Ресей футуристерінің дыбыстамалық тілдік тәжірибелері: Заум

Linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation
the Russian Futurist concept

Zaum (за́умь) are the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian Cubo Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh. Zaum is a non referential phonetic entity with its own ontology. The language consists of neologisms that mean nothing. Zaum is a language organized through phonetic analogy and rhythm. Zaum literature cannot contain any onomatopoeia or psychopathological states.

Aleksei Kruchenykh created Zaum in order to show that language was indefinite and indeterminate. Rea Nikonova started creating zaum verses probably a bit later, around 1964. Their zaum poetry can be seen e. g. in issues of the famous "Transponans" samizdat magazine. In 1990, contemporary avant garde poet Sergei Biriukov has founded an association of poets called the "Academy of Zaum" in Tambov. The use of Zaum peaked from 1916 to 1920 during World War I. At this time, Zaumism took root as a movement primarily involved in visual arts, literature, poetry, art manifestoes, art theory, theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti war politic through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti art cultural works. Zaum activities included public gatherings, demonstrations, and publications. The movement influenced later styles, Avant garde and downtown music movements, and groups including surrealism, nouveau réalisme, Pop Art and Fluxus.

Coined by Kruchenykh in 1913, the word zaum is made up of the Russian prefix за "beyond, behind" and noun ум "the mind, nous" and has been translated as "transreason", "transration" or "beyonsense." According to scholar Gerald Janecek, zaum can be defined as experimental poetic language characterized by indeterminacy in meaning. Kruchenykh, in "Declaration of the Word as Such (1913)", declares zaum "a language which does not have any definite meaning, a transrational language" that "allows for fuller expression" whereas, he maintains, the common language of everyday speech "binds". He further maintained, in "Declaration of Transrational Language (1921)", that zaum "can provide a universal poetic language, born organically, and not artificially, like Esperanto."