Кіріспе
Викинг дәуірінде өмір сүрген исланд ақыны, жауынгер және шаруа Эгиль Скаллагримссон ( ; қазіргі исланд тілінде: ; 904 – 995) – викинг дәуірінің әскери ақыны, сиқыршы, берсерк және шаруа. Ол негізінен «Эгиль сагасы» бойынша анти-батыр ретінде танымал. «Эгиль сагасы» шамамен 850–1000 жылдар аралығындағы оқиғаларды баяндайды және 1220–1240 жылдар аралығында жазылған деп саналады. Ол Бера Ингварсдоттырдың ұлы, Квельд Ульфтің немересі (аты «кешкі қасқыр» деген мағынаны білдіреді). Оның тағы бір атасы, Халльбьёрн, норвегиялық саамдық болған. Скалла Гримр Норвегияның ақ шашты патшасы Харальдтың сыйлы басшысы және қатты жауы болды. Ол Исландияға көшіп, Боргқа қоныстанды, онда оның әкесі Квельд Ульфтің табыты, Скалла Гримрдің қайығы Исландияға жақындағанда, әдетке сәйкес теңізге жіберілгеннен кейін жерге түсті. Скалла Гримр мен оның әйелі Бераның екі қызы – Сэунн мен Торунн, және екі ұлы – Торольфр мен Эгиль болды. Эгиль үш жасында өзінің алғашқы өлеңін жазды. Ол берсерк мінезін көрсетті, сонымен қатар оның үлкен және тартымсыз басы туралы сипаттамалар, Пейджет ауруынан зардап шеккен болуы мүмкін деген теорияға алып келді, себебі бұл ауру сүйектердің қалыңдауына және соқырлыққа әкелуі мүмкін. Жеті жасында Эгиль жергілікті балалармен ойнап, алданып қалды. Ашуға ішкісін тоқтатпай, үйіне қайтып, балта алып, балаларға қайта оралып, оны алдаған баланың басын тістеріне дейін жарып жіберді. Берг Онундр Эгильге әйелі Асгердтің әкесінен қалған мүліктің үлесін алуға рұқсат бермеген соң, ол Онундрді аралда (хольмганга) жекпе-жекке шақырды. Берг Онундр бұл шақырудан бас тартты, бірақ кейіннен Эгиль оның ағасы Хаддпен бірге өлтірді. Кейіннен Эгиль ағаларының соңғысы, Ұзын емес Атлиді, хольмгангрда Атлидің мойнын тістеп өлтірді. Содан кейін, қатты қорланғаннан кейін, Эгиль Атлейдің Бардрын өлтірді, ол король Эрик Қандының қызметшісі және королева Гуннхильдердің туысы болды, екеуі де қалған өмірлерін кек алуға арнады. Гуннхильдер өзінің екі ағасына, Эйвиндр Браггарт пен Альфр Аксманға, бұрын онымен жақсы қарым-қатынаста болған Эгиль мен оның інісі Торольфты өлтіруді бұйырды. Алайда, Эгиль оларға қарсы шығуға тырысқанда, королеваның ағаларын өлтірді. Көктемде Торольфр мен Эгиль үлкен соғыс кемесін дайындап, Шығыс жолымен (Austrvegr) шабуыл жасады, онда олар көп байлық жинады және көптеген шайқастарға қатысты. Курландияда олар жарты айға бейбітшілікке келді және жергілікті халықпен сауда жасады (46-тарау). Сол жазда Харальд Фейрхер қайтыс болды. Норвегияның жалғыз патшасы ретінде орнын нығайту үшін Эрик Қанды өзінің екі ағасын өлтірді. Содан кейін ол Эгильді Норвегияда заңсыз деп жариялады. Берг Онундр Эгильді тұтқындау үшін жасақ жинады, бірақ бұл әрекетте қаза тапты. Норвегиядан қашып кетуден бұрын Эгиль король Эрик пен королева Гуннхильдердің ұлы Рёгнвальдрды өлтірді. Содан кейін ол патша мен патшаны қарғыды, Nithing бағанасына жылқының басын қойып, былай деді: «Мен мұнда níð бағанасын орнатамын және король Эрикке және королева Гуннхильдерге қарсы осы níðді жариялаймын», – деп, жылқының басын құрлыққа қаратып бұрды. «Мен осы níðді сол жердегі жер рухтарына және жердің өзіне жариялаймын, сондықтан барлығы адасып кетеді, Ерик патша мен Гуннхильдерді жерден құтқарып алмайынша, өз орындарын ұстап тұрмайды және таба алмайды». Ол жартастың бетінде níð діңгегін орнатып, оны тірі қалдырды; ол жердің үстінде жылқының көзіне қарады, және ол діңгекке рундар оюды, және қарғыстың барлық ресми сөздерін айтты (57-тарау). Гуннхильдер де Эгильге сиқырлап, оны қайтадан кездескенше тыныштанбайтын және күйзеліске ұшырайтын етіп қарғады. Көп ұзамай Эрик пен Гуннхильдер ханзада Хаконнан Нортумбрия Корольдігіне қашуға мәжбүр болды. Саксондық Англияда олар Англия королі Ательстанмен бәсекелесіп, Нортумбрия королі мен королевасы болды. Уақыт өте келе Эгиль Нортумбрияда кеме апатына ұшырап, елге кімнің билік еткенін білді. Эгиль өзінің жақсы досы Аринбьёрнның үйіне барады, онда олар қаруланып, Эрикрдің сарайына қарай жүріп кетті. Аринбьёрн Эгильге: «Енді сен барып, патшаға басыңды ұсынып, аяғын құшақтап тұруың керек. Мен оған сенің жағдайын айтып беремін». Аринбьёрн Эгильдің жағдайын ұсынды және Эгиль қысқа драпа құрастырды, оны Эриктің аяғымен қолында айтып берді, бірақ Эрик таң қалдырмады. Ол Эгильдің өзіне жасаған күнәлары соншалықты ауыр болғандықтан, оны оңай кешіруге болмайтынын түсіндірді. Гуннхильдер Эгильді дереу өлтіруді талап етті, бірақ Аринбьёрн патшаны таңертеңге дейін өлтірмеуге көндірді. Аринбьёрн Эгильге түн бойы ояқ болуын және осындай патшаға лайықты ұлы бас құны өлеңін немесе драпаны жазуын айтты, жауын мақтаған өлең. Таңертең Эгиль король Эрик алдына қайта оралып, ұлы драпаны оқыды. Бұл жиырма шумақты бас құны өлеңі «Эгиль сагасының» 63-тарауында келтірілген. Эрик өлеңнің сапасына осыншалықтай таң қалды, тіпті Эгиль оның ұлын өлтіргеніне қарамастан, оған өмір сыйлады. Осы өлеңдердің күрделі табиғаты, күрделі поэзиялық өлшемдері мен метафоралары (кеңестерді қоса алғанда), сондай-ақ олардың көбінесе тарихи жазбаларда сенімді түрде расталған патшалар туралы болғандығы, олардың Эгиль Скаллагримссонның тарихи тұлғасынан ауыспай келгенін болжауға негіз береді. «Эгиль сагасы» және басқа исланд сагалары осындай күрделі поэзияның қаңқалық құрылымына тіреледі, тарихи шындықтың тірегіне. Эгиль Брунанбур шайқасында король Этельстанның қызметінде де шайқасты, оның інісі Торольфр сол жерде қайтыс болды, ал Эгиль Этельстаннан өтеу ретінде екі кеуде күміс алды. Соңында Эгиль Исландиядағы отбасылық шаруашылығына оралып, жергілікті саясатта есепке алынатын күшке айналды. Ол сексенге жуық жасқа жетіп, соқыр болды және Исландия христианды қабылдағанға дейін аз ғана уақыт қалғанда қайтыс болды. Эгиль қайтыс болмас бұрын Mosfellsbær маңындағы күмісін жерледі. Оның соңғы зорлық әрекеті ретінде ол оның қазынасын жерлеуге көмектескен қызметшілерді өлтірді. Отбасылық үйдің орнында христиандық шіркеу салынғанда, Эгильдің денесі ұлымен бірге эксгумацияланып, алтардың жанына қайта жерленді. Сага бойынша, эксгумацияланған бас сүйегі балтамен соққыға ұшырады және ақ түске енді, бұл жауынгердің күшін көрсетті, бірақ бір заманауи түсіндіру бойынша, Пейджет ауруының белгілерін көрсетеді. «Ұлдары үшін айтылған аза тұту өлеңі» (Sonatorrek) «Солтүстік жеке лирикалық поэзиясының тууы» деп аталды. Оның өлеңдері ескі норвегия тіліндегі соңғы рифталған өлеңдердің біріншісі болды. Эгильге жатқызылатын жұмыстар:
Egil Skallagrímsson ( ; Modern Icelandic: ; 904 995) was a Viking Age war poet, sorcerer, berserker, and farmer. He is known mainly as the anti hero of Egil's Saga. Egil's Saga historically narrates a period from approximately 850 to 1000 AD and is believed to have been written between 1220 and 1240 AD. and Bera Yngvarsdóttir; he was the grandson of Kveld Úlfr (whose name means 'evening wolf'). Another of his ancestors, Hallbjörn, was Norwegian Sami. Skalla Grímr was a respected chieftain, and mortal enemy of King Harald Fairhair of Norway. He migrated to Iceland, settling at Borg where his father Kveld Úlfr's coffin landed after being ritualistically set adrift as Skalla Grímr's boat approached Iceland. Skalla Grímr and wife Bera had two daughters, Sæunn and Þórunn, and two sons, Þorolfr and Egil. Egil composed his first poem at three years old. He exhibited berserk behaviour, and this, together with the description of his large and unattractive head, has led to the theory that he might have suffered from Paget's disease, which causes a thickening of the bones and may lead eventually to blindness. At the age of seven, Egil was cheated in a game with local boys. Enraged, he went home, procured an axe, and, returning to the boys, split the skull to the teeth of the boy who had cheated him. After Berg Önundr refused to allow Egil to claim his wife Ásgerðr's share of her father's inheritance, he challenged Önundr to a man to man fight on an island (a hólmganga). Berg Önundr refused the challenge but was later killed along with his brother Hadd by Egil. Egil later killed the last of the brothers, Atli the Short, by biting through Atli's neck during a holmgangr. Later, after being grievously insulted, Egil killed Bárðr of Atley, a retainer of King Eiríkr Bloodaxe and kinsman of Queen Gunnhildr, both of whom spent the remainder of their lives trying to take vengeance. Gunnhildr ordered her two brothers, Eyvindr Braggart and Álfr Aksmann, to assassinate Egil and his brother Þórólfr, who had been on good terms with her previously. However, Egil killed the Queen's brothers when they attempted to confront him. In spring Þórólfr and Egil prepared a large warship and raid along the Eastern route (Austrvegr), where they won much wealth and had many battles. In Courland they made a peace for half a month and traded with the men of the land (ch. 46). That same summer, Haraldr Fairhair died. In order to secure his place as sole King of Norway, Eiríkr Bloodaxe murdered his two brothers. He then declared Egil an outlaw in Norway. Berg Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egil, but was killed in the attempt. Before escaping from Norway, Egil also killed Rögnvaldr, the son of King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr. He then cursed the King and Queen, setting a horse's head on a Nithing pole and saying
"Here I set up a níð pole, and declare this níð against King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr,"—he turned the horse head to face the mainland—"I declare this níð at the land spirits there, and the land itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Eiríkr and Gunnhildr from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he carved runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse. (ch. 57). Gunnhildr also put a spell on Egil, cursing him to feel restless and depressed until they met again. Soon afterwards, Eiríkr and Gunnhildr were forced to flee to the Kingdom of Northumbria by Prince Hákon. In Saxon England, they became King and Queen of Northumbria in rivalry with King Athelstan of England. In time, Egil was shipwrecked in Northumbria and learned who ruled the land. Egil sought out the house of his good friend Arinbjörn, where they armed themselves and marched to Eiríkr's court. Arinbjörn told Egil "now you must go and offer the king your head and embrace his foot. I will present your case to him." Arinbjörn presented Egil's case and Egil composes a short drápa, reciting it with Eiríkr's foot in his hand, but Eiríkr was not impressed. He explained that Egil's wrongs to him were far too great to be forgiven so easily. Gunnhildr called for the immediate execution of Egil, but Arinbjörn convinced the king not to kill him until the morning. Arinbjörn told Egil that he should stay up all night and compose a mighty head ransom poem or drápa fit for such a king, a poem in praise of his enemy. In the morning Egil went back before king Eiríkr and recited the great drápa. This twenty stanza long head ransom poem appears in Chapter 63 of Egils saga. Eiríkr was so surprised by the quality of the poem that he decided to give Egil his life, even though Egil has killed Eiríkr's own son. The complex nature of these poems, with complex poetic metres and metaphors (including kennings), as well as the fact that they were often about kings reliably attested in the historical record, provides some basis for supposing that they might have been composed by a historically real Egil Skallagrímsson, descending more or less unchanged through oral tradition from the time of their composition to the writing of Egils saga. Egils saga and some other Icelandic sagas appear to hang on a skeletal framework of such complex poetry, a spine of historical truth. Egil also fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in the service of King Æthelstan; his brother Þórólfr died there, for which Egil received two chests of silver from Æthelstan in compensation. Ultimately, Egil returned to his family farm in Iceland, where he remained a force to be reckoned with in local politics. He lived into his eighties, grew blind, and died shortly before the Christianisation of Iceland. Before Egil died he buried his silver near Mosfellsbær. In his last act of violence he killed the servants who helped him bury his treasure. When a Christian chapel was constructed at the family homestead, Egil's body was exhumed by his son and re buried near the altar. According to the saga, the exhumed skull bone was hit with an axe, and it turned white, showing the strength of the warrior, but also, according to one modern interpretation, suggesting the traits of Paget's disease. and Sonatorrek, the dirge over his own sons, has been called "the birth of Nordic personal lyric poetry". His poems were also the first Old Norse verses to use end rhyme. The following works are attributed to Egil:
Aðalsteinsdrápa. Drápa for the Anglo Saxon King Æthelstan. Höfuðlausn ("The Head Ransom", sometimes referred to as "Head Ransom"), with which Egil bought his life from Eiríkr Bloodaxe, who had sentenced him to death in England. Sonatorrek ("The Loss of a Son"). After the death of his son Böðvar who drowned during a storm. Arinbjarnarkviða. Dedicated to his companion Arinbjörn
Skjaldardrápa. Berudrápa. Lausavísur. Fragments
The following is one of Egil's Lausavísur (no. 3), found in chapter 40 of Egils Saga:
Edition
Þat mælti mín móðir,
at mér skyldi kaupa
fley ok fagrar árar,
fara á brott með víkingum,
standa upp í stafni,
stýra dýrum knerri,
halda svá til hafnar
höggva mann ok annan. Translation by Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards
"My mother wants a price paid
To purchase my proud oared ship
Standing high in the stern
I'll scour for plunder. The stout Viking steersman
Of this shining vessel:
Then home to harbour
After hewing down a man or two. "More literal translation (Wikipedia)
"Thus spake my mother
That for me they would buy
A barque and fair oars
To go away with vikings. Stand up in the stern,
Steer an expensive vessel,
Hold course for a haven,
Hew down a man and another. "Translation used in Vikings (2013 TV series)
"My Mother told me
Some day I will buy
A galley with good oars
And sail to distant shores. Stand up on the prow,
Noble barque I steer,
A steady course to the haven,
Hew many foemen."
Адельстейнсдрапа. Англо-саксон корольі Этельстанға арналған драпа. Höfuðlausn («Бас құны», кейде «Бас құны» деп аталады), Эрик Қандыдан өмірін сатып алу үшін Эгиль қолданған, Англияда оны өлімге кескен. Sonatorrek («Ұлдың жоғалуы»). Ұлы Бёдвар дауыл кезінде батып кеткеннен кейін. Arinbjarnarkviða. Оның серігі Аринбьёрнға арналған. Skjaldardrápa. Berudrápa. Lausavísur. Үзінділер
Egil Skallagrímsson ( ; Modern Icelandic: ; 904 995) was a Viking Age war poet, sorcerer, berserker, and farmer. He is known mainly as the anti hero of Egil's Saga. Egil's Saga historically narrates a period from approximately 850 to 1000 AD and is believed to have been written between 1220 and 1240 AD. and Bera Yngvarsdóttir; he was the grandson of Kveld Úlfr (whose name means 'evening wolf'). Another of his ancestors, Hallbjörn, was Norwegian Sami. Skalla Grímr was a respected chieftain, and mortal enemy of King Harald Fairhair of Norway. He migrated to Iceland, settling at Borg where his father Kveld Úlfr's coffin landed after being ritualistically set adrift as Skalla Grímr's boat approached Iceland. Skalla Grímr and wife Bera had two daughters, Sæunn and Þórunn, and two sons, Þorolfr and Egil. Egil composed his first poem at three years old. He exhibited berserk behaviour, and this, together with the description of his large and unattractive head, has led to the theory that he might have suffered from Paget's disease, which causes a thickening of the bones and may lead eventually to blindness. At the age of seven, Egil was cheated in a game with local boys. Enraged, he went home, procured an axe, and, returning to the boys, split the skull to the teeth of the boy who had cheated him. After Berg Önundr refused to allow Egil to claim his wife Ásgerðr's share of her father's inheritance, he challenged Önundr to a man to man fight on an island (a hólmganga). Berg Önundr refused the challenge but was later killed along with his brother Hadd by Egil. Egil later killed the last of the brothers, Atli the Short, by biting through Atli's neck during a holmgangr. Later, after being grievously insulted, Egil killed Bárðr of Atley, a retainer of King Eiríkr Bloodaxe and kinsman of Queen Gunnhildr, both of whom spent the remainder of their lives trying to take vengeance. Gunnhildr ordered her two brothers, Eyvindr Braggart and Álfr Aksmann, to assassinate Egil and his brother Þórólfr, who had been on good terms with her previously. However, Egil killed the Queen's brothers when they attempted to confront him. In spring Þórólfr and Egil prepared a large warship and raid along the Eastern route (Austrvegr), where they won much wealth and had many battles. In Courland they made a peace for half a month and traded with the men of the land (ch. 46). That same summer, Haraldr Fairhair died. In order to secure his place as sole King of Norway, Eiríkr Bloodaxe murdered his two brothers. He then declared Egil an outlaw in Norway. Berg Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egil, but was killed in the attempt. Before escaping from Norway, Egil also killed Rögnvaldr, the son of King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr. He then cursed the King and Queen, setting a horse's head on a Nithing pole and saying
"Here I set up a níð pole, and declare this níð against King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr,"—he turned the horse head to face the mainland—"I declare this níð at the land spirits there, and the land itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Eiríkr and Gunnhildr from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he carved runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse. (ch. 57). Gunnhildr also put a spell on Egil, cursing him to feel restless and depressed until they met again. Soon afterwards, Eiríkr and Gunnhildr were forced to flee to the Kingdom of Northumbria by Prince Hákon. In Saxon England, they became King and Queen of Northumbria in rivalry with King Athelstan of England. In time, Egil was shipwrecked in Northumbria and learned who ruled the land. Egil sought out the house of his good friend Arinbjörn, where they armed themselves and marched to Eiríkr's court. Arinbjörn told Egil "now you must go and offer the king your head and embrace his foot. I will present your case to him." Arinbjörn presented Egil's case and Egil composes a short drápa, reciting it with Eiríkr's foot in his hand, but Eiríkr was not impressed. He explained that Egil's wrongs to him were far too great to be forgiven so easily. Gunnhildr called for the immediate execution of Egil, but Arinbjörn convinced the king not to kill him until the morning. Arinbjörn told Egil that he should stay up all night and compose a mighty head ransom poem or drápa fit for such a king, a poem in praise of his enemy. In the morning Egil went back before king Eiríkr and recited the great drápa. This twenty stanza long head ransom poem appears in Chapter 63 of Egils saga. Eiríkr was so surprised by the quality of the poem that he decided to give Egil his life, even though Egil has killed Eiríkr's own son. The complex nature of these poems, with complex poetic metres and metaphors (including kennings), as well as the fact that they were often about kings reliably attested in the historical record, provides some basis for supposing that they might have been composed by a historically real Egil Skallagrímsson, descending more or less unchanged through oral tradition from the time of their composition to the writing of Egils saga. Egils saga and some other Icelandic sagas appear to hang on a skeletal framework of such complex poetry, a spine of historical truth. Egil also fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in the service of King Æthelstan; his brother Þórólfr died there, for which Egil received two chests of silver from Æthelstan in compensation. Ultimately, Egil returned to his family farm in Iceland, where he remained a force to be reckoned with in local politics. He lived into his eighties, grew blind, and died shortly before the Christianisation of Iceland. Before Egil died he buried his silver near Mosfellsbær. In his last act of violence he killed the servants who helped him bury his treasure. When a Christian chapel was constructed at the family homestead, Egil's body was exhumed by his son and re buried near the altar. According to the saga, the exhumed skull bone was hit with an axe, and it turned white, showing the strength of the warrior, but also, according to one modern interpretation, suggesting the traits of Paget's disease. and Sonatorrek, the dirge over his own sons, has been called "the birth of Nordic personal lyric poetry". His poems were also the first Old Norse verses to use end rhyme. The following works are attributed to Egil:
Aðalsteinsdrápa. Drápa for the Anglo Saxon King Æthelstan. Höfuðlausn ("The Head Ransom", sometimes referred to as "Head Ransom"), with which Egil bought his life from Eiríkr Bloodaxe, who had sentenced him to death in England. Sonatorrek ("The Loss of a Son"). After the death of his son Böðvar who drowned during a storm. Arinbjarnarkviða. Dedicated to his companion Arinbjörn
Skjaldardrápa. Berudrápa. Lausavísur. Fragments
The following is one of Egil's Lausavísur (no. 3), found in chapter 40 of Egils Saga:
Edition
Þat mælti mín móðir,
at mér skyldi kaupa
fley ok fagrar árar,
fara á brott með víkingum,
standa upp í stafni,
stýra dýrum knerri,
halda svá til hafnar
höggva mann ok annan. Translation by Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards
"My mother wants a price paid
To purchase my proud oared ship
Standing high in the stern
I'll scour for plunder. The stout Viking steersman
Of this shining vessel:
Then home to harbour
After hewing down a man or two. "More literal translation (Wikipedia)
"Thus spake my mother
That for me they would buy
A barque and fair oars
To go away with vikings. Stand up in the stern,
Steer an expensive vessel,
Hold course for a haven,
Hew down a man and another. "Translation used in Vikings (2013 TV series)
"My Mother told me
Some day I will buy
A galley with good oars
And sail to distant shores. Stand up on the prow,
Noble barque I steer,
A steady course to the haven,
Hew many foemen."
Эгильдің Lausavísur-інің (№ 3) мынасы «Эгиль сагасының» 40-тарауында табылды:
Egil Skallagrímsson ( ; Modern Icelandic: ; 904 995) was a Viking Age war poet, sorcerer, berserker, and farmer. He is known mainly as the anti hero of Egil's Saga. Egil's Saga historically narrates a period from approximately 850 to 1000 AD and is believed to have been written between 1220 and 1240 AD. and Bera Yngvarsdóttir; he was the grandson of Kveld Úlfr (whose name means 'evening wolf'). Another of his ancestors, Hallbjörn, was Norwegian Sami. Skalla Grímr was a respected chieftain, and mortal enemy of King Harald Fairhair of Norway. He migrated to Iceland, settling at Borg where his father Kveld Úlfr's coffin landed after being ritualistically set adrift as Skalla Grímr's boat approached Iceland. Skalla Grímr and wife Bera had two daughters, Sæunn and Þórunn, and two sons, Þorolfr and Egil. Egil composed his first poem at three years old. He exhibited berserk behaviour, and this, together with the description of his large and unattractive head, has led to the theory that he might have suffered from Paget's disease, which causes a thickening of the bones and may lead eventually to blindness. At the age of seven, Egil was cheated in a game with local boys. Enraged, he went home, procured an axe, and, returning to the boys, split the skull to the teeth of the boy who had cheated him. After Berg Önundr refused to allow Egil to claim his wife Ásgerðr's share of her father's inheritance, he challenged Önundr to a man to man fight on an island (a hólmganga). Berg Önundr refused the challenge but was later killed along with his brother Hadd by Egil. Egil later killed the last of the brothers, Atli the Short, by biting through Atli's neck during a holmgangr. Later, after being grievously insulted, Egil killed Bárðr of Atley, a retainer of King Eiríkr Bloodaxe and kinsman of Queen Gunnhildr, both of whom spent the remainder of their lives trying to take vengeance. Gunnhildr ordered her two brothers, Eyvindr Braggart and Álfr Aksmann, to assassinate Egil and his brother Þórólfr, who had been on good terms with her previously. However, Egil killed the Queen's brothers when they attempted to confront him. In spring Þórólfr and Egil prepared a large warship and raid along the Eastern route (Austrvegr), where they won much wealth and had many battles. In Courland they made a peace for half a month and traded with the men of the land (ch. 46). That same summer, Haraldr Fairhair died. In order to secure his place as sole King of Norway, Eiríkr Bloodaxe murdered his two brothers. He then declared Egil an outlaw in Norway. Berg Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egil, but was killed in the attempt. Before escaping from Norway, Egil also killed Rögnvaldr, the son of King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr. He then cursed the King and Queen, setting a horse's head on a Nithing pole and saying
"Here I set up a níð pole, and declare this níð against King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr,"—he turned the horse head to face the mainland—"I declare this níð at the land spirits there, and the land itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Eiríkr and Gunnhildr from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he carved runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse. (ch. 57). Gunnhildr also put a spell on Egil, cursing him to feel restless and depressed until they met again. Soon afterwards, Eiríkr and Gunnhildr were forced to flee to the Kingdom of Northumbria by Prince Hákon. In Saxon England, they became King and Queen of Northumbria in rivalry with King Athelstan of England. In time, Egil was shipwrecked in Northumbria and learned who ruled the land. Egil sought out the house of his good friend Arinbjörn, where they armed themselves and marched to Eiríkr's court. Arinbjörn told Egil "now you must go and offer the king your head and embrace his foot. I will present your case to him." Arinbjörn presented Egil's case and Egil composes a short drápa, reciting it with Eiríkr's foot in his hand, but Eiríkr was not impressed. He explained that Egil's wrongs to him were far too great to be forgiven so easily. Gunnhildr called for the immediate execution of Egil, but Arinbjörn convinced the king not to kill him until the morning. Arinbjörn told Egil that he should stay up all night and compose a mighty head ransom poem or drápa fit for such a king, a poem in praise of his enemy. In the morning Egil went back before king Eiríkr and recited the great drápa. This twenty stanza long head ransom poem appears in Chapter 63 of Egils saga. Eiríkr was so surprised by the quality of the poem that he decided to give Egil his life, even though Egil has killed Eiríkr's own son. The complex nature of these poems, with complex poetic metres and metaphors (including kennings), as well as the fact that they were often about kings reliably attested in the historical record, provides some basis for supposing that they might have been composed by a historically real Egil Skallagrímsson, descending more or less unchanged through oral tradition from the time of their composition to the writing of Egils saga. Egils saga and some other Icelandic sagas appear to hang on a skeletal framework of such complex poetry, a spine of historical truth. Egil also fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in the service of King Æthelstan; his brother Þórólfr died there, for which Egil received two chests of silver from Æthelstan in compensation. Ultimately, Egil returned to his family farm in Iceland, where he remained a force to be reckoned with in local politics. He lived into his eighties, grew blind, and died shortly before the Christianisation of Iceland. Before Egil died he buried his silver near Mosfellsbær. In his last act of violence he killed the servants who helped him bury his treasure. When a Christian chapel was constructed at the family homestead, Egil's body was exhumed by his son and re buried near the altar. According to the saga, the exhumed skull bone was hit with an axe, and it turned white, showing the strength of the warrior, but also, according to one modern interpretation, suggesting the traits of Paget's disease. and Sonatorrek, the dirge over his own sons, has been called "the birth of Nordic personal lyric poetry". His poems were also the first Old Norse verses to use end rhyme. The following works are attributed to Egil:
Aðalsteinsdrápa. Drápa for the Anglo Saxon King Æthelstan. Höfuðlausn ("The Head Ransom", sometimes referred to as "Head Ransom"), with which Egil bought his life from Eiríkr Bloodaxe, who had sentenced him to death in England. Sonatorrek ("The Loss of a Son"). After the death of his son Böðvar who drowned during a storm. Arinbjarnarkviða. Dedicated to his companion Arinbjörn
Skjaldardrápa. Berudrápa. Lausavísur. Fragments
The following is one of Egil's Lausavísur (no. 3), found in chapter 40 of Egils Saga:
Edition
Þat mælti mín móðir,
at mér skyldi kaupa
fley ok fagrar árar,
fara á brott með víkingum,
standa upp í stafni,
stýra dýrum knerri,
halda svá til hafnar
höggva mann ok annan. Translation by Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards
"My mother wants a price paid
To purchase my proud oared ship
Standing high in the stern
I'll scour for plunder. The stout Viking steersman
Of this shining vessel:
Then home to harbour
After hewing down a man or two. "More literal translation (Wikipedia)
"Thus spake my mother
That for me they would buy
A barque and fair oars
To go away with vikings. Stand up in the stern,
Steer an expensive vessel,
Hold course for a haven,
Hew down a man and another. "Translation used in Vikings (2013 TV series)
"My Mother told me
Some day I will buy
A galley with good oars
And sail to distant shores. Stand up on the prow,
Noble barque I steer,
A steady course to the haven,
Hew many foemen."
Басылым
Þat mælti mín móðir,
at mér skyldi kaupa
fley ok fagrar árar,
fara á brott með víkingum,
standa upp í stafni,
stýra dýrum knerri,
halda svá til hafnar
höggva mann ok annan. Герман Палссон мен Пол Эдвардс жасаған аударма
«Менің анам баға төлеуді қалады
Менің мақтаншақты ескек қайығымды сатып алу үшін
Құрметті мұңға батып тұрып
Мен тонау іздеп кетемін. Мықты викинг рульшісі
Бұл жарқыраған кеме:
Содан кейін үй портына
Бір немесе екі адамды кесіп тастағаннан кейін». Wikipedia-дан жасалған әдеби аударма
«Осылай айтты анам
Мен үшін олар сатып алады
Қайық және әдемі ескектер
Викингтермен кетіп қалу үшін. Мұңға батып тұрып,
Қымбат кемені рульдеу,
Қосымшаға қарай бағытталған бағыт,
Бір немесе екі адамды кесіп тастау». «Викингтер» (2013 телесериалында қолданылған аударма)
«Анама айтылды
Кейін мен сатып алам
Жақсы ескектермен галлея
Және алыс жағаларға саяхаттау. Мұңға батып тұрып,
Мұңға батып тұрып,
Тұрақты бағытты бағыттау
Адамды кесіп тастағаннан кейін».
Egil Skallagrímsson ( ; Modern Icelandic: ; 904 995) was a Viking Age war poet, sorcerer, berserker, and farmer. He is known mainly as the anti hero of Egil's Saga. Egil's Saga historically narrates a period from approximately 850 to 1000 AD and is believed to have been written between 1220 and 1240 AD. and Bera Yngvarsdóttir; he was the grandson of Kveld Úlfr (whose name means 'evening wolf'). Another of his ancestors, Hallbjörn, was Norwegian Sami. Skalla Grímr was a respected chieftain, and mortal enemy of King Harald Fairhair of Norway. He migrated to Iceland, settling at Borg where his father Kveld Úlfr's coffin landed after being ritualistically set adrift as Skalla Grímr's boat approached Iceland. Skalla Grímr and wife Bera had two daughters, Sæunn and Þórunn, and two sons, Þorolfr and Egil. Egil composed his first poem at three years old. He exhibited berserk behaviour, and this, together with the description of his large and unattractive head, has led to the theory that he might have suffered from Paget's disease, which causes a thickening of the bones and may lead eventually to blindness. At the age of seven, Egil was cheated in a game with local boys. Enraged, he went home, procured an axe, and, returning to the boys, split the skull to the teeth of the boy who had cheated him. After Berg Önundr refused to allow Egil to claim his wife Ásgerðr's share of her father's inheritance, he challenged Önundr to a man to man fight on an island (a hólmganga). Berg Önundr refused the challenge but was later killed along with his brother Hadd by Egil. Egil later killed the last of the brothers, Atli the Short, by biting through Atli's neck during a holmgangr. Later, after being grievously insulted, Egil killed Bárðr of Atley, a retainer of King Eiríkr Bloodaxe and kinsman of Queen Gunnhildr, both of whom spent the remainder of their lives trying to take vengeance. Gunnhildr ordered her two brothers, Eyvindr Braggart and Álfr Aksmann, to assassinate Egil and his brother Þórólfr, who had been on good terms with her previously. However, Egil killed the Queen's brothers when they attempted to confront him. In spring Þórólfr and Egil prepared a large warship and raid along the Eastern route (Austrvegr), where they won much wealth and had many battles. In Courland they made a peace for half a month and traded with the men of the land (ch. 46). That same summer, Haraldr Fairhair died. In order to secure his place as sole King of Norway, Eiríkr Bloodaxe murdered his two brothers. He then declared Egil an outlaw in Norway. Berg Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egil, but was killed in the attempt. Before escaping from Norway, Egil also killed Rögnvaldr, the son of King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr. He then cursed the King and Queen, setting a horse's head on a Nithing pole and saying
"Here I set up a níð pole, and declare this níð against King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr,"—he turned the horse head to face the mainland—"I declare this níð at the land spirits there, and the land itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Eiríkr and Gunnhildr from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he carved runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse. (ch. 57). Gunnhildr also put a spell on Egil, cursing him to feel restless and depressed until they met again. Soon afterwards, Eiríkr and Gunnhildr were forced to flee to the Kingdom of Northumbria by Prince Hákon. In Saxon England, they became King and Queen of Northumbria in rivalry with King Athelstan of England. In time, Egil was shipwrecked in Northumbria and learned who ruled the land. Egil sought out the house of his good friend Arinbjörn, where they armed themselves and marched to Eiríkr's court. Arinbjörn told Egil "now you must go and offer the king your head and embrace his foot. I will present your case to him." Arinbjörn presented Egil's case and Egil composes a short drápa, reciting it with Eiríkr's foot in his hand, but Eiríkr was not impressed. He explained that Egil's wrongs to him were far too great to be forgiven so easily. Gunnhildr called for the immediate execution of Egil, but Arinbjörn convinced the king not to kill him until the morning. Arinbjörn told Egil that he should stay up all night and compose a mighty head ransom poem or drápa fit for such a king, a poem in praise of his enemy. In the morning Egil went back before king Eiríkr and recited the great drápa. This twenty stanza long head ransom poem appears in Chapter 63 of Egils saga. Eiríkr was so surprised by the quality of the poem that he decided to give Egil his life, even though Egil has killed Eiríkr's own son. The complex nature of these poems, with complex poetic metres and metaphors (including kennings), as well as the fact that they were often about kings reliably attested in the historical record, provides some basis for supposing that they might have been composed by a historically real Egil Skallagrímsson, descending more or less unchanged through oral tradition from the time of their composition to the writing of Egils saga. Egils saga and some other Icelandic sagas appear to hang on a skeletal framework of such complex poetry, a spine of historical truth. Egil also fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in the service of King Æthelstan; his brother Þórólfr died there, for which Egil received two chests of silver from Æthelstan in compensation. Ultimately, Egil returned to his family farm in Iceland, where he remained a force to be reckoned with in local politics. He lived into his eighties, grew blind, and died shortly before the Christianisation of Iceland. Before Egil died he buried his silver near Mosfellsbær. In his last act of violence he killed the servants who helped him bury his treasure. When a Christian chapel was constructed at the family homestead, Egil's body was exhumed by his son and re buried near the altar. According to the saga, the exhumed skull bone was hit with an axe, and it turned white, showing the strength of the warrior, but also, according to one modern interpretation, suggesting the traits of Paget's disease. and Sonatorrek, the dirge over his own sons, has been called "the birth of Nordic personal lyric poetry". His poems were also the first Old Norse verses to use end rhyme. The following works are attributed to Egil:
Aðalsteinsdrápa. Drápa for the Anglo Saxon King Æthelstan. Höfuðlausn ("The Head Ransom", sometimes referred to as "Head Ransom"), with which Egil bought his life from Eiríkr Bloodaxe, who had sentenced him to death in England. Sonatorrek ("The Loss of a Son"). After the death of his son Böðvar who drowned during a storm. Arinbjarnarkviða. Dedicated to his companion Arinbjörn
Skjaldardrápa. Berudrápa. Lausavísur. Fragments
The following is one of Egil's Lausavísur (no. 3), found in chapter 40 of Egils Saga:
Edition
Þat mælti mín móðir,
at mér skyldi kaupa
fley ok fagrar árar,
fara á brott með víkingum,
standa upp í stafni,
stýra dýrum knerri,
halda svá til hafnar
höggva mann ok annan. Translation by Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards
"My mother wants a price paid
To purchase my proud oared ship
Standing high in the stern
I'll scour for plunder. The stout Viking steersman
Of this shining vessel:
Then home to harbour
After hewing down a man or two. "More literal translation (Wikipedia)
"Thus spake my mother
That for me they would buy
A barque and fair oars
To go away with vikings. Stand up in the stern,
Steer an expensive vessel,
Hold course for a haven,
Hew down a man and another. "Translation used in Vikings (2013 TV series)
"My Mother told me
Some day I will buy
A galley with good oars
And sail to distant shores. Stand up on the prow,
Noble barque I steer,
A steady course to the haven,
Hew many foemen."
Руналар
Егиль руналарды да зерттеген. Оның олардың сиқырлы күштерін меңгергендігі сапарларында бірнеше рет көмектесті. Атла аралында өткен тойда Бардтың Егильді улау әрекеті сәтсіз аяқталды, себебі Егиль салған руналар оның уланған тостағанын қиратты. Бір досының өтінішімен ол ауырған әйелді қарады. Жергілікті жер иесі, оның қолына үйленуге рұқсат берілмеген соң, махаббат руналарын салуға тырысты. Бірақ, қателік жіберіп, ауру тудыратын руналарды салды. Егиль бұрыс руналарды өртеп, денсаулық үшін жаңа руналар салды, соның арқасында әйел жазылып кетті. Содан кейін ол: "Руналарды оқымайтын ешкім салушы болмасын" деген мазмұндағы өлеңін оқыды. Ал ауырған жас әйелге руналарды өртегеннен бөлек, Егиль оны төсектен көтеріп, ескі төсек жабдықтарын тастап, жаңаларын салуды бұйырды. Ол тез жазылып кетті. Егиль Эрик Қанды Орақ патшасы мен Гунхильдра патшайымына қарсы Нитинг Полын тіккен кезде де руналарды қолданды.
Эгиль танымал мәдениетте
Исландиялық "Ölgerðin Egil Skallagrímsson" сыра зауыты оның атымен аталады. Исландия теледидарында "Егилдің күмісі" деп аталатын ток-шоу бар, ол Егилдің жасырын қазынасының құрметіне аталған (атауында жүргізушінің аты – Егил екендігін көрсететін сөз ойыны да бар). "Egil's Silver" – Megas-тың алғашқы альбомындағы ән атауы. "Шығармашылық анахронизм" қоғамының "Адиантум" барониясында жыл сайын естелік күні демалысында "Эгиль Скаллагримссон еске алу турнирі" өткізіледі. Жазушы Пол Андерсон (SCA мүшесі) "Патшалар анасы" атты тарихи фантазия романын жазды, ол Гуннильдер мен оның, Эрикрдің және олардың балаларының Эгильмен болған ұзақ созылған жанжалына арналған. Роман "Хеймскрингла" және "Эгиль сагасы" негізінде жазылған. "Egil Saga" – неміс тобы "Faun"-ның "Licht" альбомындағы ән. Әннің мәтіні "Эгиль сагасынан" алынған және руналардың әсерінен ауырған қыз бен Эгильдің оны қалай емдегені туралы айтады. Эгиль Скаллагримссон – Бернард Корнуэллдің "Саксондық әңгімелер" тарихи фантастикалық сериясының кейіпкері, ол Беббанбургтің ойдан шығарылған Утредінің жақын досы және одақтасы ретінде Нортумбрияда біраз уақыт қоныстанған. Тарихи прототипі сияқты, ол ағасы Торольфр мен Лорд Утредпен бірге Брунанбур шайқасында шайқасады.