Кіріспе
1995 жылы Мирге американдық экипаждың ғарышқа ұшуы – АҚШ/Ресей ғарыш бағдарламасының төртінші миссиясы және ғарыш кемесі «Атлантис» пен «Мир» станциясының екінші байланысы. «Атлантис» ғарыш кемесі 1995 жылғы 12 қарашада Кеннеди ғарыш орталығының 39А ұшыру алаңынан ұшып шықты. Миссия 8 күннен кейін «Атлантис» Кеннедиге қонған кезде аяқталды. Бұл «Атлантис» ұшқан станцияға қатарынан жеті рет жіберілген екінші миссия. Ғарыш кемесіне ресейлік «Мир» док модульмен бірге күн батареялары жеткізілді. Үш күндік байланыс кезінде ресейлік, канадалық және американдық экипаж «Атлантис» пен «Мир» арасында жабдықтар мен материалдарды алмастырды, бірнеше ұзақ мерзімді эксперименттерді жүргізді және станцияны жаңа жабдықтармен жаңартты, әсіресе док модульін орнату кезінде.
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
Миссияға дайындық
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
Экипаж миссияға дайындықты 1994 жылы он үш ай бұрын бастаған, ғарыш кемесін басқару, «Атлантис» «Мирге» жақындағанда қажет болатын байланыс процедуралары және миссия кезінде орбиталық аппаратта жүргізілетін ғылыми эксперименттерді басқаруды үйренген. STS-74 миссиясына арналған «Атлантистің» дайындығы 1995 жылғы 25 тамызда Орбиталық өңдеу кешенінің 2-бөлімінде «Атлантистің» оң жағындағы орбиталық маневрлеу жүйесінің үш қозғалтқышын ауыстырумен басталды. 1995 жылғы 5 қыркүйекте «Атлантиске» үш ғарыш кемесінің негізгі қозғалтқыштары орнатылды, сондай-ақ ресейлік док модульге қатысты жұмыстар аяқталды. 7 қарашада инженерлер бұрынғы ұшуларда қолданылған ракеталардың тұрақтандырғыш тіректерінде шағын жарықтар табылуына байланысты, ракеталарды ұшуға дайындығын тексеру үшін қосымша жұмыс қажет емес деп шешті. STS-74 миссиясы үшін қолданылатын ракеталарда мұндай жарықтар жоқ екені анықталды. 9 қарашада 39А алаңы криогендік резервуарларды криогендік оттегі және сутегімен толтыруға дайындалды, олар үш отын ұяшығы арқылы электр энергиясын және ұшу үшін суды қамтамасыз етеді. 1995 жылғы 11 қарашаға сағат 7:56 EST (12:56 UTC) жоспарланған алғашқы ұшыру әрекеті Трансатлантикалық қауіпсіздік орнындағы нашар ауа райына байланысты кейінге қалдырылды. Бастапқы ұшыру терезесі 6 минут 57 секундқа созылды және кері санау жоспарланған уақытта басталды. Сағат 7:51 EST (12:51 UTC) шамасында 5 минуттан кейін ұшыруды кейінге қалдыру туралы шешім қабылданғанда экипаж бортта болды.
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
Миссияның уақыт кестесі
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
12 қараша (ұшыру және ұшу күні 1)
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
Сағат 7:12 EST-де миссияны басқару тобының сауалнамасынан кейін барлық станциялар (ғарыш қадағалау офицерінен басқа) «ұшыруға рұқсат» берді және сағат 7:20 EST-де ұшыру үшін диапазон тазартылды. «Атлантис» сағат 7:30:43 EST-де ұшыру алаңынан көтерілді; негізгі қозғалтқыштар сағат 7:39 EST-де өшірілді. Ұшырудан кейін шамамен 43 минут өткен соң, 2 минут 13 секундтық қозғалтқыштың іске қосылуы ғарыш кемесінің бағытын 162 теңіз милі шеңберлі орбитаға өзгертті. Орбитаға шыққаннан кейін бес экипаж мүшесі «Атлантисті» орбиталық операцияларға дайындауға кірісті. «Атлантистің» жүк бөлімінің есіктері ұшудың 90 минутында ашылды, содан кейін орбиталық операцияларға «рұқсат» берілді. Ұшудың үш сағатынан кейін командир Кен Кэмерон және ұшқыш Джим Халселл орбиталық аппараттың реакциялық басқару қозғалтқыштарын «Атлантистің» «Мирге» қарай бағытын түзету үшін кездесулер сериясының біріншісінде іске қосты. Жанартастан кейін көп ұзамай, алғашқы канадалық миссия маманы Крис Хэдфилд ғарыш кемесінің жүк бөлімінде орналасқан ресейлік док модулін іске қосты, модульді «Атлантистің» орбиталық док жүйесіне 2-ші ұшу күнінде байланыстыруға дайындықтады.
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
13 қараша (ұшу күні 2)
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
«Атлантис» ғарыш кемесінің бес мүшесі алғашқы күнінің көп бөлігін орбиталық аппаратты және оның жүктемесін 14 қарашада ресейлік док модулін «Орбиталық док жүйесіне» қосуға дайындауға жұмсады, ал 15 қарашада «Мирге» байланыс жасау жоспарланған. Модуль де, док жүйесі де «Атлантистің» жүк бөлімінде орналасқан. Миссия мамандары Джерри Росс пен Билл МакАртур байланыс немесе ілесу кезінде ғарышқа шығу қажет болған жағдайда киетін ғарыш киімдерін тексерді. Ғарыш костюмін тексергеннен кейін миссия маманы Крис Хэдфилд келесі күні док модулін «Атлантистің» док жүйесіне ауыстыруға дайындалды. Робот қолға қосылған барлық жүйелер күтілгендей жұмыс істеді және байланысқа дайын болды. Экипаж мүшелері STS-74 ұшу-қону станциясында сынақтан өткен робот қолының дәл орналасуын анықтайтын «Advanced Space Vision System» (АҚЖ) жүйесін де тексерді. Орнату кезінде пайдаланылған АҚЖ жүйесі док модульдің және док жүйесінің сыртында орналасқан үлкен нүктелерден тұрды. Күндізгі кестеге Орбиталық док жүйесінің ортасындағы центрлік камераны орнату және баптау да кірді. Бұл камера кейіннен командир Кен Кэмеронға «Атлантис» «Мирге» жақындағанда және байланыс жасағанда бағытталғанда көмектесті. 2-ші күні сағат 5:00 CST (11:00 UTC) «Атлантис» «Мирден» шамамен 6437 километр қашықтықта болды және станцияға шамамен 603 километр жылдамдықпен жақындап келе жатқан. Кэмерон, Хэдфилд және басқа да қол жетімді экипаж мүшелері Монреаль және Торонто қалаларында орналасқан канадалық тілшілердің сұрақтарына жауап берді. Канадалық ғарыш агенттігінің астронавы Хэдфилд ғарыш кемесімен ұшқан төртінші канадалық астронав болды. «Мирмен» 4-ші ұшу күні байланыс жасау үшін ресейлік док модулін орнатуға қатысты барлық жүйелер тексеріліп, дайын болғаннан кейін STS-74 экипажы осы күні 8 сағат ұйықтады.
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
STS 74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle–Mir program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis. The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module. Crew
Mission background
The crew's preparation for the mission had begun some thirteen months earlier in 1994, with the crew being trained in the operation of the space shuttle, the mating and docking procedures that would be required as Atlantis approached Mir later in the mission, and the management of the various scientific experiments being carried on the orbiter during the mission. Preparation of Atlantis itself for mission STS 74 began with the replacement of three thrusters in Atlantiss right hand Orbital Maneuvering System pod in bay 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility on 25 August 1995. Installation of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) on Atlantis was completed on 5 September 1995, as were closeout operations on the Russian docking module. On 7 November, engineers determined that there was no additional work needed to verify the solid rocket boosters for flight, following discovery of small cracks in the hold down posts attached to boosters that had flown earlier that year. Close inspections of the STS 74 stack determined that no such cracks were present on the boosters to be used for the mission. Pad 39A was cleared on 9 November in preparation for loading of the onboard cryogenic tanks with the cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen reactants that provided electricity through the three onboard fuel cells, and water for the flight as a by product. The initial launch attempt, scheduled for 11 November 1995 at 7:56 am EST (12:56 UTC) was postponed due to poor weather at the Transatlantic Abort (TAL) site. The original launch window was 6 min 57 secs and the countdown had begun on schedule. The crew was on board when the postponement was called at the T minus 5 minute mark at approximately 7:51 am EST (12:51 UTC). Mission timeline
12 November (launch and flight day 1)
Following a poll of the mission management team at 7:12 am EST in which all stations (with the exception of the Shuttle Range Officer) returned a "go for launch" and the eventual clearance of the range for launch at 7:20 am EST, Atlantis raced into the sky at the beginning of a 10 minute, 9 second launch window following a flawless countdown with no unscheduled holds. The shuttle lifted off the pad at 7:30:43 am EST; the main engines were shut down at 7:39 am EST. About 43 minutes after launch, a 2 minute and 13 second engine firing changed the shuttle's path into a 162 nautical mile circular orbit. Once on orbit, the five crew members began configuring Atlantis for on orbit operations. Atlantis'''s payload bay doors were opened about 90 minutes into the flight, followed by a "go" for on orbit operations. Approximately three hours into the flight, Commander Ken Cameron and Pilot Jim Halsell fired the orbiter's reaction control thrusters in the first of a series of rendezvous burns that refined Atlantiss path towards Mir. Shortly after the burn, the first Canadian mission specialist, Chris Hadfield, activated the Russian built docking module, housed in the shuttle's payload bay, ready for the docking of the module with Atlantis's Orbiter Docking System on flight day 2. 13 November (flight day 2)
The five member crew aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis spent the bulk of their first full day in space readying the orbiter and its payloads for the 14 November mating of the Russian docking module to the Orbiter Docking System in advance of the 15 November docking to Mir. Both the module and the docking system were located in Atlantiss payload bay. Mission specialists Jerry Ross and Bill McArthur inspected the spacesuits they would don should a spacewalk become necessary during the mating or docking operations. Following the space suit inspection, Mission Specialist Chris Hadfield powered up the orbiter's robot arm in preparation for the next day's transfer of the docking module over to Atlantis's docking system. All systems affiliated with the robot arm operated as expected and were ready to support the mating. The crew members also checked out the Advanced Space Vision System, a precise alignment system for the robot arm that was tested on STS 74. The OSVS, which was used during the mating operation, consisted of a series of large dots placed on the exterior of the docking module and the docking system. The day's schedule also included the installation and alignment of the centerline camera in the centre of the Orbiter Docking System. The camera later assisted Commander Ken Cameron in final piloting tasks as Atlantis moved towards and docked with Mir. At 5:00 am CST (11:00 UTC) on day 2, Atlantis was about 4,000 statute miles behind Mir, and was closing in to the space station at a rate of about 380 statute miles per orbit. Cameron, Hadfield and other available crew members also spent the morning answering questions posed by Canadian reporters located in Montreal and Toronto. Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut, was the fourth Canadian astronaut to fly on the shuttle. With all of the systems that were to put the Russian Docking Module in place for a flight day 4 link up with Mir'' checked out and ready to go, the STS 74 crew settled down for 8 hours of sleep that afternoon.
14 қараша (3-ші ұшу күні)
Ұшудың 3-күнінде STS 74 экипажының мүшелері 15 футтық ресейлік док модульді шатлдың орбиталық док жүйесімен сәтті біріктірді. Жұптасу операциясы кезінде ешқандай мәселе тіркелмеді. Канадалық ғарыш агенттігінің астронавты және STS 74 миссиясының маманы Крис Хэдфилд шатлдың робот манипуляторын пайдаланып, док модульді жүк бөлімінің артқы жағынан көтеріп, тік қалпына келтірді және оны орбиталық док жүйесіне бес дюймдей жақындатты. Осы сәтте шатл төмен бағытталған қозғалтқыштарын іске қосып, док модульге қарай жылжыды. Екі ғарыш кемесі біріккеннен кейін, орбиталық док жүйесіндегі біріктіру сақинасы кері тартылып, екі ғарыш кемесі арасында герметикалық жабылуды қамтамасыз ету үшін бірнеше ілгектер мен құлыптар бекітілді. Бірігу 1:17 CST-де расталды, сол кезде «Атлантис» Шығыс Еуропаның үстінде 30-шы орбитасында болды. Біріктірілгеннен кейін көп ұзамай, командир Кен Камерон экипажға док модульді орнатуға дайындаған оқулары үшін алғыс айтты. Сағат 3:00 шамасында экипаж жердегі басқару орталығынан робот манипуляторын док модульден ажыратуға рұқсат алды. Содан кейін экипаж мүшелері шатлдың кабиналық қысымын шаршы дюймға 10,2 фунттан 14,7 фунтқа көтерді. Жұптасу процесінде туындаған мәселелерге байланысты, төтенше жағдайда ғарышқа шығу қажет болған жағдайда кабиналық қысым төмендетілді. Сондай-ақ, экипаж мүшелері док модульдің жоғарғы люгіне орталық камера орнатты. Бұл камера кейін Камеронға «Атлантис»ті «Мир» станциясына 4-ші ұшу күнінде біріктіру маневрін жасағанда негізгі визуалды бағыт беруші ретінде қызмет етті. Таңғы сағат 5:00-ге қарай «Атлантис» «Мир» станциясынан шамамен 1450 мильге қалып қойды және әрбір айналымда шамамен 180 мильге жақындады. Кейіннен жақындасу үшін қолданылған қозғалтқыштардың жұмысы жақындасу жылдамдығын одан әрі жақсартты, нәтижесінде 15 қарашада 06:27:38 UTC уақытында «Мир» станциясына біріктірілді.
On flight day 3, the STS 74 crew members successfully mated the 15 foot Russian built docking module with the shuttle's Orbiter Docking System. No problems were reported during the mating operation. Chris Hadfield, a Canadian Space Agency astronaut and STS 74 mission specialist, used the shuttle's robot arm to hoist the docking module out of the aft portion of the payload bay, rotated it to a vertical position, and moved it to within five inches of the Orbiter Docking System. At that point, the shuttle fired its downward steering jets and moved the shuttle toward the docking module. Once the two spacecraft were locked together, the docking ring on the Orbiter Docking System retracted, and a series of hooks and latches were engaged to ensure an airtight seal between the two spacecraft. The mating was confirmed at 1:17 am CST, with Atlantis over eastern Europe on its 30th orbit. Shortly after the capture, Commander Ken Cameron expressed the crew's appreciation for the training that prepared them for the docking module installation. At about 3:00 am CST, the crew received a go from ground flight controllers to ungrapple the robot arm from the docking module. Shortly after that, crew members raised the orbiter's cabin pressure from 10.2 pounds per square inch to 14.7 psi. The cabin's pressure was lowered in the event that a problem during the mating process necessitated an emergency spacewalk. Crew members also mounted a centerline camera into the top hatch of the docking module. The camera later provided the primary visual cue for Cameron as he maneuvered Atlantis to its docking with Mir on flight day four. By 5:00 am EST, Atlantis was trailing Mir by about 1,450 statute miles and closing at a rate of about 180 statute miles every orbit. A series of rendezvous jet firings later further refined the closing rate, leading up to a docking with Mir at 06:27:38 UTC on 15 November.
15 қараша (ұшу күні 4 және қону)
Ақыры, «Атлантис» 4-ші ұшу күні «Мир» станциясының «Кристалл» модуліне, доктандыру модулінің жоғарғы андрогиндік бөлігі арқылы қосылды. «Атлантис» бортындағы жағдай шиеленіскен еді, Камерон шаттлды орбиталық қозғалтқыштардың көмегімен «Мир» бағытына маневрледі. «Атлантис» UTC бойынша 06:27:38-де «Мир» станциясына мінсіз орбиталық маневрлер сериясынан кейін докталды. Барлық қажетті тексерулер аяқталғаннан және люктер ашылғаннан кейін, бес шаттл астронавты «Мир» станциясына көшіп, «Мир» тұрақты экипажы – ресейлік космонавттар Юрий Гидзенко мен Сергей Авдеев (Мир EO 20 экспедициясын жүргізіп жатқан) және ESA астронавты Томас Райтермен (Euromir 95 экспедициясымен ұшқан) бірге үш күндік бірлескен операцияларды жүргізуге дайын болды. Екі экипаж бір-бірімен қолдасып, құшақтасып, гүлдер мен шоколадтармен алмасып, дәстүрлі сыйлық алмасты. Экипаж сонымен қатар түрлі тәжірибелік үлгілерді, жөндеу және талдауға арналған жабдықтарды, сондай-ақ «Мир» станциясында жасалған өнімдерді Жерге қайтару үшін «Атлантис» шаттлына өткізді. Сонымен қатар «Атлантис» бортында GPP жүгі болды, ол екі эксперименттен тұрды – GPP эксперименті және Фотограммаметриялық қосымшаның құрылымдық динамикасы эксперименті (PASDE). Жүкті Годдард ғарыш ұшу орталығының арнайы жүктер бөлімі басқарды. GPP кең жолақты спектроскопияны пайдалана отырып, Жердің термосферасы, ионосферасы және мезосферасының энергетикасы мен динамикасын зерттеді. GPP сонымен қатар шаттл мен «Мир» станциясының жарқылы, шаттл қозғалтқыштарының жұмысы, су төгілуі және отын ұяшықтарының тазалануын бақылап, ғарыш кемелерінің атмосферамен өзара әрекеттесуін зерттеді. Жүк бөлімінің әртүрлі жерлеріне орналасқан үш PASDE контейнері «Мир» станциясының күн батареяларының құрылымдық жауабы туралы деректерді миссияның докталған кезеңінде фотограмметриялық түрде жазды. Бұл деректер кейіннен массивтің құрылымдық динамикасын сипаттау үшін фотограмметриялық техниканы қолдануды тексеру мақсатында Жерде талданды, осылайша бұл технология Халықаралық ғарыш станциясы үшін шығындарды және тәуекелдерді азайтатынын көрсетті. 18 қараша күні UTC бойынша 08:15:44-те «Атлантис» доктандыру модулінің төменгі андрогиндік бөлігінен ажыратылды, ал доктандыру модулі «Кристалл» модуліне тұрақты түрде бекітілді, ол келесі доктау кезінде шаттл мен «Мир» станциясының күн батареялары арасында кеңістік қамтамасыз етті. Ауа райы нашар болған жағдайда, KSC-де сағат 1:37 EST-де қонуға мүмкіндік болды, орбиталық 129-да сағат 12:36-да орбитадан түсу импульсімен, бірақ ол қажет болмады.
Atlantis finally docked to Mir's Kristall module using the docking module's top androgynous unit on flight day 4. The tension was high aboard Atlantis as Cameron maneuvered the shuttle towards Mir using the orbiter's thrusters. Atlantis docked with Mir at 06:27:38 UTC following a faultless set of orbital maneuvers. After all the required checks had been completed and the hatches had been opened, the five shuttle astronauts moved into Mir, ready to carry out three days of combined operations with Mir'''s resident crew, Russian cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Avdeyev (carrying out the Mir EO 20 expedition) and ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter (flying on the Euromir 95 expedition). The two crews greeted each other with handshakes and hugs before carrying out a traditional gift exchange, with flowers and chocolates being swapped between the crews. The crew also transferred various experiment samples, equipment for repair and analysis and products manufactured on Mir back to Atlantis for transfer back to Earth, along with the University of California Berkeley Trek Experiment which had been flying on orbit aboard Mir for the previous four years. Meanwhile, flying aboard Atlantis was the GPP payload which consisted of two experiments – the GPP experiment and the Photogrammetric Appendage Structural Dynamics Experiment (PASDE). The payload was managed by Goddard Space Flight Center's Special Payloads Division. The GPP studied the Earth's thermosphere, ionosphere and mesosphere energetics and dynamics using broadband spectroscopy. GPP also studied spacecraft interactions with the atmosphere by observing shuttle and Mir glow, shuttle engine firings, water dumps and fuel cell purges. Three PASDE canisters, located throughout the cargo bay, also photogrammetrically recorded structural response data of the Mir solar arrays during the docked phase of the mission. This data was later analyzed on the ground to verify the use of photogrammetric techniques to characterize the structural dynamics of the array, thus demonstrating that this technology would result in cost and risk reduction for the International Space Station. At 08:15:44 UTC on 18 November, Atlantis undocked from the docking module's bottom androgynous unit, leaving the docking module permanently attached to the Kristall module, where it provided clearance between the shuttle and Mir'''s solar arrays during subsequent dockings. A second landing opportunity had been planned in case of bad weather, for a KSC landing at 1:37 pm EST with a deorbit burn at 12:36 pm on orbit 129, but it was not required.