July while she was returning to Alexandria, Egypt, causing fatalities and wounding three, including the cruiser's commander. Later in July, Liverpool escorted convoy AN.2 from Egypt on its way to Greek ports in the Aegean and the southward convoy AS.2 from the Aegean. The latter convoy came under substantial attack by Italian aircraft on the 29th; Liverpool was the only vessel hit when an unexploded bomb penetrated two decks, killing a rating. The casualty was Stoker First Class Patrick Leslie Harney, aged 32, from Stalybridge, Cheshire. When the Mediterranean Light Forces restructured in August, Liverpool was switched to the 3rd Cruiser Squadron, grouped with Gloucester and under the command of Rear Admiral Edward de Faye Renouf. On 28 September, as part of Operation MB.5, Liverpool and Gloucester proceeded to Malta, transporting reinforcements, airmen, and RAF provisions. The cruisers—briefly protected by a force consisting of the battleships and Warspite, aircraft carrier with her aircraft, cruisers , and the Australian , and 11 destroyers—came under repeated aerial attack. The fleet again put to sea on 8 October with the intention of supporting Malta convoy MF.3 and the Alexandria bound convoy MF.4, while seeking to engineer an encounter with the main assets of the Italian Navy. Although Admiral Cunningham did not realise his latter objective, which was limited to an engagement with Italian destroyers, the convoys reached their respective destinations. Illustrious then conducted aerial operations against Italian installations on the island of Leros. While Liverpool and other escorts were returning from the sortie on 14 October, According to Captain Read, despite the petrol being surrounded with 70 tons of water in accordance with regulation, the fuel reached the mess decks and became exposed to an electrical short circuit. The subsequent explosion, at 19:20, seriously compromised Liverpools bow structure, While being towed on 15 October, Liverpools bow separated from the hull. Later in the day, 12 of the cruiser's sailors (including one unidentifiable at the time) were buried at sea. Three more died in the night and were buried before the two cruisers reached the port of Alexandria on 16 October. Her captain transferred in late October to the battleship ; The ship's presence would not be disclosed until September when the US Navy Department released a list identifying 12 ships situated in various ports. At the shipyard, Liverpool had her anti aircraft armament increased with the addition of nine single 20 mm Oerlikon cannons. She departed in November for Britain, principally to have upgraded radar systems installed. The conditions that Allied ships endured during the convoys proved extreme, with freezing weather, snowstorms, and frequent attacks by the Luftwaffe and Germany Navy. Liverpool arrived in the Arctic as a replacement for the damaged cruiser She joined Convoy QP 10, comprising 16 merchant vessels and five destroyers, on 12 April 1942 as an escort on its journey from the Russian Kola Peninsula to Iceland. The convoy came under repeated attack from U boats and aircraft for three days. Four vessels were sunk (two of which sank on 11 April) and one was damaged;

In mid May, Liverpool joined a group of warships that was to have escorted Trinidad on her return journey to Britain. After temporary repairs in Russia, Trinidad got underway on 13 May. The group that included Liverpool positioned itself west of Bear Island, in the Barents Sea, to rendezvous with the cruiser. On 14 May, Trinidad came under repeated attack and was set ablaze by bombs. The British had to evacuate and sink her the following day when the fire became uncontrollable. Liverpool returned to the Mediterranean in June to participate in Operation Harpoon, part of the Malta Convoys. Liverpool and the convoy came under attack by at least 38 Axis aircraft. They crippled Liverpool and sunk the Dutch freighter Tanimbar, ultimately depriving the convoy of a close cruiser escort as and were covering Force W's aircraft carriers when Italian ships attacked the surviving merchantmen and destroyers. The torpedo that impacted Liverpools starboard side hit the engine room, partially flooding the cruiser and disabling her machinery and steering gear. Liverpool had to be taken under tow by the destroyer For the rest of the day, Italian aircraft focused on Liverpool rather than the convoy. Before arriving at Gibraltar on 17 June, the group came under further air attack and Liverpool incurred additional damage due to near misses. The fatalities from the torpedoing had remained in the engine room and been affected by heat exposure, requiring the distribution of an additional tot of rum to the volunteer retrieval party. Liverpool received temporary repairs at Gibraltar and returned to Britain in August. and briefly received the wounded captain of Saumarez at Corfu Bay. In April 1948, the cruiser transported Olympic torches and related items in preparation for the ceremonial prelude to the Summer Olympic Games in London. While docked in the harbour of Alexandria on 22 January 1950, Liverpool entertained King Farouk. Given a 21 gun salute by the cruiser, Farouk met Vice Admiral Louis Mountbatten and the ambassador to Egypt and later expressed his "pleasure at the visit and at renewing my acquaintance with the Royal Navy." In September 1951, Liverpool, as flagship of Admiral John Edelsten, became the first British warship to visit Yugoslavia post war and was inspected by the country's leader Marshal Tito in the city of Split. It had been the Royal Navy's first official visit to the country in 12 years. Following the abrogation of the Anglo Egyptian Treaty in October 1951, the Royal Navy dispatched vessels to Port Said after dock workers declared a strike protesting the British administration of the Suez Canal Zone. The cruisers and Liverpool consecutively assumed responsibility for dock operations, supplying men to replace unavailable workers and guard against guerrilla attacks on facilities. In January, Egyptian media accused Liverpool of firing her guns into the port during an engagement with guerrillas, which the British military vehemently denied and attributed to misidentification. Upon decommission in 1952, Liverpool entered the reserve at Portsmouth Naval Dockyard. Comprehensive plans were drawn up for the modernisation of HMS Liverpool. The Town class cruisers were assessed as suitable for mounting three of the new twin Mk 26 twin 6 inch guns, while the smaller Fiji and Minotaur class cruisers could accommodate only two. HMS Belfast and HMS Liverpool as the two largest Town class cruisers were considered priorities for modernisation in the early 1950s and with the Minotaur class cruisers, HMS Superb and HMS Swiftsure, were the only wartime legacy cruisers for which a full ships cover was drawn, for modernisation with postwar weapons systems. However, the gradual rationalisation of the Royal Navy began in earnest in the 1950s under Duncan Sandys' 1957 Defence White Paper, and the reserve of at least 551 ships was abolished. With the complete withdrawal from service of wartime cruisers by the 1960s, the roles of Liverpool and her contemporaries effectively became superseded by the guided missile destroyers and the three cruisers of the Liverpool was sold in 1958 for breaking up at Bo'Ness, Scotland; more than 12 months elapsed before the vessel had been completely dismantled.

The Town class light cruisers were designed as counters to the Japanese s built during the early 1930s and the second batch of three ships was enlarged, with the most powerful engines and widest beam of any post 1927 Royal Navy cruisers, to maintain speed and stability with the weight of, a second low angle main director (2) T284 LADCT, to give two channel fire control of the six inch turrets enabling, simultaneous engagement with surface targets fore and aft of the cruisers and to give a second level of deck armour over the top of the armour box around the four main magazines (In HMS Gloucester and the third 'Belfast' group, the extra deck armour belt also extended further over the engines). Liverpool displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ship had an overall length of 591 feet (180 m), a beam of 64 feet (20 m) and a draught of 20 feet (6 m). She was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbine sets, each driving one shaft, which developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of Liverpool also mounted a catapult with three Supermarine Walrus. Steam for the turbines was provided by four Admiralty 3 drum boilers. The ship carried a maximum of of fuel oil which gave her a range of at The ship's complement was 800–850 officers and ratings. The turrets were designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear. Their secondary armament consisted of eight QF Mk XVI dual purpose guns in twin mounts. Their light anti aircraft armament consisted of a pair of quadruple mounts for the two pounder (40 mm) AA gun ("pom pom") and two quadruple mounts for Vickers AA machine guns. These ships were intended for fleet duties rather than trade protection, which their predecessors had been designed for. Liverpool became one of the three Town class cruisers—with and —ordered to a slightly revised design referred to as the Liverpool,

Ordered under the 1935 estimates, Liverpool became the first cruiser launched at the Fairfield shipyard since the Before the deployment, the cruiser visited her namesake port in January 1939. The Liverpool Woman's Service Bureau presented the cruiser with a Union flag and White Ensign, while the city's Corporation gave the crew "three pairs of candlesticks, a silver cup, and two bugles". Liverpools crew had already received a silver bell and plate originally in the possession of her predecessor. At the beginning of the Second World War, Liverpool formed part of the 4th Cruiser Squadron, which she left in November to transfer to the 5th Cruiser Squadron, China Station. While part of the station, the cruiser became involved in a diplomatic incident when she intercepted the Japanese passenger liner Asama Maru on 21 January 1940. Alerted to reports that German sailors in the United States had arranged transport to Germany, the British Government authorised the station's commander in chief to direct a warship to board Asama Maru and detain suspected passengers, provided the procedure did not occur within sight of the coast of Japan. Just 35 mile (56 km) east of Niijima, off Honshū, Liverpool located the liner and removed 21 of the ship's passengers, believed by the British to be survivors of the scuttled German liner Asama Maru had been late and had deviated from her expected course, necessitating an operation much closer to Japan's coast. Four days after the incident, the NYK Line dismissed Captain Watanabe, under the pretense of retirement, accusing him of "misconduct". The Government of Japan condemned the operation as an abuse of belligerent rights and formally protested the action, which further escalated tensions between the two countries. In April, Liverpool became the flagship of Rear Admiral Arthur Murray's Red Sea Force, which was formed with the Australian cruiser The Red Sea Force was intended to help execute naval strategy in the area by performing a variety of duties, such as patrols and blockade enforcement in the event of war with Italy. While in the area, Liverpool escorted a convoy transporting contingents from the Australian military to Suez. When ordered to the Mediterranean in June, Liverpool relinquished her status as flagship with the transfer of Admiral Murray to the New Zealand cruiser at Port Sudan. To accommodate the admiral and his staff, Leander transferred three officers and seven ratings to Liverpool. She first encountered Italian vessels off the coast of Libya on 12 June 1940 while shelling positions near Tobruk with Gloucester and four destroyers. The cruisers attacked five vessels, including the obsolete armoured cruiser Italian cruiser San Giorgio, and sank the minesweeper Italian minesweeper Giovanni Berta. On 28 June, a British Short Sunderland patrol aircraft detected three Italian destroyers west of Zante. The 7th Cruiser Squadron was at sea in support of convoy Operation MA.3 when it altered course to engage the destroyers. Liverpool sighted them 60 mile (97 km) south west of Cape Matapan at 18:30 and opened fire three minutes later. Liverpool took light damage in the engagement. Ammunition had been rapidly depleted by the cruiser squadron. By the close of the action, Liverpools crew had almost expended the contents of her shellrooms, reporting that each gun had 40 shells remaining. The Admiralty criticised the squadron's expenditure of some 5,000 rounds, which Admiral Andrew Cunningham, commander in chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, attributed to its inexperience and his insistence on confronting the Italian warships before nightfall. On 9 July, the fleets encountered each other off Calabria, in the first major battle between the Allied and Italian navies in the Mediterranean theatre. Liverpool and fellow cruiser commenced firing at 15:22, eight minutes after Italian cruisers started their barrage at a range of After a continuous exchange of fire, the battleship struck the Italian battleship Giulio Cesare at 16:00, inducing the Italian fleet to disengage from the battle. Italian aircraft attacked Liverpool with bombs on 12 July while she was returning to Alexandria, Egypt, causing fatalities and wounding three, including the cruiser's commander. Later in July, Liverpool escorted convoy AN.2 from Egypt on its way to Greek ports in the Aegean and the southward convoy AS.2 from the Aegean. The latter convoy came under substantial attack by Italian aircraft on the 29th; Liverpool was the only vessel hit when an unexploded bomb penetrated two decks, killing a rating. The casualty was Stoker First Class Patrick Leslie Harney, aged 32, from Stalybridge, Cheshire. When the Mediterranean Light Forces restructured in August, Liverpool was switched to the 3rd Cruiser Squadron, grouped with Gloucester and under the command of Rear Admiral Edward de Faye Renouf. On 28 September, as part of Operation MB.5, Liverpool and Gloucester proceeded to Malta, transporting reinforcements, airmen, and RAF provisions. The cruisers—briefly protected by a force consisting of the battleships and Warspite, aircraft carrier with her aircraft, cruisers , and the Australian , and 11 destroyers—came under repeated aerial attack. The fleet again put to sea on 8 October with the intention of supporting Malta convoy MF.3 and the Alexandria bound convoy MF.4, while seeking to engineer an encounter with the main assets of the Italian Navy. Although Admiral Cunningham did not realise his latter objective, which was limited to an engagement with Italian destroyers, the convoys reached their respective destinations. Illustrious then conducted aerial operations against Italian installations on the island of Leros. While Liverpool and other escorts were returning from the sortie on 14 October, According to Captain Read, despite the petrol being surrounded with 70 tons of water in accordance with regulation, the fuel reached the mess decks and became exposed to an electrical short circuit. The subsequent explosion, at 19:20, seriously compromised Liverpools bow structure, While being towed on 15 October, Liverpools bow separated from the hull. Later in the day, 12 of the cruiser's sailors (including one unidentifiable at the time) were buried at sea. Three more died in the night and were buried before the two cruisers reached the port of Alexandria on 16 October. Her captain transferred in late October to the battleship ; The ship's presence would not be disclosed until September when the US Navy Department released a list identifying 12 ships situated in various ports. At the shipyard, Liverpool had her anti aircraft armament increased with the addition of nine single 20 mm Oerlikon cannons. She departed in November for Britain, principally to have upgraded radar systems installed. The conditions that Allied ships endured during the convoys proved extreme, with freezing weather, snowstorms, and frequent attacks by the Luftwaffe and Germany Navy. Liverpool arrived in the Arctic as a replacement for the damaged cruiser She joined Convoy QP 10, comprising 16 merchant vessels and five destroyers, on 12 April 1942 as an escort on its journey from the Russian Kola Peninsula to Iceland. The convoy came under repeated attack from U boats and aircraft for three days. Four vessels were sunk (two of which sank on 11 April) and one was damaged;

In mid May, Liverpool joined a group of warships that was to have escorted Trinidad on her return journey to Britain. After temporary repairs in Russia, Trinidad got underway on 13 May. The group that included Liverpool positioned itself west of Bear Island, in the Barents Sea, to rendezvous with the cruiser. On 14 May, Trinidad came under repeated attack and was set ablaze by bombs. The British had to evacuate and sink her the following day when the fire became uncontrollable. Liverpool returned to the Mediterranean in June to participate in Operation Harpoon, part of the Malta Convoys. Liverpool and the convoy came under attack by at least 38 Axis aircraft. They crippled Liverpool and sunk the Dutch freighter Tanimbar, ultimately depriving the convoy of a close cruiser escort as and were covering Force W's aircraft carriers when Italian ships attacked the surviving merchantmen and destroyers. The torpedo that impacted Liverpools starboard side hit the engine room, partially flooding the cruiser and disabling her machinery and steering gear. Liverpool had to be taken under tow by the destroyer For the rest of the day, Italian aircraft focused on Liverpool rather than the convoy. Before arriving at Gibraltar on 17 June, the group came under further air attack and Liverpool incurred additional damage due to near misses. The fatalities from the torpedoing had remained in the engine room and been affected by heat exposure, requiring the distribution of an additional tot of rum to the volunteer retrieval party. Liverpool received temporary repairs at Gibraltar and returned to Britain in August. and briefly received the wounded captain of Saumarez at Corfu Bay. In April 1948, the cruiser transported Olympic torches and related items in preparation for the ceremonial prelude to the Summer Olympic Games in London. While docked in the harbour of Alexandria on 22 January 1950, Liverpool entertained King Farouk. Given a 21 gun salute by the cruiser, Farouk met Vice Admiral Louis Mountbatten and the ambassador to Egypt and later expressed his "pleasure at the visit and at renewing my acquaintance with the Royal Navy." In September 1951, Liverpool, as flagship of Admiral John Edelsten, became the first British warship to visit Yugoslavia post war and was inspected by the country's leader Marshal Tito in the city of Split. It had been the Royal Navy's first official visit to the country in 12 years. Following the abrogation of the Anglo Egyptian Treaty in October 1951, the Royal Navy dispatched vessels to Port Said after dock workers declared a strike protesting the British administration of the Suez Canal Zone. The cruisers and Liverpool consecutively assumed responsibility for dock operations, supplying men to replace unavailable workers and guard against guerrilla attacks on facilities. In January, Egyptian media accused Liverpool of firing her guns into the port during an engagement with guerrillas, which the British military vehemently denied and attributed to misidentification. Upon decommission in 1952, Liverpool entered the reserve at Portsmouth Naval Dockyard. Comprehensive plans were drawn up for the modernisation of HMS Liverpool. The Town class cruisers were assessed as suitable for mounting three of the new twin Mk 26 twin 6 inch guns, while the smaller Fiji and Minotaur class cruisers could accommodate only two. HMS Belfast and HMS Liverpool as the two largest Town class cruisers were considered priorities for modernisation in the early 1950s and with the Minotaur class cruisers, HMS Superb and HMS Swiftsure, were the only wartime legacy cruisers for which a full ships cover was drawn, for modernisation with postwar weapons systems. However, the gradual rationalisation of the Royal Navy began in earnest in the 1950s under Duncan Sandys' 1957 Defence White Paper, and the reserve of at least 551 ships was abolished. With the complete withdrawal from service of wartime cruisers by the 1960s, the roles of Liverpool and her contemporaries effectively became superseded by the guided missile destroyers and the three cruisers of the Liverpool was sold in 1958 for breaking up at Bo'Ness, Scotland; more than 12 months elapsed before the vessel had been completely dismantled.