Луи де Бональд: Француз философы және саяхатшысы

French philosopher (1754–1840)

Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de Bonald (2 October 1754 — 23 November 1840) was a French counter revolutionary philosopher and politician. He is mainly remembered for developing a theoretical framework from which French sociology would emerge.

Bonald came from an ancient noble family of Provence. Louis was born in the chateau of Le Monna, a modest estate that served as the family seat; the only son in his family, Louis was heir to the family estate. Le Monna is situated just east of the market town of Millau, overlooking the Dourbie river. His father, Antoine Sébastien de Bonald, died when Louis was four years old and the young boy would be brought up by his pious mother Anne née de Boyer du Bosc de Périe. Like many in the provincial nobility of the time, Anne was influenced by the Jansenists and brought up her son with a stern Catholic piety. De Bonald was tutored at Le Monna until the age of eleven, when he was sent to boarding school in Paris. He would then move to the Oratorian College of Juilly at age fifteen at the behest of his mother. Fearing that his position as a former public official would make him the target of reprisals, he emigrated with his two eldest sons – leaving behind his wife, mother, and his remaining children – in October 1791 and joined the army of the Prince of Condé. He was within earshot of the Battle of Jemappes in November 1792. He soon settled in Heidelberg and later moved to Switzerland. There he wrote his first important work, the highly conservative Theorie du Pouvoir Politique et Religieux dans la Societe Civile Demontree par le Raisonnement et l'Histoire (3 vols., 1796; new ed., Paris, 1854, 2 vols. ), which the Directory condemned. His exile would separate him from his family for more than a decade, with only a brief reunion in 1797.

The Bourbon Restoration saw de Bonald's political fortunes increase. He was made a member of the Royal Council for Public Instruction and in 1816 he was appointed to the French Academy by Louis XVIII. From 1815 to 1823, de Bonald served as an elected deputy for Aveyron in the Chamber of Deputies. A member of the Ultra royalist faction (also known as "Ultras"), his speeches were extremely conservative and he vigorously sought to undo the legislation passed in the wake of the Revolution. He opposed the Charter of 1814, seeing it as giving too many concessions to the revolutionaries and enfeebling the government. De Bonald worked to reverse the Le Chapelier Law and reintroduce guilds, but his efforts were unsuccessful The proposed law was met with fierce opposition from the liberal Doctrinaires, the press, and even from Dissident Ultras, such as Chateaubriand. In 1827, Charles X created a commission on censorship and tasked de Bonald with presiding over it.

Bonald was one of the leading writers of the theocratic or traditionalist school, which included Maistre, Lamennais, Ballanche and Ferdinand d'Eckstein. The traditionalist school, in reaction to the rationalists, believed that human reason was incapable of even arriving at natural religion, and that tradition, the result of a primitive revelation, was necessary to know both natural religion as well as the truths of supernatural revelation. Bonald believed that the principles of good governance could be deduced from history and sacred scripture. His political thought is closely tied to his theory of the divine origin of language. Since man learns to speak through imitation, he believed that the first man must have learned to speak from God, who announced all moral principles to this first man. In his own words, "L'homme pense sa parole avant de parler sa pensée" (man thinks his speech before saying his thought); the first language contained the essence of all truth. These moral truths were then codified in Holy Scripture. From this he deduces the existence of God, the divine origin and consequent supreme authority of the Holy Scriptures, and the infallibility of the Catholic Church. In it, the philosophes are condemned for fashioning the intellectual tools used to justify Jewish emancipation during the Revolution. Bonald accused French Jews of not becoming "authentic" French citizens and of being a disruptive force in traditional society.

1796: Théorie du Pouvoir Politique et Religieux. 1800: Essai Analytique sur les Lois Naturelles de l’Ordre Social. 1801: Du Divorce: Considéré au XIXe, Impr. d'A. Le Clere. 1802: Législation Primitive (3 volumes). 1815: Réflexions sur l’Intérêt Général de l’Europe. 1817: Pensées sur Divers Sujets. 1818: Recherches Philosophiques sur les Premiers Objets des Connaissances Morales. 1818: Observations sur un Ouvrage de Madame de Staël. 1819: Mélanges Littéraires, Politiques et Philosophiques. 1821: Opinion sur la Loi Relative à la Censure des Journaux. 1825: De la Chrétienté et du Christianisme. 1826: De la Famille Agricole et de la Famille Industrielle. 1830: Démonstration Philosophique du Principe Constitutif de la Société. 1834: Discours sur la Vie de Jésus Christ.

Œuvres de M. de Bonald, 1817 1843 (A. Le Clere, 14 vols. in 8°). Œuvres de M. de Bonald, 1847 1859 (A. Le Clere, 7 vols. in 8° gr.). Œuvres Complètes de M. de Bonald, 1858 (Jacques Paul Migne, 3 vols. in 4°). Œuvres Complètes, Archives Karéline, 2010 (facsimile of the Migne edition).

In Menczer, Béla, 1962. Catholic Political Thought, 1789 1848, University of Notre Dame Press. "The Unity of Europe," pp. 79–89. "On Domestic Society," pp. 89–95. On Divorce, Transaction Publishers, 1992. In Blum, Christopher Olaf, editor and translator, 2004. Critics of the Enlightenment. Wilmington DE: ISI Books. 1815: "On Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux," pp. 43–70. 1817: "Thoughts on Various Subjects," pp. 71–80. 1818: "Observations on Madame de Staël's Considerations on the Principle Events of the French Revolution," pp. 81–106. 1826: "On the Agricultural Family, the Industrial Family, and the Right of Primogeniture," pp. 107–32. The True and Only Wealth of Nations: Essays on Family, Society and Economy, trans. by Christopher Blum. Ave Maria University Press, 2006. In Blum, Christopher O., editor and translator, 2020. Critics of the Enlightenment. Providence, RI: Cluny Media. 1810: "On the Wealth of Nations," pp. 25–34. 1815: "A Proposal to Abolish Divorce," pp. 35–44. 1817: "Thoughts on Various Subjects," pp. 45–52. 1826: "On the Agricultural Family, the Industrial Family, and the Right of Primogeniture," pp. 53–71.