Балранальд қаласының тарихы мен географиясы

the town

Balranald /b//æ//l/'/r//æ//n//əl//d/ is a town within the local government area of Balranald Shire, in the Murray region of New South Wales, Australia. The town of Balranald is located where the Sturt Highway crosses the Murrumbidgee River in a remote, semi desert area. Although it is part of New South Wales, Balranald receives Victorian television stations, with a range of Sydney and Melbourne newspapers available. Balranald was featured heavily in 2010–2015 Australian tourism ads, displaying the natural flora of the region with over 30 subspecies of shrubs native to Balranald and its surrounds.

Balranald is located in Mutthi Mutthi traditional country. The area has a long history before non indigenous settlement and a strong indigenous culture continues to this day.

In 1848 George James MacDonald, the Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Lower Darling District, arrived at the site of the present day township with a police escort. Commissioner MacDonald had chosen the site as his base, and he and his entourage set up their camp under canvas. In 1848 Leighton Robinson and Thomas Duggan established a general store at Balranald and during the same year a public house, the Balranald Inn, was erected by a Mr Robertson. In 1849 the Crown Lands Commissioner MacDonald recommended to the Colonial Secretary that a township be established at the location. MacDonald was a Scotsman, born at Balranald on North Uist in the Outer Hebrides; he chose the name of his birthplace for the new settlement. He pointed out that the township's position, on the lower reaches of the Murrumbidgee River, was expected to be of strategic importance with the impending introduction of steam navigation on the Murray. During 1849 the surveyor Francis MacCabe laid out large reserves in the region of the Lower Murrumbidgee / Murray Darling junction. Included in MacCabe's surveys was a site "for a Township at the North End of Caiera, otherwise Balranald Reserve". The decision to lay out Balranald township was made in November 1849. Commissioner MacDonald died in 1851 and he was succeeded by Stephen Cole. Cole used Balranald as a base until 1853, when the office of Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Lower Darling District was transferred to Euston where a new house was erected for the Commissioner. The township of Balranald was gazetted on 4 April 1851 and the first land sale held on 14 January 1852, with thirty five lots submitted to public auction. On 1 March 1852 an official post office opened in the township. (An earlier post office had opened in the area on 1 January 1850 but closed and was replaced by an unofficial service). From 1853 the mail contractor, John Bent, operated a service along the Murrumbidgee River between Wagga Wagga and Balranald. A second hotel, the Carriers' Arms, was erected at Balranald in about 1852 by the German, Philipp Comitti (but records show he didn't arrive in Australia until Mar 1854). William Graham acquired the licence of the Balranald Inn in April 1854. Graham held the licence until 1859 when he was murdered. The perpetrator was arrested and later hanged at Goulburn gaol. Denis Hanan then obtained the licence of the Balranald Inn, which he held until 1867. In 1859 Hanan purchased a punt from Captain Cadell and operated it at the southern end of Mayall Street. The Victorian gold rushes, which began as Balranald was being established, had a profound impact on the Riverina region by stimulating the development of the fat stock market. The development of the stock route across the One tree Plain to Lang's Crossing place tended to direct attention away from Balranald to the region up river of the Murrumbidgee Lachlan junction. By the latter half of the 1850s, when the fat stock market was at its peak, Balranald was exhibiting signs of stagnation. A correspondent from the area made these comments about the township in August 1858: "This obscure and miserable township, situated on the Lower Murrumbidgee, is here attracting a considerable share of attention, as being one of those rowdy places for which the Australian bush in the interior has become so famous".

The Burke and Wills expedition crossed the Murrumbidgee River at Balranald on their journey to cross Australia from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria. The camels and two of the wagons crossed on the Mayall Street punt on Saturday, 15 September 1860, and the remaining waggons were brought over the next day. Camp XX was set up on the outskirts of Balranald (their twentieth camp since leaving Melbourne). To lighten the loads on the wagons in preparation for crossing the mallee country between the Murrumbidgee and the Darling, Burke left of sugar, some rice, all eight demi johns of lime juice, four bags of camel's sugar, the anvil, bellows, some iron, the blacksmith's vice, a handsaw, five axes, two rifles, several revolvers and the camel litter at Messrs Sparkes, Cramsie & Co.'s store. He then took on hay and maize for the animals and flour for the men, for which he paid very high prices. Three of the men were dismissed at Balranald and returned to Melbourne, where one of the men, Charles Ferguson, successfully sued the Royal Society of Victoria for wrongful dismissal. On Monday, 17 September 1860 the expedition departed northwards for Paika Station.

Balranald became a major crossing place for stock from South Australia. In 1866 Peter Young built the Royal Hotel at Balranald and began operating a second punt at the township. A toll house was later erected on the north bank of the river near Young's punt. William Hall purchased the Balranald Inn and the Mayall Street punt from Denis Hanan in 1867. The Commercial Hotel was erected in 1869 and the first licensee was John Russell. In 1871 a new Post & Telegraph Office was erected at Balranald, the first brick building to be built in the township.

The first public telephone service in Balranald was installed in 1911. The Balranald Municipal Council underwent financial difficulties, and in 1912 the NSW Government appointed a Receiver to take charge of affairs. The difficulties seem to have been overcome by the following year. In March 1926 Balranald was connected to the Victorian Rail system via a line to Echuca. The Balranald railway line is now closed. In 1944 Norma Male was appointed Town Clerk at the Balranald Municipal Council, the first female town clerk in New South Wales. In 1956 the local government administrative body became the Shire of Balranald, with Shire presidents replacing Mayoral positions. New premises for the Balranald Shire Council were opened in August 1964. They were erected at a cost of £40,000 and are located in Market Street beside the Police Station. The Sunraysia Solar Farm, rated at 255 Megawatts (DC), is being built about south of the town by the Australian Chinese company Maoneng Group. Both will feed into the existing power grid at the same nearby TransGrid substation.

According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 1,063 people in Balranald. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 9.6% of the population. 78.2% of people were born in Australia and 79.4% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 29.6%, Anglican 13.5% and No Religion 26.0%. Temperature extremes are quite marked over the full year: the average maximum temperature in January is and the average minimum temperature in July is .

Balranald Shire is the location of Yanga National Park and World Heritage listed Mungo National Park.

The town has an Australian rules football team competing in the Central Murray Football League. Golfers play at the Balranald Golf and Sporting Club on O'Connor Street.

The first telephone to be used in Australia was installed at nearby "Yanga" station, to allow communications between the homestead and the shearers' quarters. The installation was carried out by James Cromyn under directions forwarded from England by his uncle Alexander Graham Bell, an early developer of the telephone. The Balranald telephone exchange was converted from manual to automatic operation in 1988 to 1990. The manual exchange number prior to automation phone number was (050) 4841 to reach the exchange, then the numbers (050)201 000 to 201–999 were allocated for Balranald subscribers. Following the ACA renumbering in the late 1990s, the numbers are now in the (03)5020 1000 to (03)5020–1999 range. There are two amateur radio repeaters installed near the town on the 2 metre and 70 cm. bands.