Биология және органикалық химия тарихы: ежелгі дәуірден бүгінгі күнге дейін

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This timeline of biology and organic chemistry captures significant events from before 1600 to the present.

c. 520 BC – Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries and discovered the optic nerve. c. 450 BC – Sushruta wrote the Sushruta Samhita, redacted versions of which, by the third century AD, describe over 120 surgical instruments and 300 surgical procedures, classify human surgery into eight categories, and introduce cosmetic surgery. c. 450 BC – Xenophanes examined fossils and speculated on the evolution of life. c. 380 BC – Diocles wrote the oldest known anatomy book and was the first to use the term anatomy. c. 350 BC – Aristotle attempted a comprehensive classification of animals. His written works include Historion Animalium, a general biology of animals, De Partibus Animalium, a comparative anatomy and physiology of animals, and De Generatione Animalium, on developmental biology. c. 300 BC – Theophrastos (or Theophrastus) began the systematic study of botany. c. 300 BC – Herophilos dissected the human body. c. 50–70 AD – Historia Naturalis by Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) was published in 37 volumes. 130–200 – Claudius Galen wrote numerous treatises on human anatomy. c. 1010 – Avicenna (Abu Ali al Hussein ibn Abdallah ibn Sina) published The Canon of Medicine. 1543 – Andreas Vesalius publishes the anatomy treatise De humani corporis fabrica.

1767 – Kaspar Friedrich Wolff argued that the tissues of a developing chick form from nothing and are not simply elaborations of already present structures in the egg. 1768 – Lazzaro Spallanzani again disproved spontaneous generation by showing that no organisms grow in a rich broth if it is first heated (to kill any organisms) and allowed to cool in a stoppered flask. He also showed that fertilization in mammals requires an egg and semen. 1771 – Joseph Priestley demonstrated that plants produce a gas that animals and flames consume. This gas was oxygen. 1798 – Thomas Malthus discussed human population growth and food production in An Essay on the Principle of Population.

1801 – Jean Baptiste Lamarck began the detailed study of invertebrate taxonomy. 1802 – The term biology in its modern sense was propounded independently by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur) and Lamarck (Hydrogéologie). The word was coined in 1800 by Karl Friedrich Burdach. 1809 – Lamarck proposed a modern theory of evolution based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. 1817 – Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolated chlorophyll. 1820 – Christian Friedrich Nasse formulated Nasse's law: hemophilia occurs only in males and is passed on by unaffected females. 1824 – J. L. Prevost and J. B. Dumas showed that the sperm in semen were not parasites, as previously thought, but, instead, the agents of fertilization. 1826 – Karl von Baer showed that the eggs of mammals are in the ovaries, ending a 200 year search for the mammalian egg. 1828 – Friedrich Woehler synthesized urea; first synthesis of an organic compound from inorganic starting materials. 1836 – Theodor Schwann discovered pepsin in extracts from the stomach lining; first isolation of an animal enzyme. 1837 – Theodor Schwann showed that heating air will prevent it from causing putrefaction. 1838 – Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are composed of cells. 1839 – Theodor Schwann proposed that all animal tissues are composed of cells. Schwann and Schleinden argued that cells are the elementary particles of life. 1843 – Martin Barry reported the fusion of a sperm and an egg for rabbits in a 1 page paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1856 – Louis Pasteur stated that microorganisms produce fermentation. 1858 – Charles R. Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently proposed a theory of biological evolution ("descent through modification") by means of natural selection. Only in later editions of his works did Darwin used the term "evolution." 1858 – Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells can only arise from pre existing cells; "Omnis cellula e celulla," all cell from cells. The Cell Theory states that all organisms are composed of cells (Schleiden and Schwann), and cells can only come from other cells (Virchow). 1864 – Louis Pasteur disproved the spontaneous generation of cellular life. 1865 – Gregor Mendel demonstrated in pea plants that inheritance follows definite rules. The Principle of Segregation states that each organism has two genes per trait, which segregate when the organism makes eggs or sperm. The Principle of Independent Assortment states that each gene in a pair is distributed independently during the formation of eggs or sperm. Mendel's trailblazing foundation for the science of genetics went unnoticed, to his lasting disappointment. 1865 – Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz realized that benzene is composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms in a hexagonal ring. 1869 – Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids in the nuclei of cells. 1874 – Jacobus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel advanced a three dimensional stereochemical representation of organic molecules and propose a tetrahedral carbon atom. 1876 – Oskar Hertwig and Hermann Fol independently described (in sea urchin eggs) the entry of sperm into the egg and the subsequent fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a single new nucleus. 1884 – Emil Fischer began his detailed analysis of the compositions and structures of sugars. 1892 – Hans Driesch separated the individual cells of a 2 cell sea urchin embryo and shows that each cell develops into a complete individual, thus disproving the theory of preformation and showing that each cell is "totipotent," containing all the hereditary information necessary to form an individual. 1898 – Martinus Beijerinck used filtering experiments to show that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by something smaller than a bacterium, which he names a virus.

1990 – French Anderson et al. performed the first approved gene therapy on a human patient
1990 – Napoli, Lemieux and Jorgensen discovered RNA interference (1990) during experiments aimed at the color of petunias. 1990 – Wolfgang Krätschmer, Lowell Lamb, Konstantinos Fostiropoulos, and Donald Huffman discovered that Buckminsterfullerene can be separated from soot because it is soluble in benzene. 1995 – Publication of the first complete genome of a free living organism. 1995 Symbion pandora, the first known species from the phylum Cycliophora is described by Reinhardt Kristensen and Peter Funch. 1996 – Dolly the sheep was first clone of an adult mammal. 1998 – Mello and Fire publish their work on RNAi in c. elegans, for which they shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 1999 – Researchers at the Institute for Human Gene Therapy at the University of Pennsylvania accidentally kill Jesse Gelsinger during a clinical trial of a gene therapy technique, leading the FDA to halt further gene therapy trials at the institute. 2000 Reinhardt Kristensen and Peter Funch describe Limnognathia maerski, the first known species from the phylum Micrognathozoa. 2001 First insects from the suborder Mantophasmatodea are discovered. 2001 – Publication of the first drafts of the complete human genome (see Craig Venter). 2002 – First virus produced 'from scratch', an artificial polio virus that paralyzes and kills mice. 2007 – Commercialization of Illumina Next generation Sequencing tools. This has become the most popular high throughput sequencing system. 2012 – Use of CRISPR Cas9 as a DNA editing biotechnology tool.