Испан тілінің грамматикасы

Grammar of the Spanish language

Spanish is a grammatically inflected language, which means that many words are modified ("marked") in small ways, usually at the end, according to their changing functions. Verbs are marked for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number (resulting in up to fifty conjugated forms per verb). Nouns follow a two gender system and are marked for number. Personal pronouns are inflected for person, number, gender (including a residual neuter), and a very reduced case system; the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system. Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise, Gramática de la lengua castellana, published in 1492 by the Andalusian philologist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Queen Isabella of Castile at Salamanca. The Real Academia Española (RAE, Royal Spanish Academy) traditionally dictates the normative rules of the Spanish language, as well as its orthography. Differences between formal varieties of Peninsular and American Spanish are remarkably few, and someone who has learned the language in one area will generally have no difficulties of communication in the other; however, pronunciation does vary, as well as grammar and vocabulary. Recently published comprehensive Spanish reference grammars in English include , , and .

Every Spanish verb belongs to one of three form classes, characterized by the infinitive ending: ar, er, or ir—sometimes called the first, second, and third conjugations, respectively. A Spanish verb has nine indicative tenses with more or less direct English equivalents: the present tense ('I walk'), the preterite ('I walked'), the imperfect ('I was walking' or 'I used to walk'), the present perfect ('I have walked'), the past perfect — also called the pluperfect ('I had walked'), the future ('I will walk'), the future perfect ('I will have walked'), the conditional simple ('I would walk') and the conditional perfect ('I would have walked'). In most dialects, each tense has six potential forms, varying for first, second, or third person and for singular or plural number. In the second person, Spanish maintains the so called "T–V distinction" between familiar and formal modes of address. The formal second person pronouns (italic=yes, italic=yes) take third person verb forms. The second person familiar plural is expressed in most of Spain with the pronoun italic=yes and its characteristic verb forms (e. g., italic=yes 'you [pl.] eat'), while in Latin American Spanish it merges with the formal second person plural (e. g., italic=yes). Thus italic=yes is used as both the formal and familiar second person pronoun in Latin America. In many areas of Latin America (especially Central America and southern South America), the second person familiar singular pronoun italic=yes is replaced by italic=yes, which frequently requires its own characteristic verb forms, especially in the present indicative, where the endings are italic=yes, italic=yes, and italic=yes for italic=yes, italic=yes, italic=yes verbs, respectively. See "voseo". In the tables of paradigms below, the (optional) subject pronouns appear in parentheses.

Spanish has a number of verb tenses used to express actions or states of being in a past time frame. The two that are "simple" in form (formed with a single word, rather than being compound verbs) are the preterite and the imperfect.

The preterite and the imperfect can be combined in the same sentence to express the occurrence of an event in one clause during an action or state expressed in another clause. For example:
Ellos escuchaban la radio cuando oyeron un ruido afuera. (They were listening to the radio when they heard a noise outside.) Yo estaba en mi cuarto cuando usted entró. (I was in my room when you came in.) Era un día muy tranquilo cuando eso pasó. (It was a very peaceful day when that happened.) In all three cases, an event or completed action interrupts an ongoing state or action. For example, in the second sentence, the speaker states that he was in his room (expressed through the imperfect to reflect the ongoing or unfinished state of being there) when the other person "interrupted" that state by entering (expressed through the preterite to suggest a completed action).

The present and imperfect progressive both are used to express ongoing, progressive action in the present and past, respectively. For example:
Estoy haciendo mi tarea. (I am doing my homework)
Estamos estudiando. (We are studying)
Estaba escuchando la radio. (I was listening to the radio)
Él estaba limpiando su cuarto. (He was cleaning his room)
The present progressive is formed by first conjugating the verb italic=yes or italic=yes, depending on context, to agree with the subject, and then attaching a gerund of the verb that follows. The past (imperfect) progressive simply requires the italic=yes or italic=yes to be conjugated, depending on context, in imperfect, with respect to the subject.

The subjunctive of a verb is used to express certain connotations in sentences such as a wish or desire, a demand, an emotion, uncertainty, or doubt.

Today, the two forms of the imperfect subjunctive – for example, "hubiese" and "hubiera", from "haber" – are largely interchangeable. * The italic=yes form derives (as in most Romance languages) from the Latin pluperfect subjunctive, while the italic=yes form derives from the Latin pluperfect indicative. The use of one or the other is largely a matter of personal taste and dialect. Many only use the italic=yes forms in speech, but vary between the two in writing. Many may spontaneously use either, or even prefer the rarer italic=yes forms. The imperfect subjunctive is formed for basically the same reasons as the present subjunctive, but is used for other tenses and time frames.

In Spanish, as in other Romance languages, all nouns belong to one of two genders, "masculine" or "feminine", and many adjectives change their form to agree in gender with the noun they modify. For most nouns that refer to persons, grammatical gender matches biological gender.

Spanish generally uses adjectives in a similar way to English and most other Indo European languages. However, there are three key differences between English and Spanish adjectives. In Spanish, adjectives usually go after the noun they modify. The exception is when the writer/speaker is being slightly emphatic, or even poetic, about a particular quality of an object (rather than the mundane use of using the quality to specify which particular object they are referring to). italic=yes could either mean that there are many red houses in the world but I wish to talk about the one that I happen to own, or that I have many houses but am referring to the red one. italic=yes = My house, the red one. italic=yes means that I am stressing how red my particular house is (probably the only house I have). italic=yes = My house, which is obviously red. In Spanish, adjectives agree with what they refer to in terms of both number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine). For example, italic=yes (cup) is feminine, so "the red cup" is italic=yes, but italic=yes (glass) is masculine, so "the red glass" is italic=yes. In Spanish, it is perfectly normal to let an adjective stand in for a noun or pronoun—with (where people are involved) no implication of condescension or rudeness. For example, italic=yes means "the tall ones" or "the tall men". italic=yes means "the big one" or "the big man".

Spanish uses determiners in a similar way to English. The main difference is that they inflect for both number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine). Common determiners include italic=yes ("the"), italic=yes ("a"), italic=yes ("this"), italic=yes ("much, a lot"), italic=yes ("some").

Spanish pronouns fall into the same broad categories as English pronouns do: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, and possessive. The personal pronouns–those that vary in form according to whether they represent the first, second, or third grammatical person–include a variety of second person forms that differ not only according to number (singular or plural), but also according to formality or the social relation between speakers. Additionally, these second person forms vary according to geographical region. Because the form of a conjugated verb reflects the person and number of its subject, subject pronouns are usually omitted, except where they are felt to be needed for emphasis or disambiguation.

Spanish has a relatively large number of prepositions, and does not use postpositions. The following list is traditionally cited:

Recently, two new prepositions have been added: italic=yes and italic=yes, usually placed at the end to preserve the list (which is usually learnt by heart by Spanish students). This list includes two archaic prepositions (italic=yes and italic=yes), but leaves out two new Latinisms (italic=yes and italic=yes) as well as a large number of very important compound prepositions. Prepositions in Spanish do not change a verb's meaning as they do in English. For example, to translate "run out of water", "run up a bill", "run down a pedestrian", and "run in a thief" into Spanish requires completely different verbs, and not simply the use of italic=yes ("run") plus the corresponding Spanish preposition. This is more due to the nature of English phrasal verbs rather than an inherent function of Spanish verbs or prepositions.

The Spanish conjunctions italic=yes ('and') and italic=yes ('or') alter their form in both spoken and written language to italic=yes and italic=yes respectively when followed by an identical vowel sound. Thus, italic=yes ('father and son'), italic=yes ('Ferdinand and Isabella'), italic=yes ('subject or object'), italic=yes ('vertical or horizontal'). The change does not take place before the italic=yes of a diphthong, as in italic=yes ('steel and iron'). Nor does the conjunction italic=yes change when initial in a question (where it serves to introduce or reintroduce a name as a topic, rather than to link one element with another), as in italic=yes ('What about Inés?'). When the conjunction italic=yes appears between numerals, it is usually spelled with an accent mark (italic=yes), in order to distinguish it from zero (0); thus, italic=yes ('2 or 3') in contrast to italic=yes ('two hundred three').

Clitics are a necessary part of syntactic form and representation in Spanish. Defining a specific syntactic role of a clitic in Spanish is cumbersome, as they are used in a variety of ways. Syntactic approaches to this common element have attempted to find a universal way of handling them. For example, all languages are capable of having subjects, objects, and verbs, so a universal methodology to handling word order, whether SVO, VSO, or OSV, is imperative for a multilingual and universal syntactic representation system to work. As such, there has been great discussion and investigation in the literature for that particular word order element. Clitics, on the other hand, have been given relatively less thought and investigation, particularly an inquiry into an uncomplicated approach in their syntactic distribution. Clitics offer a myriad of functional roles depending upon the language in question, further complicating the situation. Spanish is a diasporic language which also experiences diachronic variation. While Spanish is said to generally have flexible or "free" word order, others such as Pountain assert that the syntax is heavily influenced by topic and comment identification.

The use of italic=yes and italic=yes as a polite form of address is universal. However, there are variations in informal address. italic=yes replaces italic=yes in much of Andalusia, the Canary Islands, and Latin America, except in the liturgical or poetic of styles. In some parts of Andalusia, the pronoun italic=yes is used with the standard italic=yes endings. Depending on the region, Latin Americans may also replace the singular italic=yes with italic=yes or italic=yes. The choice of pronoun is a tricky issue and can even vary from village to village. Travellers are often advised to play it safe and call everyone italic=yes. A feature of the speech of the Dominican Republic and other areas where syllable final /s/ is completely silent is that there is no audible difference between the second and third person singular form of the verb. This leads to redundant pronoun use, for example, the tagging on of italic=yes (pronounced italic=yes) to the ends of sentences, where other speakers would say italic=yes.