Ресей империясының әкімшілік-территориялық құрылысының эволюциясы

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The modern administrative territorial structure of Russia is a system of territorial organization which is a product of a centuries long evolution and reforms.

In 1727, soon after Peter the Great's death, Catherine I enacted another reform, which rolled back many of the previous reform's developments. The system of districts was abolished, and the old system of uyezds was restored. A total of 166 uyezds was re established; together with the newly created uyezds, the Russian Empire had approximately 250. The reform also reshuffled some territories. Narva Province was transferred from Saint Petersburg Governorate to Revel Governorate; Solikamsk and Vyatka Provinces were transferred from Siberia Governorate to Kazan Governorate; and Uglich and Yaroslavl Provinces were transferred from Saint Petersburg Governorate to Moscow Governorate. In addition, Belgorod, Oryol, and Sevsk Provinces of Kiev Governorate were reconstituted as Belgorod Governorate; and Belozersk, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, and Velikiye Luki Provinces of Saint Petersburg Governorate were reconstituted as Novgorod Governorate. The following years saw few changes. In 1728, Ufa Province was transferred from Kazan Governorate to Siberia Governorate, and in 1737, Simbirsk Province was created within Kazan Governorate.

By 1775, the existing system of administrative divisions proved inefficient, which was further underlined by Pugachev's Rebellion, and Catherine the Great issued a document known as Decree on the Governorates (Учреждение о губерниях). The second part of the same decree was issued in 1780, which, however, contained very few significant changes with respect to the first part. A major administrative territorial restructuring of the Russian Empire after vast land acquisition from the Ottoman Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. The reform saw introduction of the office of viceroy (gosudarev namestnik) which later were transformed into a general governor. Gosudarev namestnik literally means an imperial representative to the land. During the reform several already existing governments (guberniya) were combined under the office of the Russian viceroy and were called namestnichestvo. Those namestnichestvo were introduced onto the expanded territory as well, the only exclusion were the governments of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. In 1796 all namestnichetvo were officially renamed into general governments. General governments exercised a small degree of autonomy as certain laws varied from general government to another.

After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, volosts became a unit of peasant's local self rule. A number of mirs were united into a typical volost, which had an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. The self government of the mirs and volosts was tempered by the authority of the police commissaries (stanovoy) and by the power of general oversight given to the nominated "district committees for the affairs of the peasants".

By the 1910s, 104 administrative governorate units existed. + 🏴󠁵󠁳󠁴󠁸󠁿 Russian Empire Subdivisions of the Russian Empire, c. 1914RussianAnglicisationAlternative Name(s) Russian Cyrillic Romanisation European Russia or Ruthenia Great Russia Central or Muscovite Russia Московская губерния Moskovskaya guberniya Moscow Governorate Калужская губерния Kaluzhskaya guberniya Kaluga Governorate Смоленская губерния Smolenskaya guberniya Smolensk Governorate Тверская губерния Tverskaya guberniya Tver Governorate Ярославская губерния Yaroslavskaya guberniya Yaroslavl Governorate Костромская губерния Kostromskaya guberniya Kostroma Governorate Нижегородская губерния Nizhegorodskaya guberniya Nizhny Novgorod Governorate Владимирская губерния Vladimirskaya guberniya Vladimir Governorate Рязанская губерния Ryazanskaya guberniya Ryazan Governorate Тульская губерния Tul'skaya guberniya Tula Governorate Орловская губерния Orlovskaya guberniya Oryol Governorate Курская губерния Kurskaya guberniya Kursk Governorate Воронежская губерния Voronezhskaya guberniya Voronezh Governorate Тамбовская губерния Tambovskaya guberniya Tambov Governorate Far North or Novgorodian Russia Архангельская губерния Arkhangel'skaya guberniya Arkhangelsk Governorate Олонецкая губерния Olonetskaya guberniya Olonets Governorate Санкт Петербургская губерния Santk Peterburgskaya guberniya Saint Petersburg Governorate Petrograd; formerly Swedish Ingria Псковская губерния Pskovskaya guberniya Pskov Governorate Новгородская губерния Novgorodskaya guberniya Novgorod Governorate Veliky Novgorod Вологодская губерния Vologodskaya guberniya Vologda Governorate Little Russia or the Zaporizhian Host Черниговская губерния Chernigovskaya guberniya Chernigov Governorate Полтавская губерния Poltavskaya guberniya Poltava Governorate Харьковская губерния Khar'kovskaya guberniya Kharkov Governorate Northwestern Krai Ковенская губерния Kovenskaya guberniya Kovno Governorate Kaunas, Kowno Виленская губерния Vilenskaya guberniya Vilna Governorate Vilnius, Wilno White Russia Витебская губерния Vitebskaya guberniya Vitebsk Governorate Vitebskas, Witebsk Могилевская губерния Mogilevskaya guberniya Mogilev Governorate Mogiliauas, Mohylaw Black Russia Минская губерния Minskaya guberniya Minsk Governorate Minskas, Mińsk Гродненская губерния Grodnenskaya guberniya Grodno Governorate Gardinas Southwestern Krai (Right Bank Ukraine) Холмская губерния Kholmskaya guberniya Kholm Governorate Chelmas, Chełm Red Russia Волынская губерния Volynskaya guberniya Volhynian Governorate Volyn, Voluinė, Wołyń Киевская губерния Kiyevskaya guberniya Kiev Governorate Kyiev, Kijevas, Kijów Подольская губерния Podol'skaya guberniya Podolia Governorate Podolya, Podolien, Padole Golden Horde Khanate of Kazan Пермская губерния Permskaya guberniya Perm Governorate Вятская губерния Vyatkskaya guberniya Vyatka Governorate Казанская губерния Kazanskaya guberniya Kazan Governorate Уфимская губерния Ufimskaya guberniya Ufa Governorate Оренбургская губерния Orenburgskaya guberniya Orenburg Governorate Самарская губерния Samarskaya guberniya Samara Governorate Симбирская губерния Simbirskaya guberniya Simbirsk Governorate Пензенская губерния Penzenskaya guberniya Penza Governorate Саратовская губерния Saratovskaya guberniya Saratov Governorate Астраханская губерния Astrakhanskaya guberniya Astrakhan Governorate New Russia or Little Tartary Область Войска Донского Oblast' Voiska Donskogo Don Cossack Host Екатеринославская губерния Yekaterinoslavskaya guberniya Ekaterinoslav Governorate Херсонская губерния Khersonskaya guberniya Kherson Governorate Yedisan Таврическая губерния Tavricheskaya guberniya Taurida Governorate Бессарабская губерния Bessarabskaya guberniya Bessarabian Governorate Moldavia Grand Principality of Finland (Swedish Österland) Улеаборгская губерния Uleaborgskaya guberniya Uleaborg Governorate Uleåborg, Oulu Ва́заская губерния Vázaskaya guberniya Vaasa Governorate Vaasa Або Бьернеборгская губерния Abo Byerneborgskaya guberniya Abo Byerneborg Governorate Åbo och Björneborg, Turku ja Pori Нюландская губерния Nyulyandskaya guberniya Nyland Governorate Uusimaa Тавастгусская губерния Tavastgusskaya guberniya Tavastehus Governorate Häme Санкт Михельская губерния Sankt Mikhelskaya guberniya Saint Michel Governorate Mikkeli Выборгская губерния Vyborgskaya guberniya Vyborg Governorate Viipuri Куопиоская губерния Kuopioskaya guberniya Kuopio Governorate Baltic Governorates Эстляндская губерния Estlyandskaya guberniya Estonia Governorate Eestimaa, Estland; formerly Swedish Estonia Лифляндская губерния Liflyandskaya guberniya Livonia Governorate Liivimaa, Livland; formerly Swedish Livonia Курля́ндская губерния Kurlyandskaya guberniya Courland Governorate Kuršo, Kurzemes; formerly the Duchy of Courland Vistula Krai or Congress Poland Калишская губерния Kalishskaya guberniya Kalisz Governorate Kalisz Келецкая губерния Keletskaya guberniya Kelets Governorate Kielce Ломжинская губерния Lomzhskaya guberniya Lomzh Governorate Łomża Люблинская губерния Lublinskaya guberniya Lublin Governorate Петроковская губерния Petrokovskaya guberniya Petrokov Governorate Piotrków Плоцкая губерния Plotskaya guberniya Plotsk Governorate Płock Радомская губерния Radomskaya guberniya Radom Governorate Сувалкская губерния Suvalkskaya guberniya Suvalki Governorate Suwałki Варшавская губерния Varshavskaya guberniya Warsaw Governorate Warszaw Asian Russia or Great Tartary Caucasus Viceroyalty North Caucasus Кубанская о́бласть Kubanskaya oblast Kuban Oblast Черноморская губерния Chernomorskaya guberniya Black Sea Governorate Circassia Терская о́бласть Terskaya oblast Terek Oblast Ставропольская губерния Stavropol'skaya guberniya Stavropol Governorate Дагестанская о́бласть Dagestanskaya oblast Dagestan Oblast South Caucasus Сухумская округ Sukhumskaya okrug Sukhum Okrug Abkhazia Кутаисская губерния Kutaisskaya guberniya Kutais Governorate formerly the Kingdom of Imereti Батумская о́бласть Batumskaya oblast Batum Oblast Тифлисская губерния Tiflisskaya guberniya Tiflis Governorate Tbilisi; formerly the Kingdom of Kartli Kakheti Закатальская округ Zakatal'skaya okrug Zakatal Okrug Zaqatala Бакинская губерния Bakinskaya guberniya Baku Governorate Shirvan Елизаветпольская губерния Yelizavetpol'skaya guberniya Elisavetpol Governorate Ganja Карсская о́бласть Karsskaya oblast Kars Oblast Erzurum Эриванская губерния Erivanskaya guberniya Erivan Governorate Yerevan Steppes Krai (Kazakh Khanate) Уральская о́бласть Ural'skaya oblast Ural Oblast formerly the Nogai Horde Тургайская о́бласть Turgayskaya oblast Turgay Oblast Акмолинская о́бласть Akmolinskaya oblast Akmolinsk Oblast Akmola Семипалатинская о́бласть Semipalatinskaya oblast Semipalatinsk Oblast Russian Turkestan Закаспийская о́бласть Zakaspiyskaya oblast Transcaspian Oblast Transoxiana Хивинское ханство Khivinskoye khanstvo Khanate of Khiva Бухарский Эмират Bukharskiy Emirat Emirate of Bukhara Самаркандская о́бласть Samarkandskaya oblast Samarkand Oblast Ферганская о́бласть Ferganskaya oblast Fergana Oblast Семиреченская о́бласть Semirechenskaya oblast Semirechye Oblast "Seven Rivers" Сырдарьинская о́бласть Syrdar'inskaya oblast Syr Darya Oblast Siberia Тобольская губерния Tobol'skaya guberniya Tobolsk Governorate Томская губерния Tomskaya guberniya Tomsk Governorate Енисейская губерния Yeniseyskaya guberniya Yeniseysk Governorate Иркутская губерния Irkutskaya guberniya Irkutsk Governorate Забайкальская о́бласть Zabaykal'skaya oblast Transbaikal Oblast Transbaikalia, Dauria Якутская о́бласть Yakutskaya oblast Yakutsk Oblast Yakutia, Sakha Урянхайская край Uryankhayskaya krai Uryankhay Krai Tuva Russian Far East Амурская о́бласть Amurskaya oblast Amur Oblast Priamurye, Russian Manchuria Приморская о́бласть Primorskaya oblast Primorskaya Oblast "Maritime" Камчатская о́бласть Kamchatskaya oblast Kamchatka Oblast Сахалинская о́бласть Sakhalinskaya oblast Sakhalin Oblast

The Russian SFSR comprised 16 autonomous republics, 5 autonomous oblasts, 10 autonomous okrugs, 6 krais, and 40 oblasts. Uyezds and volosts were abolished by the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929. Raions may be roughly called a modern equivalent of the uyezds, and selsoviets may be considered a modern equivalent of the volosts.

The subdivision type of Federal District was created in May 2000 by Vladimir Putin as a part of a wider program designed to reassert federal authority. The original division was into seven federal districts, but in 2010 the North Caucasian Federal District was split off from the Southern Federal District, bringing the number to eight. In 2014, the annexation of Crimea resulted in the creation of a new Crimean Federal District, bringing the number to nine, but it was later merged into the Southern Federal District. Amidst the invasion of Ukraine, four southern Ukrainian regions of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia would later be annexed into Russia in 2022 but were not integrated into the Southern Federal District. All of the six regions that are under Russian occupation are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.