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Characters used to denote numbers in Chinese

Chinese numerals are words and characters used to denote numbers in written Chinese. Today, speakers of Chinese languages use three written numeral systems: the system of Arabic numerals used worldwide, and two indigenous systems. The more familiar indigenous system is based on Chinese characters that correspond to numerals in the spoken language. These may be shared with other languages of the Chinese cultural sphere such as Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese. Most people and institutions in China primarily use the Arabic or mixed Arabic Chinese systems for convenience, with traditional Chinese numerals used in finance, mainly for writing amounts on cheques, banknotes, some ceremonial occasions, some boxes, and on commercials. The other indigenous system consists of the Suzhou numerals, or huama, a positional system, the only surviving form of the rod numerals. These were once used by Chinese mathematicians, and later by merchants in Chinese markets, such as those in Hong Kong until the 1990s, but were gradually supplanted by Arabic numerals.

The Chinese character numeral system consists of the Chinese characters used by the Chinese written language to write spoken numerals. Similar to spelling out numbers in English (e. g., "one thousand nine hundred forty five"), it is not an independent system per se. Since it reflects spoken language, it does not use the positional system as in Arabic numerals, in the same way that spelling out numbers in English does not.

There are characters representing the numbers zero through nine, and other characters representing larger numbers such as tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands and hundred millions. There are two sets of characters for Chinese numerals: one for everyday writing, known as p=xiǎoxiě (t=小寫), and one for use in commercial, accounting or financial contexts, known as p=dàxiě (t=大寫). The latter arose because the characters used for writing numerals are geometrically simple, so simply using those numerals cannot prevent forgeries in the same way spelling numbers out in English would. A forger could easily change the everyday characters c=三十 (30) to c=五千 (5000) just by adding a few strokes. That would not be possible when writing using the financial characters c=參拾 (30) and c=伍仟 (5000). They are also referred to as "banker's numerals", "anti fraud numerals", or "banker's anti fraud numerals". For the same reason, rod numerals were never used in commercial records. Value Financial Ordinary Pinyin Jyutping Tai Lo Wugniu Notes Traditional Simplified Traditional Simplified 0 c=零c=零 or c=〇p=língj=ling4poj=khòng, lênglinUsually c=零 is preferred, but in some areas, 〇 may be a more common informal way to represent zero. The original Chinese character is c=空 or c=〇, c=零 is referred as remainder something less than 1 yet not nil [c=說文] referred. The traditional c=零 is more often used in schools. In Unicode, 〇 is treated as a Chinese symbol or punctuation, rather than a Chinese ideograph. 1 c=壹 c=一p=yīj=jat1poj=it, ci̍tiqAlso c=弌 (obsolete financial), can be easily manipulated into c=弍 or c=弎. 2c=貳c=贰 c=二p=èrj=ji6poj=jī, nn̄ggni, er, lianAlso c=弍 (obsolete, financial), can be easily manipulated into c=弌 or c=弎. Also t=兩.3c=參c=叁 c=三p=sānj=saam1poj=sam, sannséAlso c=弎 (obsolete financial), which can be easily manipulated into c=弌 or c=弍. 4 c=肆 c=四p=sìj=sei3poj=sù, sìsyAlso c=䦉 (obsolete financial).5 c=伍 c=五p=wǔj=ng5poj=ngóo, gōong6c=陸c=陆 c=六p=liùj=luk6poj=liok, la̍kloq7 c=柒 c=七p=qīj=cat1poj=chitchiq8 c=捌 c=八p=bāj=baat3poj=pat, pehpaq9 c=玖 c=九p=jiǔj=gau2poj=kiú, káucieu10 c=拾 c=十p=shíj=sap6poj=si̍p, ca̍pzeqAlthough some people use c=什 as financial, it is not ideal because it can be easily manipulated into c=伍 or c=仟.100 c=佰 c=百p=bǎij=baak3poj=pek, pahpaq1,000 c=仟 c=千p=qiānj=cin1poj=chian, chengchi104 c=萬c=萬c=万p=wànj=maan6poj=bānveChinese numbers group by ten thousands; see Reading and transcribing numbers below.108 c=億c=億c=亿p=yìj=jik1poj=ikiFor variant meanings and words for higher values, see Large numbers below.

Negative numbers are formed by adding s=负 before the number. Number Structure −1158 −3 5/6 −75.4025

Chinese grammar requires the use of classifiers (measure words) when a numeral is used together with a noun to express a quantity. For example, "three people" is expressed as , "three ( particle) person", where / is a classifier. There exist many different classifiers, for use with different sets of nouns, although / is the most common, and may be used informally in place of other classifiers. Chinese uses cardinal numbers in certain situations in which English would use ordinals. For example, (literally "three story/storey") means "third floor" ("second floor" in British ). Likewise, (literally "twenty one century") is used for "21st century". Numbers of years are commonly spoken as a sequence of digits, as in ("two zero zero one") for the year 2001. Names of months and days (in the Western system) are also expressed using numbers: ("one month") for January, etc. ; and ("week one") for Monday, etc. There is only one exception: Sunday is , or informally , both literally "week day". When meaning "week", "" and "" are interchangeable. "" or "" means "day of worship". Chinese Catholics call Sunday "" , "Lord's day". Full dates are usually written in the format 2001年1月20日 for January 20, 2001 (using "year", "month", and "day") – all the numbers are read as cardinals, not ordinals, with no leading zeroes, and the year is read as a sequence of digits. For brevity the , and may be dropped to give a date composed of just numbers. For example "6 4" in Chinese is "six four", short for "month six, day four" i. e. June Fourth, a common Chinese shorthand for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests (because of the violence that occurred on June 4). For another example 67, in Chinese is sixty seven, short for year nineteen sixty seven, a common Chinese shorthand for the Hong Kong 1967 leftist riots.

In the same way that Roman numerals were standard in ancient and medieval Europe for mathematics and commerce, the Chinese formerly used the rod numerals, which is a positional system. The Suzhou numerals system is a variation of the Southern Song rod numerals. Nowadays, the huāmǎ system is only used for displaying prices in Chinese markets or on traditional handwritten invoices.

There is a common method of using of one hand to signify the numbers one to ten. While the five digits on one hand can easily express the numbers one to five, six to ten have special signs that can be used in commerce or day to day communication.

Traditional Chinese numeric characters are also used in Japan and Korea and were used in Vietnam before the 20th century. In vertical text (that is, read top to bottom), using characters for numbers is the norm, while in horizontal text, Arabic numerals are most common. Chinese numeric characters are also used in much the same formal or decorative fashion that Roman numerals are in Western cultures. Chinese numerals may appear together with Arabic numbers on the same sign or document.